New constitutive relation for eddy viscosity models

A new turbulent constitutive relation was directly derived from Boussinesq's hypothesis and mixing length theory, and then implemented in the standard k-ε model. The performance of this constitutive relation was validated in zero pressure gradient flat-plate boundary layer flow, fully-developed turbulent channel flow and separated flow in a plane asymmetric diffuser. The investigation demonstrated that, this new constitutive relation gave very accurate results in the former two basic cases and provided significant improvement in prediction of separated and reattachment points in the plane asymmetric diffuser. Separation and reattachment points at x/H=7.5 and 29 were calculated accurately in comparison to experimental results, and the static pressure coefficient of 0.82 was very close to large eddy simulation calculation. These results are very encouraging but further verification and extensive application of the new constitutive relation to other two-equation eddy viscosity model are needed.      

Precessing motion in stratified radial swirl flow

Vortex/flame interaction is an important mechanism for unsteady combustion in a swirl combustion system. Technology of low emission stirred swirl(Te LESS), which is characterized with stratified swirl flow, has been developed in Beihang University to reduce NOXemission. However,large-scale flow structure would be induced in strong swirl flow. Experiments and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation were carried out to investigate the unsteady flow feature and its mechanism in Te LESS combustor. Hotwire was firstly applied to testing the unsteady flow feature and a distinct mode with 2244 Hz oscillation frequency occurred at the pilot swirl outlet.The flow mode amplitude decayed convectively. Large eddy simulation(LES) was then applied to predicting this flow mode and know about its mechanism. The deviation of mode prediction compared with hotwire test was 0.8%. The spiral isobaric structure in pilot flow passage indicates that precessing vortex core(PVC) existed. The velocity spectrum and phase lag analysis suggest that the periodic movement at the pilot outlet was dominated by precessing movement. Negative tangential momentum gradient reflects that the swirl flow was unstable. Another phenomenon was found out that the PVC movement was intermittently rotated along the symmetric axis.     

Flow Field Investigation in a Trapezoidal Duct with Swirl Flow Induced by Impingement Jets

An enlarged model of trapezoidal duct near the leading-edge in the blade is built up. The effects of impingement jets, swirl flow, cross flow and effusion flow are considered. Experiments are performed to measure flow fields in this confined passage and exit holes on one of its side walls. Cross flow and effusion flow are induced in the channel by the outflow of side exit hole (SEH) and film cooling hole (FCH), which are oriented on one end wall and bottom wall of the passage. Detailed flow structures are measured for two impingement angles of 35° and 45° with 6 combinations of outflow ratios. Results show that the small jets impinge the target wall effectively while the large jets contribute to inducing and impelling a strong counter-clockwise vortex in the upper part of the passage. Cross flow plays a dominate role for the flow structures in the passage and exit holes. It deflects jets, enhances swirl and deteriorates side exit conditions. Impingement angle is another significant factor for the flow characteristics. Its effect reveals more evidently with cross flow. Within the present test conditions, the mass flow rates and outflow positions of FCHs have no distinct effect on the main flow structures.     

Wing aeroelasticity analysis based on an integral boundary-layer method coupled with Euler solver

An interactive boundary-layer method, which solves the unsteady flow, is developed for aeroelastic computation in the time domain. The coupled method combines the Euler solver with the integral boundary-layer solver(Euler/BL) in a ‘‘semi-inverse" manner to compute flows with the inviscid and viscous interaction. Unsteady boundary conditions on moving surfaces are taken into account by utilizing the approximate small-perturbation method without moving the computational grids. The steady and unsteady flow calculations for the LANN wing are presented. The wing tip displacement of high Reynolds number aero-structural dynamics(HIRENASD) Project is simulated under different angles of attack. The flutter-boundary predictions for the AGARD445.6 wing are provided. The results of the interactive boundary-layer method are compared with those of the Euler method and experimental data. The study shows that viscous effects are significant for these cases and the further data analysis confirms the validity and practicability of the coupled method.     

Effects of wing locations on wing rock induced by forebody vortices

Previous studies have shown that asymmetric vortex wakes over slender bodies exhibit a multi-vortex structure with an alternate arrangement along a body axis at high angle of attack. In this investigation, the effects of wing locations along a body axis on wing rock induced by forebody vortices was studied experimentally at a subcritical Reynolds number based on a body diameter. An artificial perturbation was added onto the nose tip to fix the orientations of forebody vortices. Par-ticle image velocimetry was used to identify flow patterns of forebody vortices in static situations, and time histories of wing rock were obtained using a free-to-roll rig. The results show that the wing locations can affect significantly the motion patterns of wing rock owing to the variation of multi-vortex patterns of forebody vortices. As the wing locations make the forebody vortices a two-vortex pattern, the wing body exhibits regularly divergence and fixed-point motion with azimuthal varia-tions of the tip perturbation. If a three-vortex pattern exists over the wing, however, the wing-rock patterns depend on the impact of the highest vortex and newborn vortex. As the three vortices together influence the wing flow, wing-rock patterns exhibit regularly fixed-points and limit-cycled oscillations. With the wing moving backwards, the newborn vortex becomes stronger, and wing-rock patterns become fixed-points, chaotic oscillations, and limit-cycled oscillations. With fur-ther backward movement of wings, the vortices are far away from the upper surface of wings, and the motions exhibit divergence, limit-cycled oscillations and fixed-points. For the rearmost location of the wing, the wing body exhibits stochastic oscillations and fixed-points.     

Structure of low-head two-phase flow in flat nozzles during outflow of the liquid into rarefied medium

Outcomes of experimental researches of the low-pressure adiabatic flow of the boiling liquid through two-dimensional Laval nozzles in a vacuum atmosphere were adduced. Requirements of critical conditions of flow were determined. Structural forms of a stream were investigated and their connection with crisis of flow was shown. It was established periodic non-stationary macrostructures of a stream which was stipulated by the rotational gear of origin of a vapor phase.      

Gaseous plume flows in space propulsion

This paper presents a gaskinetic study on high-speed, highly rarefied jets expanding into a vacuum from a cluster of planar or annular exits. Based on the corresponding exact expressions for a planar or annular jet, it is convenient to derive the combined multiple jet flowfield solutions of density and velocity components. For the combined temperature and pressure solutions, extra attention is needed. Several direct simulation Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to validate these analytical solutions. The analytical and numerical solutions are essentially identical for these high Knudsen number jet flows.     

Analysis of swirling flow effects on the characteristics of unsteady hot-streak migration

The temperature of flow at the combustor exit is inherently non-uniform and the hot fluid is called hot-streak. An in-house CFD software, NUAA-Turbo, was used to carry out 3D unsteady simulations on the PW-E3 single-stage high-pressure turbine. The hot-streak effect based on real stator and combustor counts was approximately evaluated by the contraction/dilatation method on the interface. The unsteady attenuation and migration process of hot-streaks in the tur-bine passage were well captured. The general performance parameters for different circumferential positions of hot-streaks were relatively consistent. Then, the influences of hot-streaks on blade sur-face temperature were investigated by comparing results under hot-streak and uniform inflow con-ditions. Unsteady simulations with combined inlet hot-streak and swirling flow show that the core of a hot-streak migrates to the tip under the influence of a positive swirl, while the phenomenon is just opposite with a negative swirl. Therefore, the heat transfer environment of rotor blades shows great differences with different directions of inlet swirl.     

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.      

Application of Active Flow Control Technique for Gust Load Alleviation

A new gust load alleviation technique is presented in this paper based on active flow control. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the beneficial effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil using arrays of jets during the gust process. Based on unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, the grid-velocity method is introduced to simulate the gust influence, and dynamic response in vertical gust flow perturbation is investigated for the airfoil as well. An unsteady surface transpiration boundary condition is enforced over a user specified portion of the airfoil’s surface to emulate the time dependent velocity boundary conditions. Firstly, after applying this method to simulate typical NACA0006 airfoil gust response to a step change in the angle of attack, it shows that the indicial responses of the airfoil make good agreement with the exact theoretical values and the calculated values in references. Furthermore, gust response characteristic for the quasi "Global Hawk" airfoil is analyzed. Five kinds of flow control techniques are introduced as steady blowing, steady suction, unsteady blowing, unsteady suction and synthetic jets. The physical analysis of the influence on the effects of gust load alleviation is proposed to provide some guidelines for practice. Numerical results have indicated that active flow control technique,as a new technology of gust load alleviation, can affect and suppress the fluid disturbances caused by gust so as to achieve the purpose of gust load alleviation.     

A self-similar solution of a curved shock wave and its time-dependent force variation for a starting flat plate airfoil in supersonic flow

The problem of aeroelasticity and maneuvering of command surface and gust wing interaction involves a starting flow period which can be seen as the flow of an airfoil attaining suddenly an angle of attack. In the linear or nonlinear case, compressive Mach or shock waves are generated on the windward side and expansive Mach or rarefaction waves are generated on the leeward side. On each side, these waves are composed of an oblique steady state wave, a vertically-moving one-dimensional unsteady wave, and a secondary wave resulting from the interaction between the steady and unsteady ones. An analytical solution in the secondary wave has been obtained by Heaslet and Lomax in the linear case, and this linear solution has been borrowed to give an approximate solution by Bai and Wu for the nonlinear case. The structure of the secondary shock wave and the appearance of various force stages are two issues not yet considered in previous studies and has been studied in the present paper. A self-similar solution is obtained for the secondary shock wave, and the reason to have an initial force plateau as observed numerically is identified. Moreover, six theoretical characteristic time scales for pressure load variation are determined which explain the slope changes of the time-dependent force curve.     

Review of theoretical achievements for starting flow problem for all Mach numbers

The typical behavior of unsteady flow and force evolution in a number of applications, such as aero-elastics, gust-wing interaction, flapping flight and flight maneuvering, can be understood using the starting flow model. Starting flow model is obtained either by setting rapidly an angle of attack for a wing moving at constant speed, or by accelerating a wing to a constant speed while gaining an angle of attack. In the limiting case of impulsively starting flow, the wing is assumed to gain suddenly an angle of attack in an initially uniform flow. Theories have been developed for impulsively starting flow at small angle of attack long before and at large angle of attack only recently, especially for incompressible and supersonic flow. This paper intends to provide a state-of-art overview of the typical flow phenomena, force evolution characteristics and developed theories for impulsively starting flow at any angle of attack and for both lower speed flow (vortex dominated) and high speed flow (compressible wave dominated). This review also provides some new topics that deserve further studies.     

三角翼作俯仰运动时水洞测力和流动显示实验研究

基于水洞中三角翼模型的动态测力和流动显示实验,讨论了俯仰运动的起始角、运动幅度和运动速率对三角翼俯仰运动时的气动特性和流动结构的影响。三角翼的气动力在俯仰运动中会产生“迟滞”或“过冲”现象。中等攻角以上,上仰运动推迟了三角翼的失速,大幅度增大了三角翼的升力系数。俯仰运动起始角和运动幅度的影响大小与其对应的静态三角翼流态有关,三角翼在涡破裂流态和完全分离流态之间作俯仰运动时,上仰时升力系数将始终高于下俯时的升力系数,运动中存在显著迟滞。迟滞的大小也受俯仰速率的影响。     

边界层抽吸效应对分布式推进系统气动性能影响数值研究

为探究边界层抽吸（BLI）效应对飞机的气动性能影响,采用基于沿流线体积力模型的飞机/发动机一体化数值模拟方法对某分布式推进系统进行了计算和分析。结果显示,BLI效应主要影响飞机中心体部分及发动机外整流罩的气体流动,对翼身融合体（BWB）的融合段及外翼段的升阻力影响较小。保持飞行条件和飞行攻角不变,飞机的升、阻力系数均随着无量纲化的发动机流量增加而增大,存在最佳无量纲化的发动机流量对应最大升阻比。发动机的安装位置直接影响机身表面的局部超声区和整流罩外的激波分布,布局在机身尾缘处会获得更好的升阻比,最大升阻比对应的无量纲化的发动机流量为0.65。      

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

CRM-WB风洞模型高阶精度数值模拟

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）方程,采用5阶空间离散精度的WCNS和多块对接结构网格技术,开展了CRM翼身组合体风洞试验模型的高阶精度数值模拟,计算构型和计算状态来自AIAA第6届阻力预测研讨会（DPW Ⅵ）。主要目的是采用高阶精度方法,评估静气动弹性变形和模型支撑装置对CRM翼身组合体数值模拟结果的影响。通过与刚性外形的计算结果和NASA NTF风洞试验结果的对比,高阶精度数值模拟结果表明：迎角为3.0°时,静气动弹性变形使得机翼上表面激波位置前移并显著降低了外侧机翼上表面激波位置前的负压;迎角为3.0°时,模型支撑装置使得机翼上表面激波位置进一步前移,并导致翼梢处机翼上表面流动结构发生变化;迎角为4.0°时,计算模型中没有包含模型支撑装置是导致升力系数下降的主要原因;计算模型中包含机翼静气动弹性变形和模型支撑装置的数值模拟结果更加接近试验结果。     

突跃型与平滑型斜爆震波起爆机制数值模拟

采用带有化学反应的Euler方程,对突跃型与平滑型2种形态的斜爆震波(ODW)在起爆机制和结构特点等方面的差异进行了研究.结果表明:斜激波(OSW)后是否存在亚声速区是判定斜爆震形态的依据.当波后火焰抬升斜激波面使得亚声速区存在时,横向激波与三波点结构就会出现并形成突跃型斜爆震.当波后所有区域皆为超声速区时,波后火焰燃烧无法影响到上游激波面,则会形成平滑型斜爆震.通过斜激波关系式给出了横向激波形成所需的临界斜激波角度,只有当斜激波角度大于此临界角度时才能形成突跃型斜爆震波,反之则形成平滑型斜爆震波.      

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

不同攻角条件下偏转头弹箭流场与气动特性

基于DES（detached eddy simulation,分离涡模拟）方法及AUSM（advection upstream splitting method,对流迎风分裂方法）格式,对不同偏角的偏转头弹箭在非零攻角下的超声速流场和气动特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在非零攻角情况下,与常规弹箭流场相比,偏转头弹箭头部迎风面激波更强;而当有效入射角相等时,即使弹箭的攻角不一样,其头部流场结构仍相同,且尾翼流场基本不受头部偏角影响.另外,由气动力系数变化曲线可知,偏转头弹箭具有良好的纵向静稳定性,且升力系数随攻角的增长率大于阻力系数,即升阻比大于常规弹箭,因此适当增大攻角可以提高偏转头弹箭的气动特性.