Reflection of a moving shock wave over an oblique shock wave

The reflection of a moving shock wave over a wedge immersed in a still gas and the reflection of a wedge induced steady shock wave over symmetrical and asymmetrical reflecting surfaces have received intensive considerations since more than 70 years ago. Here we consider a different shock reflection problem—reflection of a moving shock wave over an initially steady oblique shock wave induced by a wedge immersed in supersonic flow. For the flow condition we considered, five moving triple points, with each connecting an incident shock wave, a reflected shock wave and a Mach stem, are identified. By using the reference frame co-moving with each triple point, the type of each shock wave of this triple point is clarified. The present study is significant in that it treats a new shock reflection problem leading to a new shock reflection configuration and showing potential applications in supersonic flow with unsteady shock interaction.     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

Hypersonic starting flow at high angle of attack

Compressible starting flow at small angle of attack(Ao A) involves small amplitude waves and time-dependent lift coefficient and has been extensively studied before. In this paper we consider hypersonic starting flow of a two-dimensional flat wing or airfoil at large angle of attack involving strong shock waves. The flow field in some typical regions near the wing is solved analytically. Simple expressions of time-dependent lift evolutions at the initial and final stages are given. Numerical simulations by compuational fluid dynamics are used to verify and complement the theoretical results. It is shown that below the wing there is a straight oblique shock(OSW) wave,a curved shock wave(CSW) and an unsteady horizontal shock wave(USW), and the latter moves perpendicularlly to the wing. The length of these three parts of waves changes with time. The pressure above OSW is larger than that above USW, while across CSW there is a significant drop of the pressure, making the force nearly constant during the initial period of time. When, however, the Mach number is very large, the force coefficient tends to a time-independent constant, proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack.     

Subsonic impulsively starting flow at a high angle of attack with shock wave and vortex interaction

Impulsively starting flow, by a sudden attainment of a large angle of attack, has been well studied for incompressible and supersonic flows, but less studied for subsonic flow. Recently, a preliminary numerical study for subsonic starting flow at a high angle of attack displays an advance of stall around a Mach number of 0.5, when compared to other Mach numbers. To see what happens in this special case, we conduct here in this paper a further study for this case, to display and analyze the full flow structures. We find that for a Mach number around 0.5, a local supersonic flow region repeatedly splits and merges, and a pair of left-going and right-going unsteady shock waves are embedded inside the leading edge vortex once it is sufficiently grown up and detached from the leading edge. The flow evolution during the formation of shock waves is displayed in detail. The reason for the formation of these shock waves is explained here using the Laval nozzle flow theory. The existence of this shock pair inside the vortex, for a Mach number only close to 0.5, may help the growing of the trailing edge vortex responsible for the advance of stall observed previously.     

Symmetric Mach reflection configuration with asymmetric unsteady solution

Symmetric Mach reflection in steady supersonic flow has been usually studied by solving a half-plane problem with the symmetric line treated as reflecting surface, thus losing the opportunity to discover antisymmetric flow structures. Here in this paper we treat this problem as an entire-plane problem. Using an unsteady numerical approach, we find that the two sliplines exhibit antisymmetric unsteadiness if the Mach stem height is small while the flow remains symmetric if the Mach stem height is large. The mechanism by which disturbance, generated in the downstream of the flow duct between the two sliplines, propagates upstream is identified and it is also shown that the interaction between the transmitted expansion waves and the sliplines increases the amplitude of the unstable modes. The present study suggests a new type of compressible jet that deserves further studies.     

变截面管道中激波诱导的两相流动

本文研究扩张型与收缩型变截面管道中激波诱导的非定常两相流动。对于稀相气固悬浮体采用了双连续介质模型,对于两相流动按照准一维近似处理。控制方程则是利用算子分裂技术和二阶GRP方法数值求解。文中给出了波后气固两相的流动结构,并讨论了粒子对两相流场的影响。     

激波结构内流动问题的气体运动论描述

从介观Boltzmann速度分布函数理论出发,发展计及分子粘性碰撞截面与扩散碰撞截面,可描述各流域一维气体流动问题的Boltzmann简化速度分布函数方程及其气体运动论数值计算方法。通过对不同Knudsen数下非定常激波管流动及不同马赫数定常正激波结构问题数值模拟,研究分析不同流区的激波突跃变化过程以及近连续流、稀薄过渡流特有的分子输运现象,揭示不同马赫数、不同分子模型的激波内流动与传热变化规律,证实基于Bo-ltzmann模型方程的气体运动论数值计算方法用于激波结构内流动研究的准确可靠性。     

双级风扇三维粘性非定常流动的数值解

针对一台双级跨音速轴流风扇动静叶片排相互干扰的三维非定常流动,进行了N-S方程的数值求解。首先计算风扇定常流场,以定常流收敛结果为起始场计算非定常流动。计算结果表明,非定常流动对各叶片排进口气流角有较大的影响,其中静叶的变化大于动叶,与定常流结果相比,非定常的瞬态攻角增大的量大于减少的量,最多时增大近10°左右。静子叶片受到的非定常气动力变化幅度也大于转子叶片,叶片排所处的轴向位置不同,非定常流动的影响会有较大的差别。      

任意回转面亚、跨音流场计算方法

本文所设计的任意回转面亚、跨音流场的计算软件 ,能根据叶型和进出口条件分析流动特性 ,并自动选择精确和节省机时的合适的数值解法。用户在给出叶型坐标和定解条件后 ,可以得到叶面马赫数分布或压力分布 ,全流场的等马赫数或等压图     

高阶精度非线性格式WCNS-E-5在二维流动中的应用研究

本文采用具有5阶精度的加权紧致非线性显式格式(WCNS-E-5)对定常与非定常二维流动进行数值模拟,研究表明该格式对各类间断有很好的分辨捕捉能力,而且对强间断如激波的计算,即使在高马赫数与高雷诺数条件下它仍具有很好的收敛性与可靠的计算结果.此外,WCNS-E-5在粗网格条件下也体现出优越性.类如WCNS-E-5的高精度激波捕捉方法将为以后开展湍流数值模拟工作提供坚实的技术保证.     

动态间断装配法模拟斜激波壁面反射

基于非结构动网格技术和边界装配思想提出了动态间断装配法,该方法能够应用于求解含有间断的流动问题。无论入射激波还是反射激波都是作为边界进行处理,激波运动速度由兰金-许贡纽(Rankine-Hugoniot)关系确定。激波作为动网格的一部分,其运动由动网格技术实现。采用该方法模拟了超声速二维流场中激波与壁面相交问题,并且与捕捉法进行比较,二者的流场结构符合良好,但是在细节上还是存在明显差异。通过对流动结构的分析,得出采用装配方法得到的流场要优于捕捉方法的结论。激波壁面反射的问题模拟,也说明了边界激波装配方法对于复杂的激波相交问题是具有处理能力的。     

超声速预混气的热射流起爆过程数值模拟

采用带有化学反应的Euler方程,对超声速预混气的热射流起爆过程进行了研究。在来流速度大于CJ(Chapman-Jouguet)爆震速度的情况下,射流所导致的弓形激波在爆震波起爆过程中起到了重要作用,而爆震波不稳定性导致横波的产生是决定能否完全起爆的关键因素。射流角度的改变能够影响到起爆的过程与驻定性质。随着射流角度的逐渐减小,会出现起爆后驻定、起爆后不能驻定以及起爆失败三种结果。     

MHD Flow Control of Oblique Shock Waves Around Ramps in Low-temperature Supersonic Flows

This article is devoted to experimental study on the control of the oblique shock wave around the ramp in a low-temperature supersonic flow by means of the magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) flow control technique. The purpose of the experiments is to take advantage of MHD interaction to weaken the oblique shock wave strength by changing the boundary flow characteristics around the ramp. Plasma columns are generated by pulsed direct current(DC) discharge, the magnetic fields are generated by Nd-Fe-B rare-earth permanent magnets and the oblique shock waves in supersonic flow are generated by the ramp. The Lorentz body force effect of MHD interaction on the plasma-induced airflow velocity is verified through particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements. The experimental results from the supersonic wind tunnel indicate that the MHD flow control can drastically change the flow characteristics of the airflow around the ramp and decrease the ratio of the Pitot pressure after shock wave to that before it by up to 19. 66%, which leads to the decline in oblique shock wave strength. The oblique shock waves in front of the ramp move upstream by the action of the Lorentz body force. The discharge characteristics are analyzed and the MHD interaction time and consumed energy are determined with the help of the pulsed DC discharge images. The interaction parameter corresponding to the boundary layer velocity can reach 1. 3 from the momentum conservation equation. The velocity of the plasma column in the magnetic field is much faster than that in the absence of magnetic field force. The plasma can strike the neutral gas molecules to transfer momentum and accelerate the flow around the ramp.     

激波冲击下Air/SF6斜界面不稳定性实验研究

激波在不同密度介质上的交互作用在可压缩湍流上具有重要的基础价值。激波在界面上的作用会引起Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性。激波不正规折射时,流场存在更多复杂的涡。研究马赫数为1.23、1.41的激波在初始倾角β=60°的Air/SF6界面上非正规折射的情况。入射激波的切向冲击和法向冲击的相互作用,在界面处产生涡,折射波在壁面发生马赫反射。利用阴影显示技术,给出了界面演化和混合的过程。     

二维双楔外形穿越激波流场特性及其数值分析

用数值方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程，模拟了双楔外形物体超音速穿越与之同向运动激波以及逆向运动激波两种穿越激波的全过程，给出了穿越过程中流场与运动激波产生剧烈的干扰所形成的复杂波系结构，两种穿越情况的激波干扰都呈现双马赫反射的特征。在追击穿越中，楔形物体追上激波后所受阻力急剧的变小；而在碰撞穿越过程中，物体碰到激波后阻力急剧增加，两种穿越情况楔形物体的气动力都发生的剧烈的改变。     

一种高超声速进气道起动/再起动的数值研究

对一种定几何轴对称高超声速进气道的起动过程、来流马赫数引起的不起动和再起动过程的非定常流态进行了数值研究,分析了唇罩侧板后掠对进气道起动/再起动性能的影响.结果表明:唇罩侧板后掠形成了横向溢流,缓解了捕获流量和进气道流通能力之间的矛盾,从而改善了进气道的起动/再起动性能;内收缩段内的激波与边界层的干扰较强,成为进气道起动的瓶颈.      

基于LES方法的平板非定常激波/湍流边界层干扰研究

以高超声速发动机进气道湍流分离控制为应用背景,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法进行马赫数为3.0(唇口附近马赫数约为3.0)的激波/湍流边界层干扰(SWTBLI)流场机理研究.利用扰动循环引入的方法,先得到充分发展湍流场,然后根据斜激波关系式引入激波的方法进行激波/湍流干扰模拟.研究结果显示:充分发展湍流场在激波作用下产生逆...     

跨声速轴流压气机间隙泄漏流触发旋转失速

通过对跨声速轴流压气机NASA转子37进行单通道定常及多通道定常、非定常数值模拟,单通道定常数值模拟结果与实验结果能较好吻合。多通道非定常数值模拟结果显示,间隙泄漏流及其与激波干涉的非定常振荡,触发突尖型旋转失速先兆,具体表现为叶顶前缘间隙泄漏流溢出。失速团首先在叶顶处形成,且速度约为80%转速。随着流量的下降,失速团进一步发展,在失速通道内,激波与叶片前缘完全分离,且在叶片尾缘出现回流。当转子完全数值失速时,失速团周向尺度约为4个通道,且径向占据约半个叶高。     

Hysteresis processes in the regular reflection↔Mach reflection transition in steady flows

Ernst Mach recorded experimentally, in the late 1870s, two different shock-wave reflection configurations and laid the foundations for one of the most exciting and active research field in an area that is generally known as Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena. The first wave reflection, a two-shock wave configuration, is known nowadays as regular reflection, RR, and the second wave reflection, a three-shock wave configuration, was named after Ernst Mach and is called nowadays Mach reflection, MR.A monograph entitled Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena, which was published by Ben-Dor in 1990, summarized the state-of-the-art of the reflection phenomena of shock waves in steady, pseudo-steady and unsteady flows.Intensive analytical, experimental and numerical investigations in the last decade, which were led mainly by Ben-Dor's research group and his collaboration with Chpoun's, Zeitoun's and Ivanov's research groups, shattered the state-of-the-knowledge, as it was presented in Ben-Dor (Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena, Springer, New York, 1991), for the case of steady flows. Skews's and Hornung's research groups joined in later and also contributed to the establishment of the new state-of-the-knowledge of the reflection of shock waves in steady flows.The new state-of-the-knowledge will be presented in this review. Specifically, the hysteresis phenomenon in the RR↔MR transition process, which until the early 1990s was believed not to exist, will be presented and described in detail, in a variety of experimental set-ups and geometries.Analytical, experimental and numerical investigations of the various hysteresis processes will be presented.     

Experimental investigation of shock-buffet criteria on a pitching airfoil

An experimental investigation of the shock-buffet phenomenon subject to unsteady pitching supercritical airfoil around its quarter chord has been conducted in a transonic wind tunnel. The model was equipped with pressure taps connected to the fast response pressuretransducers. Measurements were conducted at different free-stream Mach number from 0.61 to0.76. The principle goal of this investigation was to experimentally discuss the shock-buffet criterion over a SC(2)-0410 supercritical pitching ...