曲面叶片三维工作变形连续扫描激光测试

提出一种曲面叶片三维工作变形连续扫描激光多普勒振动测试方法并应用于某压气机叶片的振动测试。将图像几何变换引入激光连续扫描,发展了一种适合曲面叶片这类非规则几何结构的激光连续扫描路径算法,使连续扫描激光振动测试应用于非矩形区域,并通过实验验证了其准确性。基于此测试方法,提出了曲面叶片三维工作变形的测试方法,研究了三维激光测试坐标分解原理。对某压气机叶片进行了三维激光连续扫描测试,获取了3600Hz内的前9阶模态,与商用三维激光离散点扫描测试模态振型的相关性基本在0.95以上,验证了三维连续扫描激光多普勒振动测试的可行性和准确性。连续扫描激光多普勒测试的效率高、测点密集,对进一步工程应用具有重要意义。      

角振动校准装置研究

为提升对惯性器件的动态性能评价能力,通过对被校传感器施加标准正弦角振动激励,精确测量角振动过程,实现了对角振动传感器的校准。基于不同频段的特点,将校准频段划分为低频和高频2部分,并提出空气轴承与无刷直流力矩电机相结合的低频角振动台方案,以及轻质空心杯精密空气轴承与框式电磁驱动结构相结合的高频角振动台方案;分别采用精密角度编码器和衍射光栅激光干涉仪实现对低频和高频角振动的测量,成功研制出频率范围为0.25~550Hz、角加速度范围为0.1~1 760rad/s2以及角速度波形失真小于2%的角振动绝对法校准装置。与德国国家物理技术研究院的角振动校准装置相比,该装置能够显著提升承载能力,可广泛用于惯性器件动态性能的测试与评价。     

薄壁圆筒结构工作变形的连续扫描激光测振方法

提出了一种薄壁圆筒结构外表面工作变形(ODS)连续扫描激光多普勒振动测试方法。将旋转平台与电动机控制引入激光连续扫描,发展了一种与激光连续扫描路径相匹配的电动机控制算法,使连续扫描激光振动测试应用于薄壁圆筒结构;对试验件进行了薄壁圆筒结构外表面激光连续扫描测试,获取了500 Hz内的前5阶模态,结果表明:该测试方法与商用激光离散点扫描测试模态振型的相关性在0.96以上,验证了薄壁圆筒连续扫描激光多普勒振动测试的可行性与准确性。连续扫描激光测试的效率高、测点密集,对进一步工程应用具有指导意义和实用价值。     

基于SLDV技术的薄壁机匣三维全场模态测试方法

提出了基于扫描式激光多普勒测振(SLDV)技术的薄壁机匣模态测试方法，实现了薄壁机匣的三维全场振动测试。基于LDV(laser Doppler vibrometry)测试原理,建立了机匣结构分片三维激光测量方法和拼接技术，实现了三维激光测试数据的处理，准确识别出了机匣的各阶模态参数，并与传统加速度传感器获取的测试结果进行了相关性分析。分析结果显示:两种测试结果的模态振型NCO（normalized cross orthogonality）值均在0.9左右，频差较小，验证了薄壁机匣扫描式激光多普勒三维全场测试的可行性和优越性。      

Wollaston棱镜方位对激光干涉测量精度的影响

在双频激光干涉测量系统中,Ｗｏｌｌａｓｔｏｎ棱镜是不可缺少的重要光学元件,它可将双频激光按偏振方向分为测量光和参考光,从而实现高精度测量;但是,如果Ｗｏｌｌａｓｔｏｎ棱镜的安装方位相对入射光线方向以及与聚集透镜距离不同时,测量结果将会不同。本文结合表面粗糙度激光测量系统,从理论上定量分析了Ｗｏｌｌａｓｔｏｎ棱镜的安装方位对测量精度的影响。     

旋转叶盘的非接触激光多普勒定点跟踪测试与振动分析

提出了一种旋转叶盘的非接触激光定点跟踪测振方法,以研究叶盘结构在旋转状态下的振动特性。通过控制扫描系统中x、y振镜的偏转实现对叶盘上任意定点的跟踪测试,同时搭建了旋转跟踪试验测试系统,以16叶片旋转叶盘的同步跟踪测试为例,对激光跟踪测试方法进行验证。通过对旋转叶盘定点跟踪测试得到的时域振动信号进行滤波处理和频谱分析,获得了旋转状态下叶盘的叶片前3阶固有频率对应的不同节径的模态族频率。结果显示:激光对旋转叶盘上一点的跟踪测试数据中,可以提取出整个叶盘的振动频率特性。对比不同转速下旋转叶盘的有限元仿真计算与跟踪测试结果,两者振型具有很好的一致性,且频差在5%以内,验证了该激光跟踪测量方法的可行性和有效性。为航空发动机等旋转机械运行状态下的振动测试提供了一种有效的技术手段。      

基于激光多普勒测振的叶片振动特性试验

为了实现叶片振动特性的高精度、多点、非接触测量,对激光多普勒测振原理与应用进行了研究,将激光测振技术引入到叶片振动特性测试中,搭建了1套非接触式声激励测振系统。以某型航空发动机压气机第2级叶片为研究对象,测量出叶片表面153个测点的响应、5kHz内的前5阶固有频率和振型、前3阶应力分布,并将试验结果与有限元分析以及传统振动特性试验采用共振法、模态法获得的振动特性结果进行对比。结果表明:非接触激光测振法可以同时获得叶片高阶模态和全场应力分布,弥补了传统振动特性试验的不足。测得叶片频率与采用共振法、模态法得到的结果相比误差在1%以内,相对应力分布与有限元分析结果基本一致,证明了该新型叶片振动特性试验方法的正确性与先进性。     

Lasers as local oscillators

Conclusions In this survey we have tried to outline the aspects of current laser research and laser technology that are of relevance to heterodyne detection. We have seen that powerful, stable and narrowline sources are available to perform further heterodyne experiments at fixed frequencies. Taking a realistic view, one has to admit, however, that —at least in the far infrared — no really satisfyingtunable source is today available. In the near and the middle infrared, we are confident that further improvements of some of the devices discussed before will allow for true tunable heterodyne observations in the near future.     

材料滚动接触疲劳试验研究

介绍了一种新型的滚动接触疲劳寿命试验机.试验机主要包括主轴系统装置、控制/检测装置和加载装置3部分,附加装置中的红外测温、振动传感器和计数器分别测量温度、振动和转动圈数.该试验机可用于评定各种材料轴承用球的滚动接触疲劳性能.     

频率源振动对测速精度的影响

针对频率源振动会影响测速精度的问题,按照国军标车载设备的振动要求,对频率源振动带来的相位噪声进行仿真分析和实际测试。并以振动频率为5Hz为例,对10 MHz频率源进行测试计算得到相应短稳;然后计算频率源在静止和振动环境下的测速随机误差;最后通过比较得到频率源在振动时测速精度会恶化几个数量级的结果。建议在动中测速时,通过使用加速度灵敏度低的晶振,安装减震器,优化环路设计,采用数字补偿技术等措施以减少振动对测速精度的影响。     

Use of laser scanning technology for perimeter protection

The Police Scientific Branch (PSDB) is part of the Crime Reduction and Community Safety Group (CRCSG) of the Home Office. Part of PSDB's work includes evaluating and assessing new technologies for perimeter intrusion detection. Laser scanning technology has been used for some time in a range of industrial and commercial applications. These span from detecting hands when they are close to dangerous machinery to preventing collisions at container ports and monitoring manufacturing processes. Laser scanners are non-contact measurement systems and scan their surroundings two-dimensionally. This describes the application of laser scanning to physical security, including modifications to such systems for their use as perimeter intrusion detection systems (PIDS). In these systems, motion detection is provided by a pulsed laser beam by measuring the propagation time for the reflected beam to return to its source. Using this information, a contour plot of the surrounding area is built up. Once this contour information has been obtained, the detector can recognise the addition of an object to its field of view through a change in the programmed surroundings. Consequently, the size, shape, and direction of targets moving in the frame can be assessed and an alarm output given, if required. This explains the main operating principles of the systems, including mechanisms for the detection of a potential intruder and the handling of false alarms. Detection capabilities and the potential for low false alarm rates will be described, along with configurations for operational deployment.     

基于定量曲率模态分析的分层损伤检测研究

为研究基于振动分析的复合材料损伤定量检测方法,对含有不同长度分层损伤的复合材料梁,分别采用试验和有限元分析的方法进行静态和动态响应检测。样本分别进行了纯弯曲、剪切、自由振动和不同频率下的受迫振动试验。振动状态下的位移和加速度分布采用多普勒激光扫描振动仪测得。有限元分析采用ABAQUS6.9.1软件进行,并将分析结果与试验结果进行了对比。由此得出样本件的曲率模态响应,从而可以确定分层损伤区域的位置、大小及相关物理参数。     

电子散斑干涉法在振动测量中的物光位相调制法

介绍的物光正弦调制法是给振动物体的基座以低频振动,相当于物光位相受到正弦调制,仪器在不“冻结”参考状态(即CCD采样的信号不在帧存器中锁定)时,连续进行相邻两时刻散斑图的“相减”,并在监视器上得到与振型有关的实时图象。当物体达到自振频率时,将出现清楚的振型。因此,本方法可进行频率扫描,通过观察监视器的条纹场确定各阶自振频率及相应的振型,其条纹分辨率高于时间平均法,与相减法比较则可在很宽频率范围内进行频率扫描。      

Decision fusion analysis detects spiral bevel gear damage

A diagnostic tool for detecting damage to spiral bevel gears was developed. Two different monitoring technologies - oil debris analysis and vibration were integrated using data fusion into a health monitoring system for detecting surface fatigue pitting damage on gears. This integrated system showed improved detection and decision-making capabilities as compared to using individual monitoring technologies. This diagnostic tool was evaluated by collecting vibration and oil debris data from fatigue tests performed in the NASA Glenn Spiral Bevel Gear Fatigue Rigs. Data was collected during experiments performed in this test rig when pitting damage occurred. Results show that combining the vibration and oil debris measurement technologies improves the detection of pitting damage on spiral bevel gears.     

利用多普勒原理测量微机电系统中微结构的动态特性

介绍了将显微扫描激光多普勒测振仪与基础激振法相结合的微结构动态特性的非接触无损测量方法、扫描激光多普勒测振仪的工作原理、设计的基础激振器及其驱动信号.并给出典型微结构--微悬臂梁的测量结果.测量结果与理论计算及有限元仿真结果相符,验证了该方法的有效性.     

Bandwidth maximization for satellite laser communication

Free space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high speed communication between different places on Earth. The basic free space optical communication network includes at least two satellites. In order to communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. The pointing systems for laser satellite communication suffer during tracking from vibration due to electronic noise, background radiation from interstellar objects such as Sun, Moon, Earth, and Stars in the tracking field of view, and mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. Due to vibrations the receiver receives less power. This effect limits the system bandwidth for given bit error rate (BER). In this research we derive an algorithm to maximize the communication system bandwidth using the transmitter telescope gain as a free variable based on the vibration statistics model and the system parameters. Our model makes it possible to adapt the bandwidth and transmitter gain to change of vibration amplitude. We also present an example of a practical satellite network which includes a direct detection receiver with an optical amplifier. A bandwidth improvement of three orders of magnitude is achieved in this example for certain conditions, as compared with an unoptimized system     

Doppler visibility of coherent ultrawideband random noise radar systems

Random noise radar has recently been used in a variety of imaging and surveillance applications. These systems can be made phase coherent using the technique of heterodyne correlation. Phase coherence has been exploited to measure Doppler and thereby the velocity of moving targets. The Doppler visibility, i.e., the ability to extract Doppler information over the inherent clutter spectra, is constrained by system parameters, especially the phase noise generated by microwave components. Our paper proposes a new phase noise model for the heterodyne mixer as applicable for ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar and for the local oscillator in the time domain. The Doppler spectra are simulated by including phase noise contamination effects and compared with our previous experimental results. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization routine is applied to synthesize the effects of a variety of parameter combinations to derive a suitable empirical formula for estimating the Doppler visibility in dB. According to the phase noise analysis and the simulation results, the Doppler visibility of UWB random noise radar depends primarily on the following parameters: 1) the local oscillator (LO) drive level of the receiver heterodyne mixer, 2) the saturation current in the receiver heterodyne mixer, 3) the bandwidth of the transmit noise source, and 4) the target velocity. Other parameters such as the carrier frequency of the receiver LO and the loaded quality factor of the LO have a small effect over the range of applicability of the model and are therefore neglected in the model formulation. The Doppler visibility curves generated from this formula match the simulation results very well over the applicable parameter range within 1 dB. Our model may therefore be used to quickly estimate the Doppler visibility of random UWB noise radars for trade-off analysis     

航空叶片型面三坐标检测技术现状及发展趋势

航空叶片的表面质量和型面精度直接影响航空发动机的气动性和使用性能,其型面的科学检测是保证航空叶片制造精度的重要技术之一。针对目前我国航空发动机叶片测量技术、仪器装备与国外先进水平存在差距的现状,通过对航空叶片型面三坐标检测技术研究现状及发展趋势进行归纳梳理,为叶片型面检测技术和相关仪器的开发提供参考。首先,阐述航空叶片检测的必要性并介绍叶片检测技术存在的一系列技术难点。然后,分析了叶片三坐标测量技术及设备的技术现状,并重点介绍了叶片型面三坐标检测过程中涉及的关键技术及其研究进展。最后,根据航空发动机叶片三坐标检测技术的现状及技术关键指出未来的发展趋势。     

光学头罩超声速绕流流场光学传输效应风洞试验研究

在Ma=3连续超声速风洞中,开展了光学头罩绕流流场光学传输效应的风洞模拟试验方法研究,进行了现场振动测量与隔离,研制了专用试验装置,采用哈特曼传感器和剪切干涉仪两种手段进行了光学传输效应的试验测量。试验中,针对试验装置各部分的不同组合状态,进行了大量的测试,研究了试验装置有效性以及试验数据重复性,着重分析了探测光束的PV值与RMS值。结果表明：导流板可明显抑制风洞洞壁边界层干扰,试验装置与方法可行,对于连续式风洞中模型绕流流场光学传输效应测试有一定参考价值。     

Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Instrument Design and Calibration

The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument was built for launch and operation on the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission. The instrument was designed to measure thermospheric horizontal wind velocity profiles and thermospheric temperature in altitude regions between 90 km and 300 km, during day and night. For the wind measurements it uses two perpendicular fields of view pointed at the Earth’s limb, observing the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen red and green lines at 630.0 nm and 557.7 nm wavelength. The wavelength shift is measured using field-widened, temperature compensated Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometers, employing low order échelle gratings operating at two different orders for the different atmospheric lines. The temperature measurement is accomplished by a multichannel photometric measurement of the spectral shape of the molecular oxygen A-band around 762 nm wavelength. For each field of view, the signals of the two oxygen lines and the A-band are detected on different regions of a single, cooled, frame transfer charge coupled device (CCD) detector. On-board calibration sources are used to periodically quantify thermal drifts, simultaneously with observing the atmosphere. The MIGHTI requirements, the resulting instrument design and the calibration are described.