用于叶片减振的压电材料分布拓扑优化

提出一种可用于实际叶盘结构的压电分支阻尼器拓扑优化方法,可以给出总质量受约束的压电材料在叶片上的最佳分布,达到尽可能大的模态阻尼比。通过理论推导说明:压电阻尼器所产生的模态阻尼比仅取决于模态机电耦合系数,且该系数只与压电材料的几何形状以及模态应力场有关。进一步结合压电本构关系,基于应力分量的线性加权给出了有限的压电材料在叶片上铺设位置“优先级”的判断指标。给出了基于叶盘结构有限元模型的压电材料拓扑优化方法,通过替换单元类型和材料参数的方式对压电材料进行布置,并给出了多模态族优化、极化方向设置、电极铺设等问题的解决方案。在一个接近真实的叶盘模型上应用了此优化方法。结果表明,仅使用质量占叶片质量10%的压电材料,就可以为多个模态提供约12%的阻尼比。      

基于拓扑优化的叶盘压电阻尼器性能研究

针对压电分支阻尼技术在航空发动机叶盘结构振动抑制问题中的应用,提出了一种拓扑优化方法,可给出限定用量的压电材料在轮盘上的最佳位置,以提升压电分支阻尼的上限。在轮盘上布置压电材料还可防止对叶片通道内流场的影响,避免降低流体效率。首先,论述了该拓扑优化方法的原理,推导了模态机电耦合系数这一核心参数的计算公式及其与最佳阻尼比、模态应变场的关系。其次,建立了基于模态应变场的压电材料分布拓扑优化方法,可用于任意有限元模型。最后,将该优化方法应用于一个航空发动机压气机叶盘结构模型,分别针对单一和多阶模态进行了压电材料在轮盘上分布的拓扑优化,研究这种铺设方式对各典型模态(轮盘主导、叶片主导、耦合振动)的振动抑制效果。结果表明,在仅采用占轮盘质量5%的压电材料的情况下,优化后的压电阻尼器最多可以为轮盘振动主导模态及叶片-轮盘耦合振动模态提供约13%的模态阻尼比,为叶片主导模态提供的模态阻尼比集中在2%～4%。     

非周期压电阻尼对失谐叶盘结构振动局部化抑制机理

将非周期压电阻尼技术引入失谐叶盘结构形成机电耦合系统,推导了机电耦合系统的动力学方程,从理论上分析了非周期压电系统对失谐叶盘结构振动局部化的抑制效果。构造了两种非周期压电系统模型:非周期压电分支模型和非周期压电网络模型。研究结果表明:与双周期压电网络系统相比,按照能量集中的程度不同连接而成的非周期压电系统具有更好的振动局部化抑制效果。在非周期压电网络系统的构造中,电阻不再是关键因素,而主要是通过电路形式改变整个叶盘结构中的能量分配情况,电感作为储能元件在其中至关重要。通过合理设计非周期压电网络电路形式,可以得到比非周期压电分支系统和双周期压电网络系统更好的振动局部化抑制效果。      

Mechanism of interconnected synchronized switch damping for vibration control of blades

The Synchronized Switch Damping (SSD) is regarded as a promising alternative to mitigate the vibration of thin-walled structures in aero-engines, especially for blades or bladed disks. The common manner is to shunt the switch circuit independently to a single piezoelectric structure. This paper is aimed at exploring a novel way of using the SSD, i.e., the SSD is interconnected between two piezoelectric structures or substructures. The damping mechanism, performance, and effective range of the interconnected SSD are studied numerically and experimentally. First, based on a dual cantilever beam finite element model, the time domain and frequency domain modeling and solving methods of the interconnected SSD are deduced and validated. Then, the influence of the amplitude and phase relationship on the damping effect of the interconnected SSD is numerically studied and compared with the shunted SSD. A self-sensing SSD control board is developed, and experimental studies are carried out. The results show that the interconnected SSD establishes an additional energy channel between the corresponding piezoelectric structures. When the amplitudes of the two cantilever beams are different, the interconnected SSD balances the vibration level of each beam. When the amplitudes of the two cantilever beams are the same, if the appropriate interconnection manner is selected according to the phase, the resonance peak can be reduced by more than 30%. When the vibration is in-phase/out-of-phase, the damping generated by the interconnected SSD in a cross/parallel manner is even more significant than the shunted SSD. Furthermore, this novel connection scheme reduces the number of SSD circuits in half. Finally, for engineering applications, we implement the proposed damping technology to the finite element model of a typical dummy bladed disk. A piezoelectric damping ratio of 13.7% is achieved when the amount of piezo material is only 10% of blade mass. Compared with traditional friction dampers, the major advancements of the interconnected SSD are: (A) it can reduce the vibration level of blades without friction interface; (B) the space constraint is overcome, i.e., the vibration energy is not necessarily dissipated independently in one sector or through physically adjacent blades, and instead, the dissipation and transfer of vibrational energy can be realized between any blade pair. If a specific gating circuit is adopted to adjust the interconnection manner of the SSD, vibration mitigation under variable working conditions with different engine orders will be expected; (C) designers do not need to worry about the annoying nonlinearities related to working conditions anymore.     

双周期分布式压电分支阻尼对失谐叶盘振动抑制作用分析

将压电分支电路引入失谐叶盘结构，形成机电耦合系统，给出了机电耦合系统动力学方程的推导过程，并从理论上研究了压电分支阻尼对失谐叶盘结构响应放大的抑制效果.通过构造双周期分布式压电分支电路，研究了双周期分布式压电分支阻尼对失谐叶盘结构的振动抑制效果，并与单周期压电分支电路进行了对比，对比结果显示压电分支阻尼（包括单周期压电分支阻尼以及双周期分布式压电分支阻尼）均能有效降低随机失谐叶盘结构的响应放大，其中双周期机电耦合系统响应放大因子统计分析结果小于1的概率在99.7%以上，基本消除了失谐叶盘结构的响应放大现象.通过合理地设计系统的双周期模式，能够获得比单周期更好的失谐响应放大抑制效果.此外，压电分支阻尼使得随机失谐叶盘结构的失谐“阈值”现象消失，提高了叶盘结构的失谐鲁棒性.      

Electromechanical Actuation Technology for the All-Electric Aircraft

Electromechanical actuation is a critical element that must be developed and verified to make the all-electric aircraft a viable concept. For several years the Flight Control Division of the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories has sponsored activities to demonstrate the credibility of electromechanical actuation systems (EMAS) for primary flight control actuation functions. The foundation for these EMAS activities and several electromechanical actuation development programs are described here. One involves the design, fabrication, and laboratory test of a rotary, hingeline electromechanical actuator. Another involves the development and flight test demonstration of a linear electromechanical actuator for controlling an aileron of a C-141 aircraft. A third involves the design and development of a linear electromechanical actuator for missiles having severe performance, temperature, and volumetric requirements. In addition, a brief summary of the results from two aircraft actuation trade studies compare the baseline (conventional) hydraulic flight control system with an all-electric airplane concept including quantitative comparisons of weight, reliability and maintainability, and life cycle costs.     

压电网络对叶盘结构气动阻尼的影响

首先通过引入气动影响系数,建立了振动相关气动力与系统振动位移成比例的线性模型。基于此导出了叶盘结构气弹耦合的线性振动方程。接着在叶盘结构中引入压电网络,建立了流 机 电耦合动力学方程；并采用集总参数等效模型研究了压电网络对叶盘结构气动阻尼的影响,对流 机 电耦合系统的特征值问题进行求解,获得了可作为系统气弹稳定性判据的模态气动阻尼比。研究表明,压电网络可以有效改善叶盘结构主要振动形式——节径型振动的气弹稳定性；通过对压电网络中电学参数进行优化设计,可以在较宽范围内提高叶盘结构的颤振边界；压电网络对弯曲振动模态气动阻尼的改善效果优于弯扭耦合振动模态。      

Nonlinear autopilot for high maneuverability of bank-to-turnmissiles

This paper presents a novel approach to autopilot design for highly maneuvering bank-to-turn (BTT) missiles. In the design and performance analysis of the proposed nonlinear autopilot, all nonlinearities of missile dynamics including the coupling between roll, yaw, and pitch channels as well as the asymmetric structure of missile body are taken into full account. It is shown that through a kind of feedback linearization technique along with a singular perturbation-like technique, the input/output (I/O) dynamic characteristics of pitch, yaw, and roll channels are made linear, decoupled, and independent of flight conditions such as air density and missile velocity. In particular, the proposed autopilot controllers can provide excellent set-point tracking performance for roll and pitch channels while keeping the side-slip angle negligible. The generality and practicality of our approach are demonstrated through mathematical analysis and various simulation results using an ILAAT missile     

Research on vibration suppression of a mistuned blisk by a piezoelectric network

The work aims to provide a further investigation of the dynamic characteristics of an integral bladed disk(also called ‘blisk') with a Parallel Piezoelectric Network(PPN). The PPN is constructed by parallelly interconnecting the piezoelectric patches distributed in the blisk. Two kinds of PPN are considered, namely mono-periodic PPN and bi-periodic PPN. The former has a piezoelectric patch in each sector, and the later has one patch every few sectors. The vibration suppression performance of both kinds of PPN has been studied through modal analysis, forced response analysis, and statistical analysis. The research results turn out that the PPN will only affect mechanical frequencies near the electrical frequency clusters slightly, and the bi-periodic PPN will make the nodal diameter spectrum of the modes more complex, but the amplitude corresponding to the new nodal diameter component is much smaller than that of the nodal diameter component corresponding to the mono-periodic system. The mechanical coupling between the blades and the disk plays an important role in the damping effect of the PPN, and it should be paid attention to in applications. The mono-periodic PPN can effectively suppress the amplitude magnification of the forced response induced by the mistuning of the blisk; meanwhile, it can mitigate the vibration localization of the mistuned electromechanical system. If piezoelectric patches are set only in part of the sectors, the bi-periodic PPN still has a vibration suppression ability, but the effect is related to the number and spatial distribution of the piezoelectric patches.     

转子轴系耦合振动模型一般性解析式推导与分析

基于转子受到的线性和非线性作用机理，引入线性尺度因子、非线性尺度因子和耦合强度比作为特征参量，分别构建了阻尼力和刚度力的一般表达式，进而推导出转子轴系一般形式的线性与非线性耦合的振动模型.基于仅考虑质量不平衡激励的单圆盘转子轴系，应用多尺度法求解出该方程的稳态解及瞬态解.通过对解析解的分析，揭示了线性与非线性耦合作用及响应的振动机理.通过数值计算分析了瞬态时间尺度因子对响应的影响，瞬态时间尺度因子越大，瞬态解衰减越快，越接近于稳态解.对稳态解短时傅里叶变换的幅频特性进行分析，可发现1倍频出现了非线性特征，3倍频存在双峰特征，进一步阐述了非线性尺度因子对转子轴系耦合振动的影响.      

Robustness of Velocity Feedback Controllers for Flexible Spacecraft

The robustness properties of collocated velocity feedback controllers used for damping enhancement in large, flexible space structures are investigated. It is proved that the closed-loop system using such controllers is asymptotically stable in the large when: 1) unmodeled linear time-invariant dynamics (such as sensors/actuators) are present, provided that the phase angle of such dynamics is between -90° and 90°, 2) time-varying or invariant nonlinearities lying in the first and the third quadrant (i. e., belonging to the (0, ?) sector) are present, or 3) sector-type nonlinearities following first-order stable dynamics are present in the feedback loop.     

Hybrid calibration method for six-component force/torque transducers of wind tunnel balance based on support vector machines

A hybrid calibration approach based on support vector machines (SVM) is proposed to characterize nonlinear cross coupling of multi-dimensional transducer. It is difficult to identify these unknown nonlinearities and crosstalk just with a single conventional calibration approach. In this paper, a hybrid model comprising calibration matrix and SVM model for calibrating linearity and nonlinearity respectively is built up. The calibration matrix is determined by linear artificial neural network (ANN), and the SVM is used to compensate for the nonlinear cross coupling among each dimension. A simulation of the calibration of a multi-dimensional sensor is conducted by the SVM hybrid calibration method, which is then utilized to calibrate a six-component force/torque transducer of wind tunnel balance. From the calibrating results, it can be indicated that the SVM hybrid calibration method has improved the calibration accuracy significantly without increasing data samples, compared with calibration matrix. Moreover, with the calibration matrix, the hybrid model can provide a basis for the design of transducers.     

航空机电作动器神经网络快速终端滑模控制

目前机电作动器由于具有干净、维护方便等优点,越来越受到航空业的青睐。航空机电作动器的特点是控制精度、稳定性和响应速度要求高,针对以上特点,提出了一种基于多层神经网络的快速终端滑模控制策略。为了提高航空作动器响应速度和跟踪精度,设计了快速终端滑模控制策略,不仅可以加快系统响应而且可以在无扰动情况下实现系统的有限时间稳定。针对系统参数不确定性和外部扰动,设计多层神经网络进行估计并通过前馈方法加以补偿。针对神经网络的重构误差,设计了非线性鲁棒项加以克服。利用李亚普洛夫稳定性定理证明了控制系统在有扰动情况下可以实现有界稳定。实验结果表明：所设计的控制器具有良好的参数自适应和抗干扰能力,同时具有更高的跟踪精度和更快的响应速度。     

抑制飞控系统极限环的非线性方法

抑制飞控系统极限环振荡是设计数字电传系统时需要解决的重要问题。针对飞控系统中常见的不确定非线性,提出仿线性元件的思想,以实现所期望的系统稳定裕度,从而克服非线性所造成的影响;针对确定的非线性,提出了非时变非线性可补性的概念,并应用于控制器中,实现非线性的补偿。将两种方案用于飞控系统中,仿真结果表明,对抑制系统的极限环是有效的。     

几种压电网络用于叶盘结构减振的机理分析

针对几种有望用于叶盘结构等循环对称结构减振的压电网络技术开展机理研究。为说明能量耗散及能量平衡两种不同的机理对减振、抑振效果的影响,基于集总参数模型对带有分支、并联网络、串联网络3类电路的叶盘结构开展了数值研究。对比了3类电路在谐调和失谐叶盘上所能达到的最佳减振效果及其随着失谐强度变化的规律,展示压电网络中能量耗散机理的作用。在非周期压电网络中加入了电阻,讨论了两种机理的共同作用。还给出了非周期压电网络最佳连接方式选择的定性建议。研究发现:将所有压电片连接到同一个网络并不能显著增加阻尼性能。在失谐叶盘上找到了无任何电路元件且只含少量叶片的非周期压电网络的最佳连接形式,说明了能量分配机理的作用。可以做到只将少数叶片连入网络(例如24个叶片中的2个或4个),无需加入任何电路元件就可以达到降低失谐响应放大效应的作用。     

失谐周期压电复合材料结构中的波动局部化研究

考虑力电耦合效应的影响,研究了层状失谐周期压电复合材料结构中的波动局部化问题。根据界面上力电连续条件,推导了结构中相邻单胞间的传递矩阵。以力场和电场变量为状态向量,给出了结构中局部化因子的表达式。作为算例,计算了结构中的波动局部化因子。计算结果表明,压电陶瓷的压电效应对周期压电复合材料的波动局部化特性有显著影响,压电常数越大局部化因子值越大,结构的局部化程度越强;结构的失谐度越大,频率通带区间内的局部化因子值越大,局部化程度越强。分析结果对于周期压电复合材料结构的优化设计和振动控制具有理论参考价值。     

电子阻尼的增进——局部激励应变的补偿

分析了以压电陶瓷片为作动和测量元件,构成速度负反馈的闭环控制的“电子阻尼技术”之所以不能大幅度增加结构阻尼的原因。提出了“局部激励应变补偿”和把通常的微分负反馈改为低截止频率的惯性环节正反馈的控制新方案。压电悬臂梁的实验表明,它们能使结构模态阻尼比大幅提高。     

低速流场中柔性悬臂板的后颤振响应

建立了一个新的非线性气动弹性模型,对低速流场中柔性悬臂板的后颤振响应特性进行了分析。建模中考虑了结构几何非线性、气动力非线性以及两者之间的强耦合效应。通过实验数据对所建立的气动弹性模型进行了验证。发现在低速流场中柔性悬臂板可能会以周期加倍的方式进入混沌运动。结构几何非线性效应和翼尖涡引起的非定常气动力效应对柔性悬臂板的结构响应有显著影响,而尾涡变形引起的非定常气动力对结构运动的影响较小。还研究了不同耦合算法的差异,给出了小展弦比大柔性结构非线性气动弹性数值仿真时耦合策略的选择依据。     

多层黏弹性复合材料结构阻尼性能优化设计

针对多层黏弹性复合材料结构阻尼性能设计优化问题,运用能量法既考虑其面内应变能,又考虑其横向剪切应变能,建立其损耗因子的计算模型,并用实验方法验证其挠度函数的可行性.然后以多层黏弹性复合材料结构的损耗因子最大化为优化目标,用改进遗传算法对其阻尼性能进行单变量和多变量优化设计.数值结果表明,应用遗传算法优化设计多层黏弹性复...     

基于模态综合法的含间隙折叠舵面动态特性分析

基于模态综合法对含间隙折叠舵面的非线性动态特性进行了研究。首先根据折叠舵面的结构特性建立含铰链连接的有限元模型，并采用双协调自由界面模态综合法对折叠舵面的有限元模型进行降阶。其次对不含间隙的折叠舵面进行扫频和模态实验，检验有限元模型及其降阶动力学模型的精度，并基于模型修正得到铰链的等效线性连接刚度。最后将等效线性连接刚度和间隙值进行组合，得到不同间隙下铰链的非线性连接刚度，完成含间隙折叠舵面的非线性动力学模型建立。基于非线性动力学模型对含间隙折叠舵面进行数值扫频，计算结果与实验扫频结果吻合良好，验证了所建立非线性动力学模型的精度及其在含间隙折叠舵面非线性动态特性分析中的可行性。