航空煤油泵轴尾机械密封副材料特性

为选择适合在航空煤油介质中工作的机械密封副材料,对材料的摩擦特性进行了研究,利用摩擦磨损试验机得到不同工况条件与表面粗糙度下材料的摩擦因数、温升,在原子力显微镜(AFM)下对3组典型配对材料的微观磨损形貌进行观测,分析磨粒磨损和黏着磨损的行为差异,计算磨损的关键参数。研究发现:聚四氟乙烯（PTFE)在既定条件下为性能最佳的软材料;硬材料表面粗糙度值为0.05时的摩擦性能最佳,不同硬材料间性能差异不大。研究发现PTFE在配磨材料上产生的犁沟效应最轻微,黏附的元素颗粒最少;黏着磨损会造成表面高度分布函数的偏移,利用离散化求解公式得到了黏着体积与平均黏着厚度。      

Tool wear during high speed turning in situ TiCp/TiBw hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite

Chipping, adhesive wear, abrasive wear and crater wear are prevalent for both the polycrystalline diamond(PCD) and the carbide tools during high speed turning of TiC_p/TiB_w hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V(TC4) matrix composite(TMCs). The combined effects of abrasive wear and diffusion wear caused the big crater on PCD and carbide tool rake face. Compared to the PCD, bigger size of crater was found on the carbide tool due to much higher cutting temperature and the violent chemical reaction between the Ti element in the workpiece and the WC in the tool.However, the marks of the abrasive wear looked much slighter or even could not be observed on the carbide tool especially when low levels of cutting parameters were used, which attributes to much lower hardness and smaller size of WC combined with more significant chemical degradation of carbide. When cutting TC4 using PCD tool, notch wear was the most significant wear pattern which was not found when cutting the TMCs. However, chipping, adhesive wear and crater wear were much milder when compared to the cutting of titanium matrix composite. Due to the absence of abrasive wear when cutting TC4, the generated titanium carbide on the PCD protected the tool from fast wear, which caused that the tool life for TC4 was 6–10 times longer than that for TMCs.     

两种不同成分NiAl涂层性能的对比研究

采用双丝电弧喷涂在6061-T6铝合金基底上制备NiAl-95/05和NiAl-80/20涂层,利用标准测试方法测量涂层的机械性能,并提出了NiAl涂层摩擦磨损机理的新理论。结果表明：NiAl-80/20涂层具有较高的结合强度和显微硬度。随磨损进行,NiAl-80/20涂层的静摩擦系数随磨损的继续一直单调下降,直至最后进入稳态阶段;NiAl-95/05涂层的静摩擦系数先缓慢下降,200个循环之后由于磨损形貌的进一步恶化,静摩擦系数呈缓慢上升的趋势。NiAl-95/05涂层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,并且在磨损过程中伴随有犁削效应;NiAl-80/20涂层主要为粘着磨损机制,并且具有更好的耐磨性。     

民机缝翼滑轨机构磨损分析研究

民用飞机缝翼结构中滚轮滑轨机构的可靠性对飞行安全有着重要的影响。本文针对滚轮滑轨机构运动副表面的磨损机理进行分析,分别分析了滑轨几种磨损模式下的破坏机理,并针对降低滚轮滑轨机构的磨损量提出了几点建议。为民用飞机缝翼高寿命和高可靠性做了基础研究工作。     

Prediction on grinding force during grinding powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with electroplated CBN abrasive wheel

In this article, a grinding force model, which is on the basis of cutting process of single abrasive grains combined with the method of theoretical derivation and empirical formula by analyzing the formation mechanism of grinding force, was established. Three key factors have been taken into accounts in this model, such as the contact friction force between abrasive grains and materials, the plastic deformation of material in the process of abrasive plowing, and the shear strain effect of material during the process of cutting chips formation. The model was finally validated by the orthogonal grinding experiment of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 by using the electroplated CBN abrasive wheel. Grinding force values of prediction and experiment were in good consistency. The errors of tangential grinding force and normal grinding force were 9.8% and 13.6%, respectively. The contributions of sliding force, plowing force and chip formation force were also analyzed. In addition, the tangential forces of sliding, plowing and chip formation are 14%, 19% and 11% of the normal forces on average, respectively. The pro-posed grinding force model is not only in favor of optimizing the grinding parameters and improving grinding efficiency, but also contributes to study some other grinding subjects (e.g. abrasive wheel wear, grinding heat, residual stress).     

Erosion degradation characteristics of a linear electro-hydrostatic actuator under a high-frequency turbulent flow field

The paper proposes a performance degradation analysis model based on dynamic erosion wear for a novel Linear Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (LEHA). Rather than the traditional statistical methods based on degradation data, the method proposed in this paper firstly analyzes the dominant progressive failure mode of the LEHA based on the working principle and working conditions of the LEHA. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, combining the turbulent theory and the micro erosion principle, is used to establish an erosion model of the rectification mechanism. The erosion rates for different port openings, under a time-varying flow field, are obtained. The piecewise linearization method is applied to update the concentration of contaminated particles within the LEHA, in order to gain insight into the erosion degradation process at various stages of degradation. The main contribution of the proposed model is the application of the dynamic concentration of contamination particles in erosion analysis of Electro-Hydraulic Servo Valves (EHSVs), throttle valves, spool valves, and needle valves. The effects of system parameters and working conditions on component wear are analyzed by simulations. The results of the proposed model match the expected degradation process.     

TC4-DT钛合金磨削表面特性及其摩擦磨损性能

钛合金是一种典型难磨削加工材料,磨削表面易出现烧伤、裂纹等热损伤。本文开展了TC4-DT钛合金磨削实验,通过扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、显微硬度仪、金相显微镜及球-盘摩擦磨损实验仪研究了其表面特性及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：低速磨削表面质量好,摩擦磨损性能较基体略提高;当砂轮线速度为80 m/s时,磨削表面质量良好,摩擦系数为0.38,较基体降低40%;而砂轮线速度为100 m/s时,磨削表面出现严重烧伤、网状裂纹。因此选择合理的高速磨削工艺可避免烧伤、裂纹等热损伤缺陷,并可有效改善表面摩擦磨损性能;磨削表面干摩擦磨损机制为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和剥层磨损。     

连铸连轧镁合金AZ41微观结构与摩擦磨损性能

为研究铸轧镁合金AZ41板材的摩擦磨损性能,通过连铸连轧制备出镁合金AZ41板材,并观察其铸轧态和热处理态的微观组织结构特点。研究了滑动干摩擦条件下滑动速度和载荷对AZ41镁合金板材摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌,探讨了其磨损机制,并利用有限元方法模拟了其磨损时的应力分布。结果表明：制备的镁合金AZ41在（1012）上出现了大量压缩孪晶,经热处理后晶粒变为等轴晶;摩擦系数随着转速的增加而升高,在一定范围内随载荷的增加而降低;磨损量随着载荷和转速的增加而增加,低载时磨损机制为磨粒磨损,伴有氧化磨损的发生,高载时其磨损以粘着磨损为主。     

基于磨粒磨损机理的机械磨损状态监测

针对机械设备磨损状态监测准确率较低的问题,基于不同磨损机理下磨粒具有不同的形状和纹理特征,提出了一种基于磨粒特征识别的机械磨损状态监测的数学模型。通过形状特征识别球状磨粒和切削磨粒,结合形状、纹理特征识别疲劳磨粒和严重滑动磨粒,基于提取的特征参数建立机械磨损状态监测的特征向量,通过量子粒子群优化(QPSO)的径向基函数神经网络模型,实现对机械磨损状态的监测和判别。实验结果表明:QPSO-RBF神经网络数学模型结构简单,比传统PSO-RBF神经网络模型的识别准确率高5%,可用于常见机械磨损状态的检测。      

基于域对抗门控网络的变工况刀具磨损精确预测方法

刀具磨损的精确预测对保证零件加工质量、提高生产效率和降低制造成本具有重要作用。在实际加工过程中,切削参数、刀具几何参数、刀具材料等工况复杂多变,工况信息和刀具磨损量对监测信号的耦合作用为刀具磨损的精确预测带来了很大挑战。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于域对抗门控网络（DAGNN）的变工况刀具磨损精确预测方法。引入工况分类网络并利用无磨损量标签样本,通过域对抗和门控过滤机制自适应地从不同工况的原始监测信号中提取表征刀具磨损且对工况变化不敏感的关键信号特征。对信号特征提取网络和刀具磨损预测网络进行迭代优化,从而实现变工况刀具磨损的精确预测。实验结果表明：相比已有的方法,本文方法能够利用少量带磨损量标签的目标工况样本实现刀具材料和刀具直径变化情况下的刀具磨损量精确预测,预测精度大幅提高。     

轴向柱塞泵滑靴副的热结构耦合特性

为了改善轴向柱塞泵滑靴副的耐磨损性能,建立了滑靴与斜盘摩擦副的瞬态热结构耦合模型,分析压力冲击条件下滑靴的表面温度、应力以及变形的变化规律.研究结果表明:某型轴向柱塞泵中滑靴温度随柱塞腔压力呈周期性变化,滑靴温度范围为45.5~49.8℃,且滑靴的最高温度出现在泵的吸排油过渡区.当滑靴处于泵的排油区时,滑靴的最大轴向应力为250MPa,集中在滑靴油腔与密封带之间的边缘区域.滑靴的轴向应力分层显著,引起滑靴的变形分化,其变形量为12.5~15μm,出现在滑靴的边缘.由于滑靴的输入热流密度增强磨粒的剪切力,加剧滑靴表面的微切削和挤压变形,导致滑靴表面出现条状剥落和凹坑磨损,呈现出黏着和磨粒磨损特征.      

Gaussian process regression model incorporated with tool wear mechanism

Cutting tool condition directly affects machining quality and efficiency. In order to avoid severely worn tools used during machining process and fully release the remaining useful life in the meanwhile, a reliable evaluation method of remaining useful life of cutting tools is quite necessary. Due to the variation of cutting conditions, it is a challenge to predict remaining useful life of cutting tools by a unified model. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes a method for predicting the remaining useful life of cutting tools in variable cutting conditions based on Gaussian process regression model incorporated with tool wear mechanism, where the predicted value at adjacent moments is constrained to a linear relationship by the covariance matrix of Gaussian model based on the assumption of progressive tool wear process, so the wear process under continuous changing conditions can be modelled. In addition to that, the input feature space and the output of the model are also enhanced by considering the tool wear mechanism for improving prediction accuracy. Machining experiments are performed to verify the proposed method, and the results show that the proposed could improve the prediction of tool remaining useful life significantly.     

A compositional method to model dependent failure behavior based on PoF models

In this paper, a new method is developed to model dependent failure behavior among failure mechanisms. Unlike the existing methods, the developed method models the root cause of the dependency explicitly, so that a deterministic model, rather than a probabilistic one, can be established. Three steps comprise the developed method. First, physics-of-failure(PoF) models are utilized to model each failure mechanism. Then, interactions among failure mechanisms are modeled as a combination of three basic relations, competition, superposition and coupling. This is the reason why the method is referred to as ‘‘compositional method". Finally, the PoF models and the interaction model are combined to develop a deterministic model of the dependent failure behavior. As a demonstration, the method is applied on an actual spool and the developed failure behavior model is validated by a wear test. The result demonstrates that the compositional method is an effective way to model dependent failure behavior.     

耦合对风扇、压气机畸变传递特性的影响

本文从下游部件对具有畸变流动的压气机性能的影响机理出发, 着重分析了由于高压压气机的存在对具有进口压力畸变的风扇出口畸变强度的影响。采用一种新的快速收敛方法, 结合某型号发动机对耦合的影响进行了定量计算。      

PCD刀具车削不同颗粒含量SiCp/Al复合材料试验研究

碳化硅铝基复合材料具有优良的导热性、较高的比强度和比刚度,在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。由于此复合材料中含有增强相,导致材料的切削加工性能变差。通过试验分析了不同颗粒体积分数(纳米级5%、微米级25%)SiCp/Al复合材料和切削参数(切削速度、背吃刀量、进给量)对刀具磨损和工件表面质量的影响,并对刀具磨损机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,车削微米级25%SiCp/Al材料时聚晶金刚石PCD(Polycrystalline Diamond)刀具磨损更严重,且工件表面质量更差。随着进给量和背吃刀量的增大,工件表面粗糙度值增大,刀片前刀面磨损严重;随着切削速度的增大,工件表面粗糙度值减小,刀片前刀面磨损量增大。选取本文切削参数进行SiCp/Al复合材料的切削加工时,发现刀具磨粒磨损、微崩刃是PCD刀具后刀面磨损的主要成因,且刀具前刀面也会产生积屑瘤。研究结果可为SiCp/Al复合材料PCD车削工艺的优化提供理论基础。     

基于多参量状态信息融合的刀具磨损状态智能识别

鉴于刀具磨损监控在自动化生产中的重要性,建立了基于切削力和基于相对切削时间的两种磨损检测模型．切削力模型是利用回归算法和模糊分类技术建立的,通过检测切削力信号可在线识别刀具磨损状态．基于相对切削时间模型利用回归技术直接建立刀具磨损量与切削参数及时间的关系,可在较大的切削条件变化范围内实现对刀具磨损的识别．     

Review and propositions for the sliding/impact wear behavior in a contact interface

A thermal-solid-liquid complex operational environment induces structural interface developing a typical coupling sliding/impact wear behavior. It results in contact damage until systems fail, which may cause significant economic losses and catastrophic consequences. The key point of solving this problem is to reveal the coupling damage mechanism of the sliding/impact behavior in typical systems and life characterization under a complicate evolving environment. This has been a hot topic in the area of mechanical reliability. The main work in this paper can be concluded as follows. Firstly, the main industries in which the “sliding/impact behavior” takes place have been introduced. Then, existing studies on the wear mechanism and degree analysis are presented, which includes surface morphology analysis, wear debris analysis, and wear degree measurement. Meanwhile, existing problems in theoretical modeling and experiments in current research are summarized, so as to point out a bright direction for future research on wear prediction. They include interface contact modeling, mathematic coupling mechanism modeling, wear equation establishment, and wear life characterization, which can provide some new ideas for improving the existing studies on the sliding/impact wear behavior.     

Grain erosion wear properties and grinding performance of porous aggregated cubic boron nitride abrasive wheels

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) superabrasive grinding wheels exhibit unique advantages in the grinding of difficult-to-cut materials with high strength and toughness, such as titanium alloys and superalloys. However, grinding with multilayered metallic cBN superabrasive wheels faces problems in terms of grain wear resistance, the chip storage capability of the working layers and the stability and controllability of the dressing process. Therefore, in this work, novel metallic cBN superabrasive wheels with aggregated cBN (AcBN) grains and open pore structures were fabricated to improve machining efficiency and surface quality. Prior to the grinding trials, the air-borne abrasive blasting process was conducted and the abrasive blasting parameters were optimized in view of wear properties of cBN grains and metallic matrix materials. Subsequently, the comparative experiments were performed and then the variations in grinding force and force ratio, grinding temperature, tool wear morphology and ground surface quality of the multilayered AcBN grinding wheels were investigated during machining Ti–6Al–4V alloys. In consideration of the variations of grain erosion wear volume and material removal rate per unit of pure metallic matrix materials as the abrasive blasting parameters changes, the optimal abrasive blasting parameters were identified as the SiC abrasive mesh size of 60# and the abrasive blasting distance and time of 60 mm and 15 s, respectively. The as-developed AcBN grains exhibited better fracture toughness and impact resistance than monocrystalline cBN (McBN) grains because of the existence of metal-bonded materials amongst multiple cBN particles that decreased crack propagation inside whole grains. The metallic porous AcBN wheels had lower grinding forces and temperature and better ground surface quality than vitrified McBN wheels due to the constant layer-by-layer exposure of cBN particles in the working layer of AcBN wheels.     

单颗磨粒磨削仿真研究进展

概述了传统磨削仿真的基本方法及发展过程,总结了磨粒模型和工件模型的研究现状,具体分析了有限元法、光滑流体粒子动力学法、分子动力学法以及综合仿真方法等应用于单颗磨粒磨削材料的去除机理、成屑机理、工件表面质量以及磨粒磨损等仿真中的研究现状,最后阐述了各类仿真方法的局限性,并提出了单颗磨粒磨削仿真进一步的发展前景。     

腐蚀/疲劳交替作用下飞机金属材料疲劳寿命计算方法

 使用环境下飞机金属结构剩余寿命评定是确定飞机结构疲劳寿命与日历寿命关系的关键。为此,本文模拟飞机结构经历的"地面腐蚀+空中疲劳"过程,提出了腐蚀/疲劳交替作用下飞机金属材料的疲劳寿命计算方法。首先,通过分析2A12-T4铝合金试样预腐蚀/疲劳试验结果,发现其在模拟腐蚀/疲劳交替作用时计算得到的疲劳寿命偏于保守。随后,根据2A12-T4铝合金试样真实的交替试验结果,采用回归算法,建立了基于均匀分布耦合损伤形式的腐蚀/疲劳交替寿命计算模型;并分别采用BP、Elman神经网络对上述模型的计算结果进行验证。结果表明,本文提出的均匀分布耦合损伤模型计算结果与真实试验结果吻合较好;通过进一步的计算与试验对比发现,该模型也可以用于加载循环与腐蚀周期组合发生变化时的疲劳寿命预测,具有较好的适用性。