Hybrid electric vehicles: year 2000 status

In the year 2000, the automotive manufacturers turned their attention to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). This re-direction of Electric Vehicle (EV) development effort was highlighted at the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS 2000), where, the World's major automobile manufacturers displayed twenty three HEVs. Thirteen HEV were configured with an internal combustion piston engine and electric traction motor, while, ten additional HEV were configured as fuel cell and battery pack hybrid vehicles (FCHV). Furthermore, the FCHV were fueled with hydrogen (H₂) from H₂ absorption metal hydride fuel tanks, or, from liquified hydrogen cryogenic fuel tanks. One conclusion for HEV was that the preferred configuration includes a compression ignition engine paired with an electric motor, and, four speed manual transmission with automatic shift. A second conclusion for FCHV was that the fuel of choice is H₂, and furthermore, these H₂ fueled FCHV were the precursor vehicles foreshadowing deployment of a hydrogen fuel infrastructure within the first quarter of the 21^st Century     

Commercialization of advanced batteries

Mader & Associates has been working as a contractor for the South Coast Air Quality Management District (District) as well as domestic and off-shore battery developers for the past several years. During this period, it has performed various assessments of advanced battery technology as well as established the Advanced Battery Task Force. The following paper is Mader's view of the status of battery technologies that are competing for the electric vehicle (EV) market being established by the California Air Resources Board's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate. The ZEV market is being competed for by various advanced battery technologies. And, given the likelihood of modifications to the Mandate, the most promising technologies should capture the following market share during the initial 10 years: lead-acid-8.4%; nickel metal hydride-50.8%; sodium nickel chloride-7.8%; and lithium ion-33.0%. However, today there is much less certainty associated with EV market prediction due to changes in the ZEV regulations     

An energy management system to improve electric vehicle range andperformance

An electric vehicle (EV) energy management system (EMS) developed to accurately predict and extend the usable driving range and the life of the battery pack is discussed. The EMS monitors and records battery state of charge, vehicle performance, power consumption of key components, and driver's actions. Convenient drive inputs in conjunction with memorized energy consumption profiles allow accurate prediction of driving range and selection of appropriate recharging profiles. EV range extension is accomplished by identifying inefficient use of energy, resulting in EMS modification of energy usage by offending subsystems or EMS suggestion to the driver of improved driving habits or vehicle use. Factors affecting the accuracy of range prediction and the amount of range extension are described     

Charge measurement circuit for electric vehicle batteries

Calculating the state of charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle (EV) battery is an inherently error prone process that depends on several variables. However, the accuracy of the required charge flow measurements can be greatly improved by using a voltage to frequency (V/F) converter in conjunction with a digital counter to integrate the measured battery current.     

Bipolar nickel-metal hydride battery for hybrid vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles are receiving increased interest as an approach to decrease vehicle pollution, dependence, and consumption of liquid petroleum and meet forthcoming Government vehicle emission standards. A number of schemes are under consideration (heat engine battery, fuel cell battery, peaking battery, inner-city battery, etc.). The success of any of the approaches will be dependent on battery capabilities, i.e., power, density, life, and cost. The nickel-metal hydride system appears to be the most promising of the candidate battery chemistries. Preliminary designs and analysis have been prepared and are presented for various configurations. Initial performance characterization tests are presented. It is concluded that a bipolar package arrangement for the Ni-MH chemistry appears most suited for the hybrid vehicle application considered     

Fuel cells for “personal electricity”

Cars powered by fuel cells have been built and tested; however, the aerospace fuel cells could not deliver high power quickly when the driver wanted to accelerate his car. Today's hybrid electric cars carry a battery that supplies the acceleration power, and the prime power source, whether an engine or fuel cell, is not stressed with sudden load peaks. Zero air pollution becomes attainable when fuel-cells supply the prime power on a hybrid vehicle     

电动固旋翼无人机动力系统建模与优化设计

为解决电动固定翼四旋翼复合布局无人机(eHAV)动力系统设计选择缺乏相应理论方法的问题,提出了一套动力系统的建模和优化设计方法。通过推质比计算提出了动力系统需求,利用螺旋桨和旋翼理论建立了螺旋桨的设计和性能计算模型,通过统计分析和1阶电动机模型建立了无刷直流电动机的计算模型,通过电动机与电池电压、电流之间的关系建立了电池选择方法,在经过电压修正的放电特性经验公式基础上建立了无人机航时计算方法。根据动力系统匹配方法,建立了动力系统优化设计流程。对某电动固旋翼无人机动力系统进行了优化设计和选择,结果表明:所建螺旋桨和旋翼模型计算结果与CFD结果的误差在10%以内,电池放电模型与试验数据的拟合度在0.97以上,飞行测试结果表明所提方法选择的动力系统使得无人机航时测试值与设计值误差小于4%,证明了该方法有较高的准确性和可行性。      

Segmented battery charger for high energy 28 V lithium ion battery

Since they were first introduced in the early 1990s, lithium ion batteries have enjoyed unprecedented growth and success in the consumer marketplace. Combining excellent performance with affordability, they have become the product of choice for portable computers and cellular phones. Building on the same energy and life cycle attributes, which marked their consumer market success, but adding new high power storage capability, lithium ion technology is now poised to play a similar role in the transportation, military, and space sectors. With major program in various aspects of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, Saft has developed a family of battery products that address the power and energy storage where lightweight, long life, and excellent energy or power storage capabilities are needed. Significant progress in the packaging and control of high power, yet compact, batteries has been accomplished for a variety of vehicle applications. This paper discusses the charger and balancing strategies of one of this family of products     

Development of a long cycle life sealed nickel-zinc battery forhigh energy-density applications

Nickel-zinc battery technology is being developed for commercial applications requiring high energy density and high power capability. Development cells have demonstrated the ability to deliver over 60 Watt-hours per kilogram at the one hour rate. Cycle life has been improved to more than 600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge by using a patented, reduced solubility zinc electrode and an improved sealed cell design. More than 8000 charge/discharge cycles at 10% depth-of-discharge have been completed. Large quantities of sealed prismatic cells have been manufactured, including a 140 cell, 220 V battery for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)     

非车载充电机仿真建模

在阐述电动汽车非车载充电机的基本结构的基础上,根据非车载充电机的基本原理,针对不可控整流型非车载充电机,分析高频隔离式DC/DC变换器和充电机的控制电路,在Matlab-Simulink的平台上进行建模,对相关参数进行仿真,并对其注入电网和输出充电的电能进行评估。     

天翼1无人机电动化改造可行性分析

电动飞机正在国内外通用航空领域蓬勃发展,并影响着未来航空的发展方向。利用电推进技术对无人机进行电动化改造,能大大提高无人机的安全性、可靠性和维修性,降低使用成本。以天翼1无人机为电动化改造对象,提出了电动化改造方案,详细计算分析了电推进系统中电动机和锂电池组的主要参数,并从无人机的重量重心、性能以及电推进系统的安装方式等方面分析了改造的可行性。分析结果表明,天翼1无人机电动化改造基本可行;并提出了后续改造实施中需注意的问题。     

Comparison of AC drives for electric vehicles-a report on experts'opinion survey

It is recognized that wide applications of electric vehicles (EVs) will bring tremendous social, economical and ecological benefits. With the growing interests in electric vehicles, much effort is demanded for the development of efficient, reliable and economical AC drives' for EV propulsion purpose. Both induction motor (IM) drives and permanent magnet brushless DC motor (IM) drives have been applied to EVs. Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives have been proposed as an alternative for EV propulsion. In order to assess the suitability of IM, BDCM and SRM drives for EV applications and to provide a technical support for the development and selection of future EV propulsion systems, the existing EV AC propulsion drives were compared, and a survey of experts' opinions was conducted. Comparison of the three AC drives was made on a relative and a quantitative basis using the survey questionnaires. According to the majority of the experts, induction motor drives are best suited for EV propulsion purpose, due to their low cost, high reliability, high speed, established converter and manufacturing technology, low torque ripple/noise and absence of position sensors. BDCM drives feature compactness, low weight and high efficiency and therefore provide an alternative for EV propulsion. The experts regard insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as the most suited power semiconductor devices for AC drive converters at the present stage     

Battery package design optimization for small electric aircraft

The increasing gross weight of electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) poses a challenge in practical applications. The range and endurance of the electric UAV are limited by the fixed mass of the battery package. In this work, a design optimization method for the battery package topology of small electric UAV is proposed to enhance the performance. To improve the accuracy of the method, the dynamic battery model and simplified electric component models are presented. These models are utilized by the trajectory optimization method, which takes the dynamic characteristic into consideration to calculate the aircraft performance. The direct optimal control method is used for solving the trajectory optimization problem, and this method is tested on a small blended-wing-body electric aircraft. The test result shows that the range and energy-consumption are mainly influenced by the parallel topology of the battery package, while the flight time in climb phase is more sensitive to the series topology. It is deduced that the range- and energy-optimal design points can be considered concurrently in design optimization. The work proves the feasibility of integrating the trajectory optimization and battery package design.     

Artificial hearts, batteries, and electric vehicles

New battery applications ranged from an implanted battery that powers an artificial heart, to powering a seismic sensor behind an oil-well drilling bit as it grinds through rock looking for oil-bearing structure. These applications require high reliability that justifies the cost of thorough qualification testing, production control, acceptance testing of every cell, and tracking every cell by its serial number through its lifetime. Electric vehicle developments ranged from electric scooters for commuting to work in Europe to electric cars connected to the electric grid when not being driven. Availability of their battery energy for carrying load peaks is so valuable that the electric utility being supported could offer to replace the vehicles batteries whenever they wear out, with no cost to the car owner.     

国内民用飞机制造商运营支持能力建设思考

历经 ARJ 的首飞、取证及运营,必须大力推进民用飞机制造商的运营支持能力建设已成为国内航空界的共识。本文从长期跟踪和参与的几款国产民用飞机型号的运营实践出发,阐述对当前国内民用飞机制造企业运营支持能力建设中若干问题的看法。分析“运营支持技术”在“运营支持能力”建设中的重要性,运营支持能力建设目标是“机队稳定商业运营需求”的保障;提出通过“最小可更换件”分解培育备件市场以降低成本,通过增添“新技能”培训需求为用户产品运营做好增值服务,推动手册编制技术更新落地为国产民用飞机运营支持增添新亮点等观点。希冀基于国内民用飞机制造商运营支持能力建设的讨论,促进其技术发展,推广相关思路在国产民用飞机领域的应用,以满足国家重大需求和工程实践。     

A view of the commercial launch services market

The commercial launch market is as dynamic and evolutive as ever. Following a period of relatively steady growth, we have, however, witnessed a rather more turbulent phase in the past two years. This is partly due to the various economic and financial crises experienced in 1998 and partly to a significant increase in the number of in-orbit and on-ground problems experienced by satellite manufacturers and operators. What is the Arianespace's view of the current market and of the short and medium-term trends?     

Evaluation of active hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources

Hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources have potentially widespread uses in applications wherein the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. Interposing a dc/dc converter between a fuel cell and a battery can create two configurations of actively controlled hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources. Those two configurations are compared using both theory and experiment with special attention to the peak power enhancement, and power losses in the converter. Both of the defined configurations were built, using a 35 W polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, an 8-cell lithium-ion battery pack, and a high-efficiency power converter. Both two configurations yielded a peak power output of 135 W, about 4 times as high as the fuel cell alone could supply, with only a slight (13%) increase of weight. The converter losses were quantitatively analyzed. Which of the two configurations yields a smaller loss depends on the load power demand characteristics including peak power and load duty ratio. The study results provide guidance for the design of hybrid sources according to the particular load power requirements.     

Heating and cooling battery electric vehicles-the final barrier

Battery electric vehicles (EVs) present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient and effective heating and cooling systems for automotive applications. Because heating-ventilating-air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are electrically powered, vehicle range is reduced when the HVAC system is operating. The alternative solutions to HVAC battery electric vehicles are identified and evaluated. These include a basis for determining HVAC boundary design assumptions and showing mathematical methods for estimating the HVAC load and energy requirements, and evaluation of the new European and Japanese approaches to wintertime heating, such as NaS battery, motor and component waste heat recovery, electric seat warmer, radiant foot warmer, electric windshield and backlight defrost, molten salt latent heat storage, metal hydride hydrogen storage and catalytic heater, and liquid fueled heater     

电动车开关磁阻电机驱动和保护控制策略研究

传统开关磁阻电机(SRM)起动时采用电流斩波控制(CCC),中高速阶段采用角度位置控制(APC)对转速进行调节。但在电动车领域的SRM驱动控制中,通常采用基于脉宽调制(PWM)控制的方式来实现电机的开环调速。在传统SRM控制方式的基础上,提出了一种动态斩波的起动方式以及一种PWM控制与APC控制相结合的中高速运行的综合控制策略,可确保电机在不同负载下平稳起动、瞬间提速和稳定运行。与此同时,对控制器保护环节中最为关键的过流保护和堵转保护进行了设计,提升了整个驱动系统的可靠性。为了验证所提驱动控制策略和保护方法的可行性,在以STM32F103处理器为控制核心的控制器和1台12/8结构电动车SRM上进行了系统的试验。试验结果表明在该控制算法下,电机能够快速起动和稳定运行,且能检测到故障并及时保护,证明了该算法的正确性。     

航空用燃料电池及混合电推进系统发展综述

随着世界范围内碳减排需求的日益增长及长航时飞机的发展需要,高效率的燃料电池航空电推进系统逐渐受到重视,氢能航空的理念被人们所熟知。可使用碳氢燃料的高温燃料电池还可与燃气涡轮组成混合动力系统,发电效率进一步提高至70%。本文首先回顾了燃料电池及燃料电池涡轮混合系统在航空能源、动力系统方向应用概况;接着,概述了几种突破现有涡轮发动机技术瓶颈的新概念混合电推进系统,如发电与推进一体化燃料电池涡轮混合动力系统和无涡轮燃料电池混合推进系统;基于此,本文分析了限制燃料电池混合系统实际应用的关键技术难题,主要体现在混合动力系统功重比较低、大分子碳氢燃料重整技术未突破两方面。