惯导平台系统研究进展与发展趋势思考

现代军事应用中,远程导弹武器主要功能是精确打击关键军事目标,制导精度成为其首要性能指标。当前,国内外远程武器采用的主流惯性器件为惯导平台系统,平台框架在发射前可控制台体旋转实现自对准、自标定等功能。在导弹飞行过程中,平台控制台体稳定于惯性空间,通过隔离角运动提高惯性仪表使用精度,因而成为远程制导系统的首选惯性器件。我国惯导平台系统技术从20世纪60年代起步至今,先后经历了滚珠轴承平台、气浮陀螺平台、动调陀螺平台、静压液浮平台以及三浮平台系统的发展历程。目前,在研新型远程导弹制导系统主要采用基于三浮陀螺及陀螺加速度计的三浮平台系统,其关键技术包括亚微米精度特种材料加工与装配技术、抗高过载环境高可靠三浮惯性仪表技术、惯性/天文复合制导技术以及惯导平台自对准与自标定技术。近年来,以光学陀螺、半球谐振陀螺等为代表的新型惯性仪表的工程应用精度逐步提升。以平台稳定控制技术为基础,构建基于新型固态陀螺的惯导平台体系架构,将会推动我国远程武器性能跨越式发展。通过分析光纤陀螺、半球谐振陀螺等新型惯性仪表的技术优势以及新一代制导系统小型化、数字化、智能化等性能需求,对我国远程制导用惯导平台技术发展提出了几点建议。     

影响惯性仪表精度长期稳定的材料学问题与对策

陀螺仪和加速度计等惯性仪表的精度对零组件的尺寸变化有着极其敏感的反应。随着对惯性仪表精度及其稳定性研究的深入,发现材料的尺寸不稳定是导致精度稳定性差的主要原因之一。以多种惯性仪表构件的常用材料为例,从材料学角度系统综述了微观缺陷、第二相、晶粒和织构、内应力以及环境因素对材料尺寸稳定性的影响规律,并提出了如何从材料内禀特性出发改善惯性仪表精度长期稳定性,展望了惯性仪表材料与工艺的未来发展方向。     

遗传寻优神经网络在平台温控系统建模中的应用

温度直接影响惯性仪表及惯性平台的使用精度,而高精度温控系统的设计依赖于准确的平台加温模型,针对平台系统中多种惯性仪表加温过程复杂度高,当前采用的阶跃响应辨识方法存在模型适应性差、精度不高等情况,且针对基于梯度下降的BP学习算法存在局部收敛的问题.采用基于遗传算法寻优的神经网络辨识的方法,对惯性仪表加温模型进行建模,试验验证通过遗传寻优后的BP神经网络学习算法,提高了网络的学习精度,进而提高了平台系统中惯性仪表加温过程数学模型的精度,模型适应性较高,为后续惯性仪表的加温控制方法的设计提供了必要的条件.     

基于卫星和星敏感器的冗余激光惯组在轨标定

采用高精度卫星导航速度、位置信息以及星敏感器提供的姿态信息设计十表冗余捷联惯组的标定模型,包含陀螺和加速度计的零次项和标度因数,对卫星和星敏感器辅助的冗余激光陀螺捷联惯组进行实时在轨标定.利用标准Kalman滤波和Sage-Husa自适应滤波作为估计算法,对十表冗余捷联惯组参数进行在线估计.数值仿真结果表明:参数标定精度均在7％以内,是一种实时的在轨标定方法,满足误差补偿要求.冗余惯组在轨标定方法为航天器高精度定姿和定轨提供了一种理论参考.     

铝基复合材料在惯性导航仪表中的应用分析

根据惯性仪表的特性，对技术较成熟的碳化硅增强铝基复合材料的稳定性、精密加工性能等进行了分析。指出该材料在惯性仪表中应用的技术条件已经成熟。     

2021年国外惯性技术发展与回顾

对2021年IEEE惯性传感器与系统会议、MEMS国际会议、圣彼得堡组合导航会议等惯 性技术相关会议文献,以及惯性技术领域相关机构披露的动态信息进行详细梳理。总结了光学陀 螺、微机电(MEMS)陀螺、半球谐振陀螺(HRG)、原子陀螺和加速度计等惯性仪表及惯性系统的发 展现状,并对惯性技术领域的发展动向进行了剖析与展望。     

飞航导弹地标被动观测自主导航修正技术

飞航导弹在外界导航系统不可用的情况下,可对航路上已知精确地理位置的典型地标进行测角和测距,从而实现对导弹导航位置误差的修正.飞航导弹为提高其隐蔽性,不能使用雷达或激光等有源测量设备,而采用成像观测又无法得到距离信息.因此为解决飞航导弹航路中隐蔽式导航自主修正的难题,提出了基于气压高度表的被动观测UKF滤波导航修正技术,从而实现飞航导弹在完全隐蔽情况下导航坐标的自主修正.     

惯性仪表测试技术

针对惯性仪表测试技术所涉及的几个基本问题进行了分析,给出了试验的分类和功能,提出了今后发展建议.     

浅谈高精度惯性仪表制造技术特征中 不可忽视的制造工艺固有特性问题

重点研究了我国高精度惯性仪表产品制造技术如何突破传统机械产品制造工艺理念和认知框架,解决高精度惯性技术(原理)产品制造合格率、 参数稳定性和精度提高问题.首次在产品制造技术特征中从理论上提出了"制造工艺的固有(基因)特征性"概念,当研究提高惯性仪表精度的解决方案时,从制造角度应注意到这一"固有的遗传(基因)特征"抽象概念对产品精度影响作用.提出了在高精度惯性仪表的制造工艺设计中,应关注减小或消除这些制造工艺固有特征作为关键工艺控制因素.     

基于数值微分计算的SERF原子自旋惯性测量动态仿真

基于量子调控技术的SERF原子自旋惯性测量仪表与传统惯性测量仪表相比,具有精度高、无活动部件、对加速度不敏感等优点,被公认是下一代高精度惯性测量的发展方向。分析了SERF原子自旋惯性装置Bloch微分方程组模型下磁场、激光、角速度输入对碱金属电子极化率和惰性气体核子极化率的影响。针对实验条件下原子系综Bloch微分方程组难以解析求解的问题,基于可变阶次数值微分计算,建立了相应的Simulink模型对实验条件下的原子系综进行数值求解,并分析了极化率对光场、磁场、角速度输入的瞬态响应与稳态响应。仿真结果与理论计算结果相吻合,验证了Bloch方程数值求解的可行性与准确性。该方法可得到惯性测量系统的动态响应,可用于模拟复杂输入下的SERF原子自旋惯性测量系统的输出响应。     

Detecting Instrument Malfunctions in Control Systems

A scheme for automatically detecting incipient failures in the feedback sensors (or instruments) of control systems is described. The feasibility of the scheme is investigated by applying it to a simplified version (fourth order) of the flight control system for a hydrofoil boat. A single set of inertial instruments is used to provide the feedback signals; the redundancy which is normally obtained by multiple instrument sets is obtained here, artificially, by a subsystem of multiple Luenberger observers and logic circuits. Tests indicate that scale factor errors, errors due to threshold effects, and bias errors in the instruments are detected as they occur. The tests also indicate further analytical work which should be done to explore the limitations of the basic scheme.     

石英挠性加速度计参数长期重复性技术研究

石英挠性加速计作为敏感载体加速度的关键器件,其参数的长期重复性直接决定着惯导系统的精度和性能。为了清楚石英挠性加速度计长期重复性机理,从胶粘剂性能变化和焊接应力变化两个方面分析了石英挠性加速度计偏值长期重复性机理;从胶粘剂性能变化和永磁材料稳定性两个方面分析了石英挠性加速度计标度因数重复性机理。在此基础上,提出了从结构优化、新型材料研究、稳定化处理和加速试验四个方面提高石英挠性加速度计参数长期重复性的建议,为开展高精度石英挠性加速计的研制提供了支撑。     

基于模糊控制的惯性测量单元温控系统数值分析

针对捷联惯性测量单元(IMU)温控系统的高精度、高滞后性和时变性,提出一种基于CFD技术的捷联IMU模糊PID控制器设计方法.首先,对某型号IMU的热量传递机理进行分析,建立IMU传热特性三维数值计算模型,借助CFD软件Fluent的UDF功能实现对IMU数学模型温控系统的模糊PID控制.最后,通过改变环境温度获得IMU数学模型在瞬态计算条件下的温度分布规律,并将IMU不同部位的温升值与试验结果进行对比,分析温度分布对惯性仪表的影响.研究结果能为IMU温控系统的改进和优化提供依据.     

Gravity Sensors and the Principle of Equivalence

The tensor characteristics of the inertial fields created by acceleration and rotation, and the gravitational fields created by masses are discussed. Although it is sometimes thought that it is impossible to distinguish between gravitational and inertial effects because of Einstein's principle of equivalence, these effects do have different, detectable tensor characteristics. The principle of equivalence is only strictly applicable at a point, while the instruments to measure these tensor fields exist over a finite region. The inertial field created by acceleration is a uniform vector field and has no gradients, while the inertial field created by rotation has a uniform cylindrically symmetric tensor gradient but none of higher order. The gravitational field created by a mass is highly nonuniform with essentially no limit to the number of higher order gradients. These differences make it theoretically possible to independently measure gravitation, rotation, and acceleration effects; to do so, some form of differential force sensor with tensor response characteristics must be used. The standard technique is static, using differential accelerometers to sense the spatial gradient characteristics of the fields. A more promising technique is dynamic; by rotation of the differential sensor, the static spatial variations are transformed into temporal variations with various frequency components. It is then possible to distinguish between the various fields by frequency filtering.     

惯性仪表中磁悬浮元件磁芯材料对其性能的影响

本文阐述了惯性仪表中磁悬浮元件的工作原理,分析了材料特性对磁悬浮元件性能的影响。通过对由性能差异较大的材料制成的磁悬浮元件进行参数测试,测试的结果验证了分析的正确性,为磁悬浮元件设计中的材料选用提出了有益的参考。     

微型飞行器高度估计的最小二乘法

对微型飞行器高度估计问题,提出了基于针孔成像的最小二乘法。利用惯性器件测量的姿态角,建立了目标在2帧图像的4个投影方程,得到目标相对高度的最小二乘解。对该方法进行了仿真验证,结果表明当飞行器横滚角变化不大时,高度估计对姿态角误差具有较好的鲁棒性,误差在2 m以内,优于传统方法。该方法计算量小,适合微型飞行器平稳飞行时应用。     

基于可观测性分析的旋转式惯导系统在线自标定方法的设计

本文建立了速度误差外观测量的静基座双轴旋转式惯导系统在线标定卡尔曼滤波模型,其状态向量包括地速误差、姿态失准角和惯性器件零偏、标度因数误差、安装误差,可估计旋转式惯导系统失准角与惯性器件误差参数。通过分段线性定常系统(PWCS)可观测性分析方法分析不同旋转方式下系统可观测性变化情况,得出双轴连续旋转的角运动方案可以改善卡尔曼滤波滤波的可观测性。根据基于奇异值分解的可观测度分析结果进行模型降阶,同时结合旋转式惯导系统的工程应用特性,得到12阶卡尔曼滤波参数模型。降阶系统阶数降低约55%,可以显著降低运算量,有效提高了导航计算机运算效率和实时性。仿真实验表明：降阶模型的估计精度不低于原模型,而且部分状态量的滤波收敛速度有提高。     

利用导弹制导误差补偿规律修正不完全弹道测量的数据融合技术

论述不完全弹道测量的数据融合处理问题。在惯性器件天地关系一致的前提下,导弹惯性器件误差补偿量变化规律,就反映了飞行中制导工具误差的变化规律,即遥外差的变化规律。因此,可以利用补偿量视速度的变化规律约束条件,内插出不完全测量段落的遥外差数据,在建立节省参数的弹道估计的联合模型基础上,融合少量的高精度测元来解算弹道参数。落点验算表明：利用该方法计算的落点接近实际落点。     

On-ground vehicle navigation using satellite navigation equipment

The problems are considered of a modelling research of navigation features and improvement of the navigating filters algorithms used in the navigating devices of ground mobile vehicles (MV). It is supposed that the methods and approaches known as real time kinematic (RTK) are incorporated in a basis of researched navigating devices and algorithms. Thus, the measurements from satellite navigating systems such as GLONASS/GPS, and also the measurements from other traditional measuring means (tactile sensors, steering wheel angle and/or inertial measuring instruments) are used in the navigating device of the MV. In the present report we solve the problems and describe the methods of a modeling research of the features of functional units algorithms of the MV navigating processor with account of a satellite navigation set integration with other measuring instruments. The improvement of these devices interaction is made by means of the computer complex "AutoMobil," allowing us to simulate the certain conditions of these navigating tools operation. The imitation computer complex "AutoMobil" for researches of the MV navigation is developed within the frameworks of a programming environment "Delphi-7".     

An Overview of the Instrument Suite for the Deep Impact Mission

A suite of three optical instruments has been developed to observe Comet 9P/Tempel 1, the impact of a dedicated impactor spacecraft, and the resulting crater formation for the Deep Impact mission. The high-resolution instrument (HRI) consists of an f/35 telescope with 10.5 m focal length, and a combined filtered CCD camera and IR spectrometer. The medium-resolution instrument (MRI) consists of an f/17.5 telescope with a 2.1 m focal length feeding a filtered CCD camera. The HRI and MRI are mounted on an instrument platform on the flyby spacecraft, along with the spacecraft star trackers and inertial reference unit. The third instrument is a simple unfiltered CCD camera with the same telescope as MRI, mounted within the impactor spacecraft. All three instruments use a Fairchild split-frame-transfer CCD with 1,024× 1,024 active pixels. The IR spectrometer is a two-prism (CaF₂ and ZnSe) imaging spectrometer imaged on a Rockwell HAWAII-1R HgCdTe MWIR array. The CCDs and IR FPA are read out and digitized to 14 bits by a set of dedicated instrument electronics, one set per instrument. Each electronics box is controlled by a radiation-hard TSC695F microprocessor. Software running on the microprocessor executes imaging commands from a sequence engine on the spacecraft. Commands and telemetry are transmitted via a MIL-STD-1553 interface, while image data are transmitted to the spacecraft via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface standard. The instruments are used as the science instruments and are used for the optical navigation of both spacecraft. This paper presents an overview of the instrument suite designs, functionality, calibration and operational considerations.