Achieving Nextgen's air traffic management operational improvements

A significant amount of attention has been paid to the functional and ground components in the evolution of the NAS to achieve the Next Generation System (NextGen) but there has been less attention paid to the aircraft equipage side of the equation. This is now changing with the recent establishment of an aircraft working group within the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO). The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) has been working over the past year to provide input to the FAA and JPDO which will help inform the avionics evolution and provide more insight into the aircraft equipage considerations for evolving to NextGen.     

Capacity as a consideration for providing aeronautical mobilesatellite air traffic services in the US domestic airspace

A preliminary analysis of the capacity (number of aircraft) that could be handled by the first generation American Mobile Satellite Corporation (AMSC) system in the early part of the 21st century is reported. The analysis is based on assumptions for the service demand, the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN), the communications scheme, the satellite channel and the aircraft Earth station. Capacity is examined in terms of spectral bandwidth required and satellite power limitations. The sensitivity of the results is examined with regard to variations in service demand; spectral efficiencies of different modulation techniques; aircraft antenna equipage, high-gain or low-gain; and the amount of overhead associated with the ATN. With regard to the ATN, the analysis only illustrates the impact on capacity if some of the ATN overhead were eliminated. The feasibility of eliminating this overhead and the possible resulting loss of functionality are not addressed     

Preoperational testing of data link-based air traffic managementsystems in Magadan, far East Russia

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used in many ways which were unimagined by its original planners and implementers. This paper discusses one such application; the surveillance of commercial aircraft in a developing airspace environment. GPS provides system users with the ability to determine their own position with an accuracy, reliability and cost that is unprecedented. Voice procedures augmented by radar have been the primary tools for air traffic surveillance since the end of World War II. But for some countries the equipage of aircraft with GPS and a data link capable of carrying position reports to the ATC authorities is providing a viable alternative to long-range secondary radar systems. In the summer and fail of 1995, ARINC installed and demonstrated equipment in Magadan, Russia which permits air traffic controllers of MagadanAeroControl to monitor GPS position reports generated by aircraft as far away as Canada and the South Pacific. The position reports were displayed against maps and flight tracks. This equipment has clearly demonstrated an alternative technology for the upgrading of the ATC system in Siberia and other remote areas     

Communication System Architecture for Air Traffic Management and Weather Information Dissemination

The authors present the communication system architecture for air traffic management and weather information dissemination as viewed within the context of the overall National Airspace System (NAS) and the services it provides. This presents the architecture in the 2015 time frame when the final phases of transition take place from analog voice to digital data exchange of common data via integrated networks. The results of this transition are an integrated collection of systems and procedures that efficiently use the capacity of the NAS while balancing access to all user classes and maintaining the highest levels of safety. Efficient collaboration among users is built on a foundation of common data. This information base provides common situational awareness to all participants. All users are accommodated and will receive benefits commensurate with equipage level. This architecture development provides a technical framework for decision-making, research, and analysis of communication technologies     

基于周期LFM本振的同步Nyquist折叠接收机 多分量信号参数估计算法

 Nyquist折叠接收机(NYFR)为一种新型侦察接收机结构,可利用单/双片模数转换器(ADC)同时完成多Nyquist区域内的宽频段信号采集。本文对NYFR结构进行了改进,提出了多分量信号的参数估计算法。首先,引入了同步结构,对NYFR进行了改进,得到了同步NYFR(SNYFR);其次,以本振为周期性线性调频(LFM)为例,分析了多分量信号的输出结果;然后,提出了去斜函数(DF)以用于检测信号的Nyquist区域;最终,根据区域信息完成了信号的各参数估计。计算量分析与仿真表明,所提算法计算量小且在信噪比(SNR)优于-9 dB时性能已接近克拉美-罗(CRLB)下限。     

Stap using knowledge-aided covariance estimation and the fracta algorithm

In the airborne space-time adaptive processing (STAP) setting, a priori information via knowledge-aided covariance estimation (KACE) is employed in order to reduce the required sample support for application to heterogeneous clutter scenarios. The enhanced FRACTA (FRACTA.E) algorithm with KACE as well as Doppler-sensitive adaptive coherence estimation (DS-ACE) is applied to the KASSPER I & II data sets where it is shown via simulation that near-clairvoyant detection performance is maintained with as little as 1/3 of the normally required number of training data samples. The KASSPER I & II data sets are simulated high-fidelity heterogeneous clutter scenarios which possess several groups of dense targets. KACE provides a priori information about the clutter covariance matrix by exploiting approximately known operating parameters about the radar platform such as pulse repetition frequency (PRF), crab angle, and platform velocity. In addition, the DS-ACE detector is presented which provides greater robustness for low sample support by mitigating false alarms from undernulled clutter near the clutter ridge while maintaining sufficient sensitivity away from the clutter ridge to enable effective target detection performance     

Accurate closed-form eigensolutions of three-dimensional panel flutter with arbitrary homogeneous boundary conditions

Highly accurate closed-form eigensolutions for flutter of three-dimensional (3D) panel with arbitrary combinations of simply supported (S), glide (G), clamped (C) and free (F) boundary conditions (BCs), such as cantilever panels, are achieved according to the linear thin plate theory and the first-order piston theory as well as the complex modal analysis, and all solutions are in a simple and explicit form. The iterative Separation-of-Variable (iSOV) method proposed by the present authors is employed to obtain the highly accurate eigensolutions. The flutter mechanism is studied with the benefit of eigenvalue properties from mathematical senses. The effects of boundary conditions, chord-thickness ratios, aerodynamic damping, aspect ratios and in-plane loads on flutter properties are examined. The results are compared with those of Kantorovich method and Galerkin method, and also coincide well with analytical solutions in literature, verifying the accuracy of the present closed-form results. It is revealed that, (A) the flutter characteristics are dominated by the cross section properties of panels in the direction of stream flow; (B) two types of flutter, called coupled-mode flutter and zero-frequency flutter which includes zero-frequency single-mode flutter and buckling, are observed; (C) boundary conditions and in-plane loads can affect both flutter boundary and flutter type; (D) the flutter behavior of 3D panel is similar to that of the two-dimensional (2D) panel if the aspect ratio is up to a certain value; (E) four to six modes should be used in the Galerkin method for accurate eigensolutions, and the results converge to that of Kantorovich method which uses the same mode functions in the direction perpendicular to the stream flow. The present analysis method can be used as a reference for other stability issues characterized by complex eigenvalues, and the highly closed-form solutions are useful in parameter designs and can also be taken as benchmarks for the validation of numerical methods.     

Study on Inclusions in Large Sapphire Optical Crystal Grown by SAPMAC Method

The sapphire (Al2O3) single crystal is a kind of excellent infrared transmission window materials. A large-sized sapphire (Φ225 mm×205 mm, 27.5 kg) was grown by SAPMAC method (sapphire growth technique with micro-pulling and shoulder-expanding at cooled center). Several kinds of inclusion in the large sapphire crystal were investigated by means of an optical microscopy (OM), scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results show that most inclusions are consisted of solid metallic and non-metallic particles as well as gas pores caused by the impurity of alumina as the raw material, the thermal dissociation of aluminum oxide melt and the reaction of the melt to the crucible material (Mo) at high temperatures. It is also found that in different crystal regions the inclusions are of varied sizes, morphology and chemical compositions. Finally, the measures to reduce and eliminate the inclusions are proposed to improve the crystal quality.     

A SAR processor based on two-dimensional FFT codes

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processor approach based on two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) codes coupled with an asymptotic evaluation of the unit response function is presented. For the latter, no approximation is made to the distance function, so that the full range of geometric aberrations is analytically considered, enabling an effective reference filter to be designed. The two-dimensional FFTs were designed as to run on computers of very limited memory: the required FFT is computed by means of FFTs of lower order. Two FFT codes were considered: one is faster and allows full or reduced (quick look or multilook) resolution performance to be obtained easily; the second is slower but allows the use of a space-varying filter and/or investigations on limited portions (zoom) of the image. Both codes are suited to parallel processing, e.g. by a transputer net. A full discussion on computer memory and time requirements is presented as well as first examples of image processing results     

Tradeoff between Picture Element Dimensions and Noncoherent Averaging in Side-Looking Airborne Radar

An experiment was performed to determine the effect on radar image interpretation of: 1) rectangular instead of square pixels, and 2) spatial resolution in the presence of noncoherent averaging. The result is a proof of the hypothesis that interpretability of images is determined by a "spatial-gray-level (SGL) resolution volume" that is the product of the range resolution, the azimuth resolution, and a gray-level resolution. The last is defined as the ratio of the value exceeded 10 percent of the time to that exceeded 90 percent of the time for a chi-square distribution having twice as many degrees of freedom as the number of independent samples averaged. Since the area of the pixel enters, rather than explicit dependence on range or azimuth resolution, rectangular pixels are as interpretable as square pixels having the same area. The SGL accounts for the effect of reduction in fading on interpretability. The numerical interpretability assigned by experienced image interpreters asked to look for specific classes of targets was found to fall exponentially with increasing SGL volume, with a scale determined by the class of target. The experiment showed that, for most of the tasks assigned to the interpreters, the interpretability is reduced to 37 percent for a fully focussed synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) (1-look) for a 10-m (33-ft) square pixel. With an infinite number of samples averaged, the comparable square-pixel dimension is 48 m (157 ft). This is consistent with results obtained using LANDSAT images of about 60-m resolution.     

多循环脉冲爆震发动机概念化设计

为发展一种基于多循环爆震试验的新的脉冲爆震发动机结构设计方法，以汽油为燃料、空气为氧化剂，在内径为50mm的脉冲爆震发动机模型内产生了充分发展的脉冲爆震，根据试验结果对脉冲爆震发动机的结构参数进行了设计，设计结果更接近工程实际。研究发现，当发动机结构尺寸一定时，决定推力壁压力等效作用时间的经验常数K不是一个定值，而是随爆震频率的增大按一定函数关系减小，当爆震频率增大到一定程度时，经验常数的变化幅度逐渐减小并最终趋于常值3．90。根据得到的经验性的函数关系计算出单次爆震的经验常数K为5．35。     

时间限制性派遣中短时派遣时长的优化方法研究

航空发动机全权限电子控制系统(FADEC)的时间限制性派遣(TLD)分析是飞机系统安全性分析的重要内容之一。针对目前TLD分析中都假定短时故障派遣时长(ST)为固定值(125h或250h)的问题,开展了短时派遣时长的优化方法研究。采用故障树和马尔科夫方法,以推力控制丧失率(R)要求为约束,分析和建立了ST和长时故障派遣时长(LT)的函数关系;在此基础上,构建了以短(长)时故障派遣时长为变量,系统平均维修时长和带故障运行时长期望值为目标的多目标优化模型,使TLD分析中故障派遣时长的选取更灵活、更合理。通过实例表明:与ST取固定值250h相比,优化后ST取25h时,带故障运行时长期望增大4.2%,系统平均维修时长增大8.6%,验证了方法的有效性。     

一种精确鲁棒的刚体航天器特征轴旋转控制策略(英文)

特征轴旋转表征了两个方位之间的最短角路径,通常被看做是一种拟最小时间的快速姿态机动策略。本文在动力学方程中考虑了外部扰动和系统参数不确定性,基于时变滑模控制技术(TVSMC)研究了刚体航天器特征轴旋转的鲁棒控制问题。首先,通过一个TVSMC算法揭示了所提出鲁棒特征轴旋转策略的主要特点,并且证明了全局滑模的特点和闭环系统的稳定性,给出了特征轴旋转的必要条件。然后,为了抑制全局抖振,提高控制精度,提出了一种基于扰动观测器的时变滑模控制(DOTVSMC)算法。其中,采用边界层方法来削弱抖振并设计了扰动观测器来补偿不期望的影响。在航天器的姿态表征参数选择上,采用了没有冗余性的修正罗德里格斯参数(MRP)。最后,采用数值仿真来验证提出方法的有效性,并采用调宽调频(PWPF)技术来调制开关推力器。     

A Nonlinear Sub-grid Scale Model for Compressible Turbulent Flow

本文采用直接过滤的Navier-Stokes方程组作为可压缩湍流大涡模拟控制方程组。方程组中因过滤产生的高阶相关项用Taylor级数展开近似,但仅保留级数的一阶导数项。这样产生的误差相当于丢失了模型的部分耗散作用,本文用一种动力学非线性亚格子模型来补偿丢失的耗散影响。本文根据Caylay-Hamilton定理导出了一个非线性亚格子模型,模型中包含的系数由动力学模式确定。与传统的动力学Smagorinsky模式相比,这种动力学非线性模型(DNM)稳定性更好,且不需要在统计均匀方向进行统计平均来计算模型系数,因此减少了计算开销。本文用这种非线性亚格子模型对绕双椭球高超声速湍流进行了模拟,并将所得结果与实验值、计算值及理论值进行了对比。结果表明,本文模型可以有效地模拟可压缩湍流流场。     

High-adaption locomotion with stable robot body for planetary exploration robot carrying potential instruments on unstructured terrain

There is a strong demand for Planetary Exploration Mobile robots (PEMRs) that have the capability of the traversability, stability, efficiency and high load while tackling the specialized tasks on planet surface. In this paper, an electric parallel wheel-legged hexapod robot which has high-adaption locomotion on the unstructured terrain is presented. Also, the hybrid control framework, which enables robot to stably carry the heavy loads as well as to traverse the uneven terrain by utilizing both legged and wheeled locomotion, is also proposed. Based on this framework, robot controls the multiple DOF leg for performing high-adaption locomotion to negotiate obstacles via Gait Generator (GG). Additionally, by using Whole-Body Control (WBC) of framework, robot has the capability of flexibly accommodating the uneven terrain by Attitude Control (AC) kinematically adjusting the length of legs like an active suspension system, and by Force/torque Balance Control (FBC) equally distributing the Ground Reaction Force (GRF) to maintain a stable body. The simulation and experiment are employed to validate the proposed framework with the physical system in the planetary analog environments. Particularly, to smoothly demonstrate the performance of robot transporting heavy loads, the experiment of carrying 3-person load of about 240 kg is deployed.     

A method for automatic detection and characterization of plasma bubbles using GPS and BDS data

Detecting and characterizing Total Electron Content (TEC) depletion is important for studying the ionospheric threat due to the Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) when applying the Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) at low latitudes. This paper develops a robust method to automatically identify TEC depletion and derive its parameters. The rolling barrel algorithm is used to automatically identify the TEC depletion candidate and its parameters. Then, the depletion candidates are screened by several improved techniques to distinguish actual depletions from other phenomena such as Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (TID) or abnormal data. Next, based on the depletion signals from three triangular receivers, the method derives EPB parameters such as velocity, width and gradient. The time lag and front velocity are calculated based on cross-correlation using TEC depletions and the geometrical distribution of three triangular receivers. The width and gradient of slope are then determined by using TEC depletion from a single receiver. By comparison, both the station-pair method and proposed method depend on the assumption that the EPB morphology is frozen during the short time when the plasma bubble moves between the receivers. However, our method relaxes the restriction that the baseline length should be shorter than the width of slope required by the station-pair. This relaxation is favorable for studying small-scale slope of depletions using stations of a longer baseline. In addition, the accuracy of the width and gradient is free of impact from hardware biases and small-scale disturbance, as it is based only on the relative TEC variation. The method is demonstrated by processing Global Positioning System (GPS) and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) data on 15 August, 2018, in a solar minimum cycle.     

变幅载荷下改善焊接接头疲劳性能的超声冲击与TIG熔修方法之比较

 在恒幅和变幅两种加载条件下,对16Mn 钢原始焊态和经过超声冲击及TIG熔修处理的焊接接头进行了对比疲劳试验。结果表明: (1) 在恒幅载荷作用下,TIG熔修试件与焊态试件相比,疲劳强度提高37 %左右,疲劳寿命延长2.5 倍;而在变幅载荷作用下, TIG熔修试件与焊态试件相比,疲劳强度提高34 %左右,疲劳寿命延长1.7～1.9 倍。(2) 在恒幅载荷作用下,超声冲击处理试件与焊态试件相比,疲劳强度提高84 %左右,疲劳寿命延长3.5～27 倍;而在变幅载荷作用下,超声冲击处理试件与焊态试件相比,疲劳强度提高80 %左右,疲劳寿命延长2.5～17 倍。(3) 在低中应力水平、中长寿命区域内,无论是在恒幅载荷作用下还是在变幅载荷作用下,使用超声冲击法提高焊接接头疲劳强度较TIG熔修法的效果更好。     

二乙烯基苯/聚碳硅烷的配比与交联研究

以二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂，通过改变其与先驱体聚碳硅烷(PCS)的配比，研究了PCS体系的交联性质。结果表明：DVB在该体系中具有交联剂和溶剂双重作用，降低DVB的配比，可以提高陶瓷产率，DVB的配比以0．4为宜；为减少体系中的DVB，添加了PCS的良性溶剂四氢呋喃，使陶瓷产率达到了76％。结构研究还发现，该体系交联反应主要以DVB自交联形式进行，DVB与PCS之间的硅氢化反应不明显。     

Robust autofocus algorithm for ISAR imaging of moving targets

A robust autofocus approach, referred to as AUTOCLEAN (AUTOfocus via CLEAN), is proposed for the motion compensation in ISAR (inverse synthetic aperture radar) imaging of moving targets. It is a parametric algorithm based on a very flexible data model which takes into account arbitrary range migration and arbitrary phase errors across the synthetic aperture that may be induced by unwanted radial motion of the target as well as propagation or system instability. AUTOCLEAN can be classified as a multiple scatterer algorithm (MSA), but it differs considerably from other existing MSAs in several aspects: (1) Dominant scatterers are selected automatically in the 2D image domain; (2) scatterers may not be well isolated or very dominant; (3) phase and RCS information from each selected scatterer are combined in an optimal way; (4) the troublesome phase unwrapping step is avoided. AUTOCLEAN is computationally efficient and involves only a sequence of FFTs. Another good feature associated with AUTOCLEAN is that its performance can be progressively improved by assuming a larger number of dominant scatterers for the target. Numerical and experimental results have shown that AUTOCLEAN is a very robust autofocus tool for ISAR imaging