Sensitivity Analysis of Finite-Lag Receivers

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of a class of receivers called finite-lag receivers, introduced by the authors in [1] through [3]. Since these receivers are based on the use of fixed-lag smoothing techniques, algorithms for the calculation of large-scale and small-scale sensitivities of fixed-lag smoothing are derived using a state augmentation approach. Steady-state analysis of these algorithms shows that an explicit relation can be obtained between sensitivity coefficients of fixed-lag smoothing and filtering. The specific case of sensitivity to variations in the measurement (channel) noise is considered as an example. These results are applied to study the sensitivity performance of the finite-lag receivers for analog communication. It is shown, for example, that finite-lag receivers for AM signals, besides being superior in performance [1]-[3], [11], in terms of output SNR or error variance, are also much less sensitive to the additive noise power level, compared to zero-lag receivers.     

欺骗环境下GNSS信号估计与定位修正技术

欺骗信号以其极强的隐蔽性使卫星导航接收机难以察觉并迅速定位到错误位置,严重影响了卫星导航的安全性。现有抗欺骗技术需要其他导航系统辅助来修正受欺骗影响的定位解算,针对该问题,本文提出了一种GNSS欺骗信号参数估计与辨识方法,能够在欺骗干扰环境下估计并辨识出真实信号所对应的伪距,进而解算出接收机真实位置。该方法通过研究欺骗干扰下接收机相关值模型,在信号跟踪阶段建立真实与欺骗双信号状态模型与基于九路相关器输出的观测模型,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）估计真实信号与欺骗信号的伪码延时与信号相关幅值,进而获得真实与欺骗伪距,在定位解算阶段利用改进观测量残差检测方法辨识出真实与欺骗伪距,最终使用真实伪距定位获得真实位置。仿真结果表明对相对码延时介于0.3~0.9 chip之间且欺骗/真实信号幅度比介于1~5之间的隐蔽欺骗攻击,所提方法的码延时估计误差约0.1 chip,可有效估计真实信号与欺骗信号参数,辨识出真实伪距,并使被欺骗的定位结果重新回到真实位置结果,改善GNSS接收机抗欺骗能力,提高卫星导航安全性。     

An evaluation of the radio frequency susceptibility of commercialGPS receivers

The radio frequency (RF) susceptibility characteristics of two commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were evaluated. A first-order analysis was performed to predict the receiver susceptibility thresholds based on the receiver sensitivity and processing gain. The receiver susceptibility thresholds in the post-acquisition mode were then measured for various interference signal frequencies and modulations. Both receivers exhibited very low susceptibility thresholds to in-band continuous wave (CW) signals. In addition, both receivers could be over-driven with an out-of-band signal. In this state the receivers indicated acceptable figures of merit despite loss of satellite signal lock     

Real-time navigation using the global positioning system

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the application of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to real-time integrated missile navigation. We present quantifiable measures of navigation accuracy as a function of GPS user segment parameters. These user segment parameters include antenna phase response accuracy, single versus dual frequency, and Kalman filter structure and size. We also formulate some new phase-locked loop (PLL) filter designs for application in GPS receivers, and demonstrate their superiority over more conventional filters     

三角柱体对机翼根部马蹄涡的影响

在现有文献的基础上,采用k-ωSST湍流模型和SIMPLE数值模拟算法,进一步探讨增加宽度比的三角柱体对于角区马蹄涡的影响。结果显示当三角柱体宽度在一定范围内增加时,马蹄涡的控制效果得到进一步提高。定义的涡强系数(基于涡心位置及马蹄涡的涡量)能很好地表征马蹄涡的强度。当三角柱体宽度与机翼厚度相同时,即宽度比为b/T=1(b为三角形宽度,T为机翼最大厚度)时涡强系数降到原来的27%。文中的三角柱体的高度仅为机翼厚度的1/20,和当地边界层的厚度相当。此种三角柱既能控制马蹄涡,又不会引起流场的整体剧烈变化。     

High-efficiency Loran-C interference identification by synchronous sampling

A new technique is proposed for estimating the frequencies within carrier-wave interference (CWI) affecting Loran-C receivers. Its novelty lies in that interference samples are taken synchronously with the Loran-C pulses and ensemble-averaged in the time domain prior to conventional spectrum analysis. Each interferer is thus automatically weighted according to its effect on the phase tracking operation of the receiver. The new method substantially increases the efficiency with which the most insidious interferers may be pinpointed. It requires little additional computational power or memory in the receiver.     

GPS code and carrier multipath mitigation using a multiantennasystem

Multipath is a major source of error in high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) static and kinematic differential positioning. Multipath accounts for most of the total error budget in carrier phase measurements in a spacecraft attitude determination system. It is a major concern in reference stations, such as in Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS), whereby corrections generated by a reference station, which are based on multipath corrupted measurements, can significantly influence the position accuracy of differential users. Code range, carrier phase, and signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements are all affected by multipath, and the effect is spatially correlated within a small area. In order to estimate and remove code and carrier phase multipath, a system comprising a cluster of five GPS receivers and antennas is used at a reference station location. The spatial correlation of the receiver data, and the known geometry among the antennas, are exploited to estimate multipath for each satellite in each antenna in the system. Generic receiver code and carrier tracking loop discriminator functions are analyzed, and relationships between receiver data, such as code range, carrier phase, and SNR measurements, are formulated and related to various multipath parameters. A Kalman filter is described which uses a combination of the available information from the antennas (receivers) in the multiantenna cluster to estimate various multipath parameters. From the multipath parameters, the code range and carrier phase multipath is estimated and compensated. The technique is first tested on simulated data in a controlled multipath environment. Results are then presented using field data and show a significant reduction in multipath error     

一种4站情况下基于TDOA/FDOA的无源定位方法

在基于时频差的三维运动目标无源定位系统中,针对在4个接收站的情况下搜索法实时性低的问题,提出了一种基于改进的加权最小二乘法（MWLS）与萤火虫算法（FA）相结合的无源定位方法（MWLS-FA）。该方法的第1步通过构造一组新的方程来对加权最小二乘（WLS）方法进行改进,使得改进后的WLS方法在4站情况下也能得到目标位置和速度的初始值,第2步利用这个初始值为FA方法提供一个动态的搜索区域,同时在约束条件的添加和参数选择两个方面针对性地对FA方法做出了调整和改进。仿真结果表明,该方法在4站情况下对目标的定位精度可以达到克拉美罗下限（CRLB）,而且在实时性和抗噪性方面优于传统的搜索法,同时该方法在5站情况下的抗噪性能优于两步加权最小二乘法（TSWLS）和约束加权最小二乘（CWLS）法。     

Effects of ionospheric scintillation on differential demodulation of GPS data

Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that must operate under fading propagation conditions can use differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) and reference bits to reliably demodulate GPS data. The demodulation performance of such receivers is analyzed for nonfading and Rayleigh fading channels. Theoretical results derived here are compared with measured error rates taken during scintillation testing of a prototype GPS/DPSK receiver.     

A high dynamics algorithm based on steepest ascent method for GNSS receiver

High dynamic conditions impose critical challenges on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, leading to large tracking errors or even loss of tracking. Current methods that intend to improve receivers’ adaptability for high dynamics require either complicated structures or prior statistical information of noises. This paper proposes a high dynamics algorithm based on steepest ascent method that can circumvent the deficiencies of existing methods. First, the relationship between the error of carrier tracking and the maximum of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) outputs is established, and a performance function based on the steepest ascent method is designed. It can keep stable in high dynamics. Second, a new carrier-tracking loop is constructed by deploying the performance function. When the variation of GPS receiver acceleration ranges from 10 g to 100 g, compared with the PLL that either loses lock or keeps tracking accuracy less than 33.89 Hz, the experimental results show that the proposed method can not only keep tracking, but also achieve tracking accuracy more than 2.77 Hz.     

Attitude determination using dedicated and nondedicatedmultiantenna GPS sensors

We show that the use of nondedicated Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors to determine the attitude parameters of a vessel yields the same level of performance as the use of a dedicated multiantenna receiver, namely an agreement of the order of 0.1° (1σ). The test platform is a survey launch operating at cruising speeds of 10 to 15 kt. The dedicated multiantenna receiver is a four-antenna Ashtech 3DF unit, while the nondedicated sensor array consists of three NovAtel GPSCard^TM receivers. The approach used to resolve the relative carrier phase integer ambiguities between the antennas is discussed and the use of antenna baseline constraints is analyzed. A least-squares procedure which utilizes all the position information from the antennas for the estimation of the attitude parameters and their accuracy is presented. The attitude determination results from the two configurations tested are intercompared     

Multi-objective approach in GNSS code discriminator design

In spread spectrum ranging system receivers such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, a discriminator is used in the code tracking loop to provide an error signal for the tracking of incoming signals. Typically, the discriminator manipulates several correlator outputs to form the correction signal. A multi-objective approach is adopted here to design the coefficients associated with a multi-correlator-based discriminator to lead to a better performance tradeoff in large tracking range, acceptable multipath-induced bias, high sensitivity, free of ambiguity, and small variance. It is shown that the multiple-objective problem can be tackled via a quadratic/linear programming method, rendering the optimal coefficient vector for the implementation of the discriminator. In addition, as the discriminator design is often subject to conflicting requirements, it is shown that the proposed design approach is capable of establishing bounds on achievable performance. Examples with respect to BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero), and BOC (binary-offset carrier) signals are given to illustrate the design approach.     

Coupling Magneto-Electro-Elastic node-based smoothed radial point interpolation method for free vibration and transient analysis of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic structures

A Coupling Magneto-Electro-Elastic (MEE) Node-based Smoothed Radial Point Interpolation Method (CM-NS-RPIM) was proposed to solve the free vibration and transient responses of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic (FGMEE) structures. By introducing the modified Newmark method, the displacement, electrical potential and magnetic potential of the structures under transient mechanical loading were obtained. Based on G space theory and the weakened weak (W²) formulation, the equations of the multi-physics coupling problems were derived. Using triangular background elements, the free vibration and transient responses of three numerical examples were studied. Results proved that CM-NS-RPIM performed better than the standard FEM by reducing the overly-stiff of structures. Moreover, CM-NS-RPIM could reduce the number of nodes while guaranteeing the accuracy. Besides, triangular elements could be generated automatically even for complex geometries. Therefore, the effectiveness and validity of CM-NS-RPIM were demonstrated, which were valuable for the design of intelligence devices, such as energy harvesters and sensors.     

Comparison of Two Adaptive Methods for Time Delay Estimation

Two adaptive algorithms for estimating the time delay between two-sensor outputs are compared. These methods are similar in that they employ the least mean square (LMS) gradient approach to estimate the time difference of arrival to two sensors. However, they involve the LMS gradient method in different ways, and thus have different properties. Some theoretical aspects are addressed. Also, they are compared via computer simulations for a variety of cases, including time-varying delay functions corresponding to moving source or receivers.     

组合杂交三角形单元的加权能量正交关系

组合变分原理可以增强杂交元方法解的稳定性。建立热传导方程基于区域分解的组合杂交有限元方法,给出单元上温度梯度插值为线性、但温度插值为协调线性插值与非协调二次插值之和的组合杂交三角形单元,并通过数值实验验证理论结果的正确性。结果表明:分片线性温度梯度插值的散度(热源)与非协调温度插值是加权能量正交的;组合杂交三角形元刚度矩阵等同于协调的三角形线性元刚度矩阵,即非协调部分无温度增强特性。     

任意最大应力梯度路径轮盘模拟件设计方法

建立基于应力寿命轮盘二维模拟试件设计准则,提出了具有任意最大应力梯度路径的轮盘模拟试件优化设计方法,包括自动搜索第一主应力最大梯度路径和应力分布,以及模拟试件的二步优化设计策略,提出了模拟试件弹性和弹塑性设计等价原则.通过某轮盘模拟试件设计例说明了方法的应用.      

固体发动机真空比冲分析

本文预示了SRM-1、SRM-2和SRM-3固体发动机的真空比冲效率(或无因次比冲),并对前两种高模试车失败的发动机进行了分析,所得实测真空比冲效率与预示值基本一致,相对偏差均未超过0.3%.同时,通过真空比冲数学模型及模拟参数分析,得出了缩比试验发动机不能模拟的三个主要参数(L~*,d_t,t_b)及实施模拟的办法.在此基础上提出了大型发动机带缩比试验发动机进行高模试车的建议.     

飞机液压系统压力脉冲试验波形控制

 介绍了一种用于航空液压系统管路与元件压力脉冲试验的设备,建立了试验系统的压力瞬态模型,分析了影响脉冲波形的因素,给出了梯形波和水锤波的控制方法。对于梯形波可采用实际波形跟踪理想输入波形的闭环控制方式,对于水锤波则需要利用水锤现象,并自动调节比例节流阀来控制波形的峰值、斜率等特征参数,以满足规范要求。论文给出了仿真和试验结果。     

Experimental investigation on operating behaviors of loop heat pipe with thermoelectric cooler under acceleration conditions

An experimental study was carried out in this article to investigate the transient operating performance of a Dual Compensation Chamber Loop Heat Pipe (DCCLHP) with Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) under acceleration conditions and ammonia was selected as the working fluid. For the purpose of comparison, experimental work was conducted under terrestrial gravity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the effect of several control parameters such as the heat load, acceleration magnitude and TEC assist on the startup and operating performance of the DCCLHP. Experimental results indicate that the DCCLHP can get to a steady-state operation when the heat load changes from 25 W to 300 W under terrestrial gravity. While under acceleration conditions, the DCCLHP can work at a high operating temperature or even fail to operate, which shows the acceleration effect plays a significant impact on the loop operation. The TEC assist with power of 10 W can improve the operating performance and reduce the operating temperature for the case of small heat load and acceleration magnitude. When the acceleration exceeds 3g at large heat load, the effect of TEC assist on the operation at large heat load can be ignored.     

Multi-scale simulation model of air system based on cross-dimensional data transmission method

The Secondary Air System (SAS) plays an important role in the safe operation and performance of aeroengines. The traditional 1D-3D coupling method loses information when used for secondary air systems, which affects the calculation accuracy. In this paper, a Cross-dimensional Data Transmission method (CDT) from 3D to 1D is proposed by introducing flow field uniformity into the data transmission. First, a uniformity index was established to quantify the flow field parameter distribution characteristics, and a uniformity index prediction model based on the locally weighted regression method (Lowess) was established to quickly obtain the flow field information. Then, an information selection criterion in 3D to 1D data transmission was established based on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the uniformity index and the accuracy of coupling calculation, and the calculation method was automatically determined according to the established criterion. Finally, a modified function was obtained by fitting the ratio of the 3D mass-average parameters to the analytical solution, which are then used to modify the selected parameters at the 1D-3D interface. Taking a typical disk cavity air system as an example, the results show that the calculation accuracy of the CDT method is greatly improved by a relative 53.88% compared with the traditional 1D-3D coupling method. Furthermore, the CDT method achieves a speedup of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to the 3D calculation.