基于误差相似性的移动机器人定位误差补偿

对由AGV承载的工业机器人组成的AGV式移动制孔机器人的定位误差补偿方法进行了研究。在面向飞机装配的AGV式移动制孔机器人系统中，利用激光跟踪仪构建坐标系，提出了AGV式移动制孔机器人机座坐标系的换站方法，能更好地适应飞机制造多品种、小批量的特点。基于对AGV式移动制孔机器人定位误差源的分析，利用定位误差相似性，提出针对AGV式移动制孔机器人的基于反距离加权定位误差的空间插值与补偿方法，克服了现有技术对于AGV式移动制孔机器人定位误差补偿的局限性。以AGV搭载的KUKA KR480型工业机器人制孔系统作为试验对象，通过试验选取最优网格步长，补偿结果表明，能将系统综合定位误差平均值由补偿前的1.045 mm降低到0.227 mm，最大绝对定位误差由补偿前的2.727 mm降低到0.478 mm，降低了82.47%，该方法能有效提高AGV式移动制孔机器人的绝对定位精度。     

一种星球探测六足轮腿机器人的设计与运动规划

针对星球探测,设计了一种具有高度对称性的六足轮腿机器人。为适应星球表面的复杂环境,该机器人具有不仅在机身水平面内中心对称而且关于机身水平面对称的结构,同时能够通过腿部构型的变化实现两种运动方式：轮行模式和足行模式。机器人的膝关节采用双平行四边形的传动机构,克服了现有足式机器人膝关节平行四边形机构传动的奇异问题,增加了膝关节的转动范围,实现了单腿关于机身水平面的对称运动。设计了一种基于指数坐标在SE （3）空间上规划的自适应步态,机器人可以利用该自适应步态在没有视觉传感器和局部地图的条件下,仅依靠足底力传感器和机身的惯性测量单元,实现自主连续稳定的行走。利用该机器人结构的高度对称性,提出了一种倾倒恢复策略以适应星球探测过程中的需求。以Adams和MATLAB为虚拟的仿真环境,对六足轮腿机器人的运动模式切换、自适应步态及倾倒恢复进行了仿真,验证了可行性。     

New nonlinear control algorithms for multiple robot arms

Multiple coordinated robot arms are modeled by considering the arms as closed kinematic chains and as a force-constrained mechanical system working on the same object simultaneously. In both formulations, a novel dynamic control method is discussed. It is based on feedback linearization and simultaneous output decoupling technique. By applying a nonlinear feedback and a nonlinear coordinate transformation, the complicated model of the multiple robot arms in either formulation is converted into a linear and output decoupled system. The linear system control theory and optimal control theory are used to design robust controllers in the task space. The first formulation has the advantage of automatically handling the coordination and load distribution among the robot arms. In the second formulation, it was found that by choosing a general output equation it became possible simultaneously to superimpose the position and velocity error feedback with the force-torque error feedback in the task space     

Robotic Air Vehicle: A Pilot's Perspective

This paper focuses on concepts and technologies required to develop a robotic air vehicle (RAV). A vehicle of this type has the capability to be a launch and forget weapon system. The authors are engineers and pilots so they view both the technical approach and piloting issues with equal importance. RAV must have the machine intelligence to make decisions within the mission and battlefield constraints. This requires a piloting expert system and route planner to perform passive terrain following, terrain avoidance, obstacle avoidance, and autonomous navigation based on low cost sensor inputs such as a multifunction FLIR, digital terrain map, and directional reference systems. RAV is a cost effective way to fight in a threat environment where aircrew loss rates would be unacceptable. RAV provides the Air Force a means to expand its combat capabilities.     

机器人镗孔加工系统稳定性分析

为了解决大型飞机装配现场主起落架交点孔的镗孔精加工问题,提出了采用六自由度工业机器人及专用末端执行器组合的创新解决方案。压脚是抑制机器人镗孔加工系统颤振的核心环节。通过对施加压脚前后的机器人镗孔加工系统进行动力学建模,对系统的稳定性进行分析,得出压脚装置对加工系统稳定性叶瓣图的影响。最后通过实际镗孔加工实验验证了机器人镗孔系统在不同压脚压力下的加工稳定性,表明合理的压脚压力可提高稳定切深,拓展加工稳定区域,有效避免加工颤振。     

空间机器人抓捕目标后的载荷分配

针对多臂空间机器人以软指接触形式抓捕目标后的情形,提出了一种综合考虑摩擦约束及机械臂能力约束的目标期望合外力的载荷分配方法。首先,建立空间机器人系统与目标的动力学方程,作为载荷分配问题的基础。然后,在地面机器人相关研究的基础上,建立机械臂末端与目标表面的软指接触模型,并建立二者之间的运动约束关系。为简化优化计算,将摩擦锥约束线性化,并建立考虑关节扭矩限制的机械臂能力约束,从而将抓捕力优化的非线性规划问题转化为线性规划问题。最后,采用双臂空间机器人模型进行数值仿真,表明所提方法针对目标各种形式运动进行载荷分配的有效性。     

Achieving a hands-free computer interface using voice recognitionand speech synthesis [for Windows-based ATE]

Software designers at Hill Air Force Base have developed a voice recognition and speech synthesis system (Voice Control) for use with the F-16 Analog Test Station Sustainment (FATSS) project. The Voice Control system is reliable, speaker independent, and has a total added hardware price tag of under $50.00 per station. In contrast to traditional voice recognition systems, operator training is not required. OO-ALC has developed a general-purpose internal interface (Voice Control) to the Speech Recognition and Text-To-Speech engines provided by Microsoft. Voice Control can be accessed by any 32-bit Windows software, which has windows messaging capability. This is available to standard programming languages such as LabWindows CVI, Borland or Microsoft C/C++, Visual Basic, or even commercial packages such as Lotus Notes and Microsoft Word. Through Voice Control, the computer uses both video and voice prompts to request input from the operator. The operator is allowed to enter data and to control the software flow by voice command or from the keyboard or mouse. The Voice Control system allows for dynamic specification of a grammar set, or legal set of commands. The use of a reduced grammar set greatly increases recognition accuracy. The computer voice enables the operator to focus his attention away from the computer screen, which is required for activities such as probing a circuit card and taking readings. When the operator takes readings, the computer, to insure reliable entry, echoes his voice entries. With electronic tuning, speech synthesis allows the operator to hear the resulting reading, enabling him to focus on the circuit card instead of constantly turning his head to see the computer screen. This paper describes the capability and functionality of the Voice Control system     

GTD Terrain Reflection Model Applied to ILS Glide Scope

The capability of calculating the reflection of electromagnetic signals from uneven terrain has many applications. One of these is the determination of instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope performance. For this application the wavelength is approximately 1 m, incidence angles are usually near grazing, and the fields are horizontally polarized, so that gross irregularities such as dropoffs and hills are more important than surface roughness. Past approaches used to calculate the ground reflections for this application have been three-dimensional physical optics models which were very cumbersome and time consuming and which neglected important diffraction and shadowing phenomenon; a two-dimensional physical optics model which was faster than the three-dimensional models but ignored many shadowing and transverse terrain variation effects; and a half-plane diffraction model which is applicable only to a specified type of terrain geometry. In this paper a terrain reflection model based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is described which can accommodate any piecewise linear terrain profile, requires less computer time than the physical optics models, is capable of including transverse terrain effects, and determines the reflected fields with all important diffraction and blockage effects included.     

六足机器人避障功能的研究

通过将红外线传感器安装在腿部最后一个肢节上,实现了六足机器人避障功能。同时对使用的红外线距离传感器的结构、传感器的探测空间以及对传感器干扰的处理进行了分析讨论。实验证明,该传感器布局方案简单、经济实用、性能可靠。     

Fuzzy adaptive robust control for space robot considering the effect of the gravity

Space robot is assembled and tested in gravity environment, and completes on-orbit service（OOS） in microgravity environment. The kinematic and dynamic characteristic of the robot will change with the variations of gravity in different working condition. Fully considering the change of kinematic and dynamic models caused by the change of gravity environment, a fuzzy adaptive robust control（FARC） strategy which is adaptive to these model variations is put forward for trajectory tracking control of space robot. A fuzzy algorithm is employed to approximate the nonlinear uncertainties in the model, adaptive laws of the parameters are constructed, and the approximation error is compensated by using a robust control algorithm. The stability of the control system is guaranteed based on the Lyapunov theory and the trajectory tracking control simulation is performed. The simulation results are compared with the proportional plus derivative（PD） controller, and the effectiveness to achieve better trajectory tracking performance under different gravity environment without changing the control parameters and the advantage of the proposed controller are verified.     

基于3D Zernike矩的巡检器与空间站的相对导航算法

针对航天器相对导航问题,以空间站表面为"特殊地形",提出一种基于大型航天器表面巡检的相对导航算法。首先,运用巡检飞行器上的TOF （Time of Flight）相机测量空间站表面局部点云数据,以该点云数据为实时图,以空间站表面先验点云数据为基准图。然后,利用3D Zernike矩与三维地形间的一一对应关系,将三维地形匹配转化为基于3D Zernike矩的特征向量匹配。在此基础上求解实时图与匹配上的基准图间的相对位置、相对姿态,从而确定两航天器间的相对导航参数,并通过实验分析了匹配精度及速度的主要影响因素。最后,将该相对导航参数与惯性系统推算的相对导航参数在扩展卡尔曼滤波器的框架下实现信息融合,估计了巡检飞行器与空间站间的相对位置、相对姿态,实验结果表明,相对位置精度优于0.002 m,相对姿态精度优于0.1°。     

Parameterization and adaptive control of space robot systems

In space application, robot system are subject to unknown or unmodeled dynamics, for example, in the tasks of transporting an unknown payload or catching an unmodeled moving object. We discuss the parameterization problem in dynamic structure and adaptive control of a space robot system with an attitude-controlled base to which the robot is attached. We first derive the system kinematic and dynamic equations based on Lagrangian dynamics and the linear momentum conservation law. Based on the dynamic model developed, we discuss the problem of linear parameterization in term of dynamic parameters, and find that in joint space, the dynamics can be linearized by a set of combined dynamic parameters; however, in inertial space linear parameterization is impossible in general. Then we propose an adaptive control scheme in joint space, and present a simulation study to demonstrate its effectiveness and computational procedure. Because most takes are specified in inertial space instead of joint space, we discuss the issues associated to adaptive control in inertial space and identify two potential problem: unavailability of joint trajectory because the mapping from inertial space trajectory is dynamic-dependent and subject to uncertainty; and nonlinear parameterization in inertial space. We approach the problem by making use of the proposed joint space adaptive controller and updating the joint trajectory by the estimated dynamic parameters and given trajectory in inertial space     

基于LSTM的空间机器人系统惯性张量在轨辨识

在空间机器人抓捕目标的过程中,整个系统的惯性张量会随时间变化且在目标被捕获瞬间发生突变,这会严重影响整体姿态控制的精度。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于长短期记忆（LSTM）的系统惯性张量在轨实时辨识方法。首先,对于目标捕获前后的2个阶段,利用拉格朗日方程建立了空间机器人的动力学模型;然后,基于所建空间机器人模型采用域随机化方法生成足量训练数据,并用其对由LSTM网络与多层全连接网络构建的参数辨识网络进行训练;最后,使用训练好的参数辨识网络对系统惯性张量进行辨识。数值仿真结果表明：所提方法能够精确辨识空间机器人抓捕过程中的系统惯性张量,所研究系统的主惯量平均相对辨识误差小于0.001,惯性积的平均相对辨识误差小于0.01。     

障碍地形下的机器人轮足复合越障步态规划方法

为提高轮足复合机器人在障碍地形下的稳定性与通行效率，提出了一种轮足复合越障步态规划方法。首先基于轮足复合运动模式提出了一种机器人位姿调整算法，并给出了相应的足端轨迹方程与重心轨迹方程。其次基于轮足复合运动的运动学方程，给出了位姿调整阶段的轮速规划算法，使得每条腿足端轮子的滚动速度与足端的轨迹相匹配，以确保轮子在地面滚动时不发生滑动。虚拟样机仿真结果表明，应用该步态规划算法，机器人能够自主平稳地穿越障碍地形，从而验证了方法的有效性。     

能量辅助骨骼服NAEIES的开发

骨骼服是一种辅助人承受负载,有效增强人的负重能力,并帮助人们在各种地形条件下行走,结合了人的智能和机械动力装置的机械能量的一种人机结合的机器人。文章介绍了海军航空工程学院开发的能量辅助骨骼服(NAEIES)的系统组成及工作原理。NAEIES采用上肢控制下肢的原理,通过测量上肢的运动信息,控制下肢膝关节的运动,而下肢髋关节的运动则通过气弹簧来巧妙地实现,良好的实现了骨骼服在承载的同时,跟踪人的行走步态。     

模糊分层模型参考自适应控制方法在机器人视觉伺服中的应用

研究了基于图像的视觉伺服机器人系统的控制问题。首先建立了视觉伺服GRB-400机器人的图像雅可比矩阵,然后针对该动态LookandMove系统提出了一种带有模糊自调整能力的分层模型参考自适应控制的设计方法,其特点是设计方法简单并可以在线调节相关参数,给出了闭环系统的阶跃响应实验结果,并与原分层模型参考自适应控制闭环系统的动态性能做了比较,实验证明了改进后的闭环系统具有更好的动态性能。     

可重构模块化机器人系统的试验研究

通过实际的功能模块装配成了一个3自由度的串联可重构模块化机器人,用计算机控制系统来验证所提出的建立可重构模块化机器人模块库理论方案的可行性,并同时验证建立的可重构模块化机器人正运动学和逆运动学数学模型的正确性.     

基于遗传算法的机器人负载重力补偿优化算法研究

航空航天装配领域,利用安装在机器人末端的六维力传感器来感知外力是实现工业机器人柔顺装配的关键技术之一,而负载的存在会干扰对外力的感知。针对工业机器人末端负载的重力补偿,提出一种基于遗传算法的重力补偿优化算法。此方法以误差平方和最小为目标建立了最优解模型,利用遗传算法求解,最终可以在不使用测量仪器的情况下,估计力传感器安装偏角,提高重力补偿精度。同时设计了特定的机器人测量姿态来减少系统误差。试验表明,优化算法可以补偿任意角度的力传感器安装偏角,与补偿前相比,各方向最大重力补偿误差及平均重力补偿误差都有所减小。     

飞机结构强度试验应急载荷限定系统

多轮多支柱起落架飞机主起落架数量较多，试验机及试验设备重量大。试验应急卸载时，试验件和设备重量、以及加载过程中试验件变形所聚集能量快速释放的不协调性易对支持点结构产生较大冲击载荷，且该载荷不可控，影响试验的考核，存在安全隐患。针对多轮多支柱起落架飞机的强度试验要求，设计一种载荷限定系统。在应急卸载或者试验停试情况下，能够为非支持点起落架输出设定载荷，保证应急瞬间所产生的所有载荷按要求分配到所有起落架上，从而防止支持点起落架超载；试验过程中，能够对非支持点起落架施加试验主动载荷。利用仿真软件验证了系统原理的可行性。依据原理设计载荷限定系统，对其结构和工作性能进行应用验证，并在某型飞机全机疲劳试验中进行应用调试，结果表明，该系统完全能够满足试验要求。     

Decentralized adaptive sliding mode control of a space robot actuated by control moment gyroscopes

An adaptive sliding mode control(ASMC) law is proposed in decentralized scheme for trajectory tracking control of a new concept space robot.Each joint of the system is a free ball joint capable of rotating with three degrees of freedom(DOF).A cluster of control moment gyroscopes(CMGs) is mounted on each link and the base to actuate the system.The modified Rodrigues parameters(MRPs) are employed to describe the angular displacements,and the equations of motion are derived using Kane's equations.The controller for each link or the base is designed separately in decentralized scheme.The unknown disturbances,inertia parameter uncertainties and nonlinear uncertainties are classified as a ‘‘lumped" matched uncertainty with unknown upper bound,and a continuous sliding mode control(SMC) law is proposed,in which the control gain is tuned by the improved adaptation laws for the upper bound on norm of the uncertainty.A general amplification function is designed and incorporated in the adaptation laws to reduce the control error without conspicuously increasing the magnitude of the control input.Uniformly ultimate boundedness of the closed loop system is proved by Lyapunov's method.Simulation results based on a three-link system verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.