自由翻滚故障卫星外包络抓捕及抓捕路径优化

自由翻滚故障卫星抓捕是航天器在轨服务及空间碎片清理的基础。由于难以确定固定抓捕点及目标运动参数不确定,传统机械臂抓捕方法无法适用类似自由翻滚故障卫星的空间非合作目标。提出一种具有鲁棒性的外包络抓捕方法及抓捕路径优化方案。外包络抓捕方式能够适用于自由翻滚故障卫星抓捕问题,其特点在于,第一,由抓捕末端执行器构成的抓捕包络可以包络空间目标,约束其运动并最终实现抓捕,因此不需要固定抓捕点;第二,末端执行器构成的抓捕包络,能够约束故障卫星运动,而两者之间的摩擦可以有效消除两者之间的相对运动最终成功抓捕翻滚目标。进一步,针对外包络抓捕方法,提出了一种最小燃料消耗及最小抓捕扰动的机械臂抓捕路径。为验证外包络抓捕方法的有效性,构建旋转立方星抓捕地面实验,并利用数值仿真验证外包络抓捕机械臂最优路径规划,仿真结果验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

柔性臂空间机器人的一类运动学方程及轨迹规划

用柔性机械臂连杆末端的弹性变形以及变形角度来表示空间机器人柔性臂的弹性运动变量,克服了用无穷维振动模态变量来表示弹性变形给系统运动学建模带来的困难;基于广义雅可比矩阵的思想,建立了柔性臂空间机器人"双广义雅可比矩阵"形式的运动学模型,该运动学模型描述了柔性臂弹性变形对空间机器人的运动影响;以运动学方程为基础,设计了柔性臂空间机器人的惯性空间内连续轨迹规划算法。仿真表明,规划的机械臂关节运动规律可以补偿柔性连杆振动给机械臂末端位置带来的影响,使机械臂末端位置准确沿着期望的轨迹运动。     

一种基于位置阻抗的机械臂抓捕飞行器控制方法

针对机械臂抓捕飞行器过程碰撞冲击大或发生大构型变化易碰撞问题,提出并实现了一种基于位置闭环的阻抗控制方法,通过对机械臂末端等效刚度控制实现机械臂抓捕目标过程的柔顺控制,基于建立的系统全数字仿真模型对控制效果进行了仿真验证,结果表明阻抗控制软抓捕与位置保持硬抓捕相比,可大幅减小机械臂抓捕目标过程末端与目标间的碰撞冲击力,并且能控制机械臂构型在抓捕中不产生过大变化从而避免碰撞。     

基于特征模型的失效航天器消旋控制

失效航天器一般有复杂的运动和较大的角速度,采用机械臂直接抓捕目标容易导致非预期碰撞,如果先采用接触式消旋操作降低目标角速度,会大大降低服务卫星抓捕目标的难度。针对空间翻滚非合作目标的接触式消旋控制存在接触动力学模型不确定性的问题,提出了一种基于特征模型的自适应控制方法。首先通过接触式消旋的物理机理分析,建立消旋系统动力学模型;进一步在动力学特性分析基础上构建描述接触碰撞后目标角速度的特征模型,并确定模型参数范围;然后基于该模型设计黄金分割自适应控制律。仿真结果表明,该方法有效克服了消旋过程中接触碰撞模型存在的不确定性,并且消旋速度快且消旋后的残余角速度小。     

基于阻抗控制的空间机械臂目标捕获技术研究

针对7自由度空间机械臂在目标捕获过程中的应用,根据机械臂末端执行器与目标适配器导向插入过程中存在接触碰撞的特点,提出一种阻抗控制方法,将机械臂末端测量的反作用力和力矩转化为位置增量,从而提高机械臂的主动柔性。并建立MATLAB/ADAMS联合仿真模型进行仿真验证,利用ADAMS的碰撞模型模拟接触捕获时的力学过程。仿真结果表明,本文提出的阻抗控制方法可以减小机械臂末端作用力和关节的驱动力矩,补偿了机械臂位置控制的误差,从而保证了机械臂对目标的捕获精度。     

基于多智能体强化学习的空间机械臂轨迹规划

针对某型六自由度（DOF）空间漂浮机械臂对运动目标捕捉场景,开展了基于深度强化学习的在线轨迹规划方法研究。首先给出了机械臂DH （Denavit-Hartenberg）模型,考虑组合体力学耦合特性建立了多刚体运动学和动力学模型。然后提出了一种改进深度确定性策略梯度算法,以各关节为决策智能体建立了多智能体自学习系统。而后建立了"线下集中学习,线上分布执行"的空间机械臂对匀速直线运动目标捕捉训练系统,构建以目标相对距离和总操作时间为参数的奖励函数。最后通过数学仿真验证,实现了机械臂对各向匀速运动目标的快速捕捉,平均完成耗时5.4 s。与传统基于随机采样的规划算法对比,本文提出的自主决策运动规划方法求解速度和鲁棒性更优。     

基于摩擦补偿的空间机械臂关节高精度控制研究

空间机械臂关节具有大惯量、高精度的特点,针对空间机械臂关节低速、高精度控制要求,提出一种基于摩擦补偿的双位置闭环控制策略。建立了考虑摩擦和惯量变化等因素的一体化关节动力学模型,分析了全位置闭环系统的稳定性,在此基础上提出了一种基于双位置传感器信息的闭环伺服控制策略,并引入自适应率辨识未知摩擦和惯量变化,利用Lyapunov函数证明闭环系统的稳定性和跟踪误差的渐进收敛性。在测试平台上的试验结果表明,提出的空间机械臂一体化关节伺服控制策略能够有效地提高关节伺服控制精度和系统鲁棒性。     

空间机械臂绳索式末端执行器柔顺抓捕策略研究

针对机械臂抓捕非合作目标过程碰撞冲击大易造成基体偏转或目标逃逸的问题,提出并实现了快速接近-慢速接触-速度跟踪(FA-SC-VT)的末端捕获策略,并基于建立的系统全数字仿真模型对捕获策略进行了仿真验证,结果表明FA-SC-VT捕获策略与匀速捕获策略相比,可大幅减小机械臂捕获目标过程末端产生的冲击力,并可有效解决目标捕获过程中的逃逸问题。     

空间双臂机器人抓捕非合作目标后的协调稳定控制

由于非合作目标惯性参数的不确定性以及双臂操控目标的拉扯/挤压作用，空间双臂机器人稳定非合作目标的过程中机械臂末端与目标可能产生过大的接触力与力矩，从而可能对目标造成损伤。针对该问题，提出了一种协调稳定控制方法，通过协调双臂期望运动实现双臂末端与目标交互的柔顺，降低稳定过程中产生的接触力与力矩。首先，利用目标惯性参数的估值规划稳定运动轨迹；然后，利用柔顺等式建立调整稳定运动轨迹的内外双环，分别针对目标惯性参数不确定性的影响和双臂末端对目标的拉扯/挤压，对期望运动进行调整，得到实现机械臂末端与目标接触柔顺的安全稳定运动轨迹；最后，基于障碍李雅普诺夫函数设计控制性能可约束的跟踪控制器，对双臂的运动进行协调控制，实现机械臂末端与目标交互柔顺的安全稳定控制。仿真算例验证了本文协调稳定控制方法的有效性。     

空间机器人的若干前沿领域:研究进展和关键技术

基于空间环境和在轨任务的特殊性导致的空间机器人不同于地面机器人的特点,讨论了面向航天产业的核心技术路线图的确定方法,论述了航天员心理陪护机器人的要求和研究方法,重点分析了非合作目标捕获过程面临的非线性碰撞接触动力学等前沿科学问题和冲击载荷下空间漂浮系统的稳定控制等关键技术;并针对未来空间装备巨型化趋势,介绍了大型机械臂研制、多机器人协调和大延迟下对机器人系统智能化的研究进展。     

Position and force control of coordinated multiple arms

A technique is presented for controlling multiple manipulators which are holding a single object and therefore form a closed kinematic chain. The object, which may or may not be in contact with a rigid environment, is assumed to be held rigidly by n robot end-effectors. The derivation is based on setting up constraint equations which reduce the 6×n degrees of freedom of n manipulators each having six joints. Additional constraint equations are considered when one or more degrees of freedom of the object is reduced due to external constraints. Utilizing the operational space dynamic equations, a decoupling controller is designed to control both the position and the interaction forces of the object with the environment. Simulation results for the control of a pair of two-link manipulators are presented     

Capture and detumbling control for active debris removal by a dual-arm space robot

Active debris removal (ADR) technology is an effective approach to remediate the proliferation of space debris, which seriously threatens the operational safety of orbital spacecraft. This study aims to design a controller for a dual-arm space robot to capture tumbling debris, including capture control and detumbling control. Typical space debris is considered as a non-cooperative target, which has no specific capture points and unknown dynamic parameters. Compliant clamping control and the adaptive backstepping-based prescribed trajectory tracking control (PTTC) method are proposed in this paper. First, the differential geometry theory is utilized to establish the constraint equations, the dynamic model of the chaser-target system is obtained by applying the Hamilton variational principle, and the compliance clamping controller is further designed to capture the non-cooperative target without contact force feedback. Next, in the post-capture phase, an adaptive backstepping-based PTTC is proposed to detumble the combined spacecraft in the presence of model uncertainties. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to validate the feasibility of the proposed capture and detumbling control method. Simulation results indicate that the target detumbling achieved by the PTTC method can reduce propellant consumption by up to 24.11%.     

Detumbling strategy based on friction control of dual-arm space robot for capturing tumbling target

The rotational motion of a tumbling target brings great challenges to space robot on successfully capturing the tumbling target. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the target’s rotation to a rate at which capture can be accomplished by the space robot. In this paper, a detumbling strategy based on friction control of dual-arm space robot for capturing tumbling target is proposed. This strategy can reduce the target’s rotational velocity while maintaining base attitude stability through the establishment of the rotation attenuation controller and base attitude adjustment controller. The rotation attenuation controller adopts the multi-space hybrid impedance control method to control the friction precisely. The base attitude adjustment controller applies the dual-arm extended Jacobian matrix to stabilize the base attitude. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) The compliant control method is adopted to achieve a precise friction control, which can reduce the target angular velocity steadily; (2) The dual-arm extended Jacobian matrix is applied to stabilize the base attitude without affecting the target capture task; (3) The detumbling strategy of dual-arm space robot is designed considering base attitude stabilization, realizing coordinated planning of the base attitude and the arms. The strategy is verified by a dual-arm space robot with two 7-DOF (degrees of freedom) arms. Simulation results show that, target with a rotation velocity of 20 (°)/s can be effectively controlled to stop within 30 s, and the final deflection of the base attitude is less than 0.15° without affecting the target capture task, verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the strategy. Except to the tumbling target capture task, the control strategy can also be applied to other typical on-orbit operation tasks such as space debris removal and spacecraft maintenance.     

基于螺旋理论的机械手最优位姿轨迹规划方法研究

提出了一种在笛卡儿空间实现机器人操作手最优位姿轨迹规划新方法。基于欧拉刚体有限转动定理,根据旋量理论和计算几何中三维直纹面路程参数生成原理,求以等效角位移矢量在空间的运动轨迹形成的直纹曲面面积及其变化率并考虑运动时的灵活性为泛函的泛函极值来实现以路径最短、运动灵活性最好、或动力学性能最优为目标的机器人位置和姿态轨迹优化生成,建立了相应的优化数学模型及求解方法。最后,用该法对三自由度平面机器人操作手进行了仿真计算。     

空间机器人捕获漂浮目标的抓取控制

提出了动态抓取域用于空间机器人捕获漂浮目标的抓取控制。空间机器人捕获漂浮目标时,由于机械臂与基体的动力学耦合、抓取时的碰撞激振等非线性特性使得抓取控制变得复杂而重要。首先建立了空间机器人及漂浮目标的动力学模型,而后引入了末端装置抓取目标时的碰撞模型,并提出了"动态抓取域"用于机械臂抓取目标时的控制,同时应用关节主动阻尼控制,以减小抓取碰撞激振对空间机器人冲击的影响。结果表明:在相同抓取时间下,加速抓取明显优于匀速抓取,碰撞力振幅减小至匀速抓取时的20%,对空间机器人的激振冲击明显消除,仅在抓取结束前有小幅激振。这对空间机器人的抓取控制有着重要的理论价值及工程实际意义。     

Haptic based teleoperation with master-slave motion mapping and haptic rendering for space exploration

This paper presents a new solution to haptic based teleoperation to control a large-sized slave robot for space exploration, which includes two specially designed haptic joysticks, a hybrid master-slave motion mapping method, and a haptic feedback model rendering the operating resistance and the interactive feedback on the slave side. Two devices using the 3 R and DELTA mechanisms respectively are developed to be manipulated to control the position and orientation of a large-sized slave robot by using both of a user's two hands respectively. The hybrid motion mapping method combines rate control and variable scaled position mapping to realize accurate and efficient master-slave control. Haptic feedback for these two mapping modes is designed with emphasis on ergonomics to improve the immersion of haptic based teleoperation. A stiffness estimation method is used to calculate the contact stiffness on the slave side and play the contact force rendered by using a traditional spring-damping model to a user on the master side stably. Experiments by using virtual environments to simulate the slave side are conducted to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution.     

柔性冗余度机器人振动的分析与控制

应用最优控制理论,对柔性冗余度机器人振动控制问题的原理与策略进行了研究。把主动控制思想应用于机器人振动控制中,提出了控制柔性冗余度机器人振动的一种方法。这种方法通过规划机器人的自运动加快系统振动能量的消耗以实现主动振动控制。此外,通过对满足抑振要求的自运动的选取进行分析,指出柔性冗余度机器人具有二次优化的能力,这对于提高机器人的工作性能是十分重要的。最后通过数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

具有销钉承载孔的复合材料层合板的接触应力分析

 <正> 本文采用以弹性接触理论为基础的有限元混合法分析具有销钉承载孔的复合材料层合板的接触应力,并讨论了销钉的材料性质、层合板铺设方式以及销钉与承载孔边摩擦和公差诸因素对层合板承载孔边接触内力和应力分布与大小的影响。     

Inertial parameter estimation and control of non-cooperative target with unilateral contact constraint

In this paper, the relative sliding motion between the target and the manipulator’s end-effector is considered and characterized as a unilateral contact constraint. A new possible solution is presented to estimate the inertial parameters of a non-cooperative target while the relative sliding motion exists. First, the detailed analysis of the dynamical model is presented, and a parameter-explicit linear time-varying model is obtained. Then, an extended state observer is constructed based on the new model, which can effectively estimate the unknown inertial parameters of the target when relative sliding motion exists. As the modified reactionless controller requires the knowledge of inertial parameters, a hybrid post-capture control scheme is also established based on the switch law between different controllers. The correctness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are validated by numerical simulation, which proves a potential framework for the non-cooperative target post-capture operation.     

轮腿式火星探测机器人的多目标协同控制

火星探测任务要求机器人具有对未知的不规则地形的自适应能力和动态稳定性。针对轮腿式火星探测机器人,提出了基于运动学反解模型、车体姿态和轮壤接触力的多目标协同控制策略。通过车体姿态调整运动学建模、一阶低通滤波及腿部阻抗控制算法和基于腿部运动危险系数的重心高度调整算法,实现了车体姿态的跟踪控制、轮壤恒力接触控制和重心最优高度控制,提升了轮腿机器人在非结构地形中的自适应能力、运动稳定性及腿部运动空间的安全性。在MATLAB和UG中建立联合仿真模型,验证了控制策略的有效性。