模拟载人探月中航天员空间辐射风险评估

空间辐射是长期载人航天飞行任务中影响航天员健康的重要风险因素。为了探求载人探月过程中对空间辐射的合理防护方式,文章借助空间辐射场模型对"嫦娥三号"飞行任务在不同质量厚度材料屏蔽下的舱内空间辐射环境进行了仿真计算,并确定了航天员各器官接受的空间辐射剂量、剂量当量以及有效剂量等辐射防护量以进行辐射风险评估。结果表明,随着屏蔽厚度的增加,航天员的各组织或器官的吸收剂量和剂量当量以及有效剂量均明显降低;采用质量屏蔽的方法对低于100 Me V的质子具有很好的防护效果,但对高能质子或重离子的防护效果不明显。计算和分析显示,载人探月过程中,只要采取适当的防护措施,航天员的空间辐射风险是可控的。     

航天器多功能结构传热特性的实验研究

针对航天器结构高性能、轻质化和集成化的发展要求,设计了集电路控制,热管理功能和结构承载功能于一体的多功能结构。此种结构分别采用柔性电路板控制热仿真多芯片模块,作为多功能结构的热源;碳碳材料作为热倍增器;复合材料蒙皮和金属泡沫芯子的夹层结构作为承载结构,实现了结构和功能的集成。同时,为了研究多功能结构的传热特性,进行了热真空实验,实验测量了热流密度和温度梯度。结果表明这种新型的结构可以消散飞行器多芯片模块产生的热量,碳碳热倍增提供了一种减小温度梯度的新方法,同时这种多功能结构减少了结构的体积,降低了结构的质量。     

GEO卫星结构屏蔽设计与性能分析

地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星在轨期间将遭遇空间带电粒子辐射,导致的电离总剂量效应会损伤星上的电子元器件。在对GEO卫星典型结构进行屏蔽设计时,采用钽箔等材料对卫星结构大开口处进行封堵,又用屏蔽厚度的实体相交法求解卫星的屏蔽性能。建立卫星的三维屏蔽厚度模型,对比屏蔽设计前后的总剂量值,同时分析该封堵方法对卫星机热系统的影响。通过对GEO卫星结构三维屏蔽性能的分析,验证了该封堵方法的有效性。     

OLTARIS: On-line tool for the assessment of radiation in space

OLTARIS (On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation In Space) is a space radiation analysis tool available on the World Wide Web. It can be used to study the effects of space radiation for various spacecraft and mission scenarios involving humans and electronics. The transport is based on the HZETRN transport code and the input nuclear physics model is NUCFRG. This paper describes the tools behind the web interface and the types of inputs required to obtain results. Typical inputs are mission parameters and slab definitions or vehicle thickness distributions. Radiation environments can be chosen by the user. This paper describes these inputs as well as the output response functions including dose, dose equivalent, whole body effective dose equivalent, LET spectra and detector response models.     

Radiation: risk and protection in manned space flight.

Space radiation is the primary source of hazard for orbital and interplanetary space flight. Radiation levels for different space mission durations, have been established in order to determine the level of hazard. The risk of exceeding the established levels should not be more than 1%. Radiation environment models have been developed to estimate these values. It is possible to build spacecraft shielding based on the calculation of doses and the risk of exceeding these. By reviewing various calculated estimates of the risk, the radiation hazard and the efficiency of protective measures can be established for specific flights.     

PMI泡沫材料在航天器结构中 应用的可行性研究

文章通过试验研究了两个牌号的PMI泡沫材料的物理及力学性能,着重研究了它们的吸湿性能、压缩蠕变率及在热真空环境下的放气性能,并与航天器结构常用的铝蜂窝芯材作了相应比较。研究表明,优良的介电性能、低热导率、易于加工复杂外形、可设计性等特性使得PMI泡沫材料有望应用于航天器的多功能结构,变截面结构,杆、梁结构,天线结构等,而PMI泡沫材料采取一定的增强措施后也可作为航天器的承力结构。     

Obtaining normal mode parameters from modal survey tests

Spacecraft structures are designed to fulfill various tasks and must therefore be qualified for these tasks. From the point of view of structural dynamics, it is to be proved that the structures will withstand the vibrations due to impulses and shocks during launch and mission and to guarantee that certain prescribed values of acceleration will not be exceeded to protect measuring instruments and sensors. The knowledge of the normal mode parameters is a suitable basis to solve these problems of structural dynamics. In the second part it was shown that the normal mode parameters of aircraft and spacecraft structures can be measured in an acceptable period and through moderate effort using the classical phase resonance method. Additional improvement may be possible by advanced modal survey test (MST) methods.     

微小卫星热控系统的研究现状及发展趋势

文章针对微小航天器研究现状和发展需求给热控系统设计带来的难点和挑战,从传热学和控制学两个角度,对近年来微小卫星热控领域出现的先进的热量收集、传输和排放装置展开论述;追踪了国内外学者提出的热控发展新的理论和方案。总之,开展各种智能、灵巧的航天器热控部件研究及针对高性能传热装置的控制策略研究是由微小卫星的结构布局和任务特点所决定的必然要求和发展趋势。     

Protecting spacecraft against meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage: an overview

Meteoroids and orbital debris pose a serious damage threat to all spacecraft. The effects of a meteoroid/orbital debris (M/OD) impact depend on a variety of factors, including where the M/OD impact occurs, the size, composition, and speed of the impacting object, and the function of the impacted spacecraft system. These effects can be minimal, can degrade a functional spacecraft component, or can compromise spacecraft functionality, even to the point of mission loss or loss of life. To minimize the damage threat from the meteoroid/orbital debris environment, it is often necessary to install protective shielding around critical spacecraft systems. If a system cannot be shielded, operational constraints may need to be imposed to reduce the damage threat. This paper presents an overview of the research and development activities performed since the late 1950s with an aim of increasing the level of protection afforded satellites and spacecraft operating in the M/OD environment and ultimately mitigating the mechanical and structural effects of an M/OD impact.     

航天材料对质子辐射防护性能的模拟研究

随着航天材料技术的飞速发展,先进复合材料(ACM)在航天器上的应用价值越来越大。文章从辐射防护角度对航天材料的防护性能作出评价。利用SRIM程序,先模拟各单元素材料的辐射防护性能,再结合实际模拟多种材料的辐射防护效果,对比分析先进复合材料在航天器质子辐射防护上的优势。     

The Aurora project: A new sail layout

Aurora spacecraft is a scientific probe propelled by a “fast” solar sail whose first goal is to perform a technology assessment mission. The main characteristic of the sail is its low mass, which implies the absence of a plastic backing of the aluminum film and the lightness of the whole structure. In previous structural studies the limiting factor has been shown to be the elastic stability of a number of structural members subject to compressive loads. An alternative structural layout is here suggested: an inflatable beam, which is kept pressurized also after the deployment, relieves all compressive stresses, allowing a very simple configuration and a straightforward deployment procedure. However, as the mission profile requires a trajectory passing close to the Sun, a configuration different from the ‘parachute’ sail proposed in another paper, must be used.     

基于ATR-FTIR检测技术的航天器结构板表面污染物分析

文章制定了航天器结构板表面污染物成分鉴定与来源解析的技术方案,并根据该方案采用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared, ATR-FTIR）检测技术对航天器热真空试验后结构板表面的白色污染物进行成分鉴定,结果表明污染物的主要成分为酰胺类物质。将疑似污染物来源物质的ATR-FTIR光谱图与污染物光谱图进行对比分析,推断出航天器结构板表面污染物来源于热真空试验过程中含胶热缩管内层的热熔胶,并通过验证试验证明了污染物来源推断的正确性。研究可为航天器污染物的预防和控制提供技术支持。     

An ultra stable optical bench for the magnetic survey satellite

An optical bench has been designed and built that must hold the alignment of five optical elements to deflections of 1–2 arc s during orbital operation. In addition, it must suffer no alignment changes during the launch and prestabilization phase of the mission. Severe weight constraints, in conjunction with the thermal and structural requirements, led to the choice of graphite fiber reinforced epoxy egg crate core and face sheets for the bench construction. Active temperature control was necessary to meet thermal deflection objectives, and novel kinematic mountings were required to prevent spacecraft bending from deflecting the bench. The structural and thermal analyses both show that the mission objectives can be met with margin by the present design. No adverse effects from launch are expected, and the maximum thermal bending is expected to be less than 2 arc s.     

Configuration studies for active electrostatic space radiation shielding

Developing successful and optimal solutions to mitigating the hazards of severe space radiation in deep space long duration missions is critical for the success of deep-space explorations. Space crews traveling aboard interplanetary spacecraft will be exposed to a constant flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), as well as intense fluxes of charged particles during solar particle events (SPEs). A recent report (Tripathi et al., Adv. Space Res. 42 (2008) 1043–1049), had explored the feasibility of using electrostatic shielding in concert with the state-of-the-art materials shielding technologies. Here we continue to extend the electrostatic shielding strategy and quantitatively examine a different configuration based on multiple toroidal rings. Our results show that SPE radiation can almost be eliminated by these electrostatic configurations. Also, penetration probabilities for novel structures such as toroidal rings are shown to be substantially reduced as compared to the simpler all-sphere geometries. More interestingly, the dimensions and aspect ratio of the toroidal rings could be altered and optimized to achieve an even higher degree of radiation protection.     

木星辐射环境不确定性对总剂量风险的影响

以木星探测任务为背景，针对木星辐射带粒子能量高、通量大的强辐射特点，基于器件总剂量辐照试验数据、木星辐射带模型、太阳质子通量模型，将器件失效点剂量不确定性与辐射环境不确定性应用到总剂量设计中，可定量评估特定任务一定屏蔽下的器件失效概率、辐射设计余量(RDM)的置信度及影响因素，可实现木星任务中器件指标、屏蔽厚度和失效概率之间的权衡和优化。首先，根据商业器件TL084辐照试验数据，发现其失效概率分布符合威布尔分布。对于10个木星半径的赤道面轨道，辐射带质子通量比太阳质子大3个数量级，随着屏蔽厚度的增加和任务期的减小，TL084器件所受剂量和失效概率减小。当屏蔽厚度为 10 mm 铝时，器件平均寿命小于2星期。另外，定义并考察了器件的失效速率，失效速率随屏蔽厚度的减小和在轨时间的增加而增加。对于传统的RDM为2的设计方法，1 mm铝屏蔽下对应的置信度为89%。     

An innovative concept for the AsteroidFinder/SSB focal plane assembly

This paper gives a summary on the system concept and design of the focal plane assembly of AsteroidFinder/SSB, a small satellite mission which is currently under development at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). An athermal design concept has been developed in accordance to the requirements of the instrument and spacecraft. Key aspects leading to this approach have been a trade-off study of the mechanical telescope interface, the definition of electrical and thermal interfaces and a material selection which minimizes thermally induced stresses. As a novelty, the structure will be manufactured from a machinable AlN–BN composite ceramic. To enable rapid design iterations and development, an integrated modeling approach has been used to conduct a thermo-mechanical analysis of the proposed concept in order to proof its feasibility. The steady-state temperature distribution for various load cases and the resulting stress and strain within the assembly have both been computed using a finite element simulation.     

基于石墨烯强化传热的微小飞行器热控设计

文章针对微小飞行器电子设备高度集成化带来的热控风险，以某微小飞行器为研究对象，在分析其轨道参数和结构性能的基础上，提出采取不同厚度的石墨烯导热层等温强化传热的热控设计方案；通过热分析软件建立飞行器在轨状态的热模型，仿真计算飞行器在高温和低温工况下的外热流及不同厚度的石墨烯导热层方案下的瞬态温度分布，并对结果进行对比分析。结果表明，采取石墨烯导热层等温强化传热的热控方案可明显降低微小飞行器内部单机的温差，解决高低温工况下单机温度波动较大的问题。同时，通过实验方法验证了利用石墨烯导热层实现微小飞行器等温化的可行性。     

双星计划太阳电池壳降低磁场干扰的改进措施

文章通过试验和计算阐明“探测一号”卫星的周期性磁场干扰信号是来源于太阳电池壳,由于壳内表面的电流布线所致。通过对太阳电池壳背面电流走线方式进行改进,使改进后的“探测二号”卫星太阳电池壳的周期性变化磁场干扰有了很大程度的改善,达到了技术指标要求,保证了卫星飞行任务的圆满完成。     

转动帆板红外热流计算及等效方法研究

目前的空间外热流分析软件和在航天器稳态热平衡试验中模拟的外热流都不包括帆板对航天器表面的红外加热,而有时帆板的红外加热并不小,应该叠加到模拟的外热流中.文章针对一种低轨道航天器,计算了帆板红外加热的强度,给出了在热平衡试验中叠加的方法,并讨论了在固定帆板方位的同时保持其红外热流等效的可能性.结果表明,可以精确计算帆板红外加热,对任意的帆板方位均可以保持其红外加热的等效.     

核热推进载人火星探测方案设计

针对载人火星探测任务，结合我国现有技术基础，提出我国载人火星探测方案，重点研究载人火星探测任务推进系统的设计。首先，综合考虑载人深空探测任务的约束，采用Pork-Chop图设计了适用于不同任务场景的转移轨迹；然后，参考我国空间站技术，基于核热推进系统设计了我国载人火星探测任务的飞船；最后，对核热推进系统的发动机台数和推力进行了优化，得到了适用于不同任务场景的最优推进系统组合方案。本文所研究内容为我国未来载人火星探测任务提供了有益参考。