共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 111 毫秒
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近地空间是各种载人飞船、应用卫星、空间站的主要活动区域,区域内存在大量由地磁场捕获的高能带电粒子,严重影响航天器和航天员的安全。为此,需要对内辐射带低高度空间的高能带电粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。如何对质子进行有效屏蔽对空间辐射防护有重要的研究意义。文章针对粒子在空间环境中的辐射,简要介绍了质子在空间环境中的分布情况及在物质中的传输问题。利用SRIM软件模拟质子在不同材料(铝、聚乙烯)中输运过程。根据得到的射程与能量关系及对阻止本领的分析,从理论上提出航天器防护的合理方案。 相似文献
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计划地球磁场外长期任务主要关注的问题之一是可能存在的大型太阳质子事件(SPE),这类事件会以大注量质子和重离子辐射位于薄屏蔽航天器内的航天员。这将造成乘员敏感器官接受大剂量辐射,从而使任务变得十分危险,还可能威胁生命。不幸的是,由于已经出版的质子注量谱的不确定性仍然未知,所以预估乘员器官剂量非常困难。 相似文献
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以木星探测任务为背景,针对木星辐射带粒子能量高、通量大的强辐射特点,基于器件总剂量辐照试验数据、木星辐射带模型、太阳质子通量模型,将器件失效点剂量不确定性与辐射环境不确定性应用到总剂量设计中,可定量评估特定任务一定屏蔽下的器件失效概率、辐射设计余量(RDM)的置信度及影响因素,可实现木星任务中器件指标、屏蔽厚度和失效概率之间的权衡和优化。首先,根据商业器件TL084辐照试验数据,发现其失效概率分布符合威布尔分布。对于10个木星半径的赤道面轨道,辐射带质子通量比太阳质子大3个数量级,随着屏蔽厚度的增加和任务期的减小,TL084器件所受剂量和失效概率减小。当屏蔽厚度为 10 mm 铝时,器件平均寿命小于2星期。另外,定义并考察了器件的失效速率,失效速率随屏蔽厚度的减小和在轨时间的增加而增加。对于传统的RDM为2的设计方法,1 mm铝屏蔽下对应的置信度为89%。 相似文献
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<正>2013年6月26日8时07分,"神舟十号"载人飞船乘着醒目的降落伞于内蒙古四子王旗安全着陆,3名航天员健康出舱,标志着"神舟"载人飞船首次交会对接应用飞行任务取得了圆满成功。"神舟十号"飞船在轨飞行15天,其间和目标飞行器"天宫一号"成功对接,完成了载人天地往返运输系统的首次应用飞行,是对"神舟九号"载人交会对接技术的"拾遗补缺"。至此,中国载人航天第二步任务第一阶段完美收工,中国航天从此全面进入空间实验室和空间站的研制阶段。 相似文献
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为提高空间站利用率,降低载人登月任务成本,有效开发地月空间,研究了基于地月空间不同轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式。首先对比直接往返登月飞行模式,对基于空间站的载人登月飞行模式进行任务分析,通过空间站将载人登月任务解耦为载人天地往返任务和登月任务两部分;其次通过轨道设计和稳定性分析提出考虑登月任务需求的地月间空间站可运行轨道和停泊点;最后建立一套飞行模式评价模型,从速度增量需求、飞行时间、空间环境、登月任务窗口、测控条件、交会对接技术难度、后续任务支持性和任务可靠性方面对6种不同位置空间站的登月飞行模式进行分析和定量评价。评价结果表明基于L2点Halo轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式为更优飞行模式。 相似文献
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Accurate estimations of the health risks to astronauts due to space radiation exposure are necessary for future lunar and Mars missions. Space radiation consists of solar particle events (SPEs), comprised largely of medium energy protons (less than several hundred MeV); and galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which include high-energy protons and heavy ions. While the frequency distribution of SPEs depends strongly upon the phase within the solar activity cycle, the individual SPE occurrences themselves are random in nature. A solar modulation model has been developed for the temporal characterization of the GCR environment, which is represented by the deceleration potential, ?. The risk of radiation exposure to astronauts as well as to hardware from SPEs during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) or in lightly shielded vehicles is a major concern for radiation protection. To support the probabilistic risk assessment for EVAs, which could be up to 15% of crew time2 on lunar missions, we estimated the probability of SPE occurrence as a function of solar cycle phase using a non-homogeneous Poisson model [1] to fit the historical database of measurements of protons with energy>30 MeV, Φ30. The resultant organ doses and dose equivalents, as well as effective whole body doses, for acute and cancer risk estimations are analyzed for a conceptual habitat module and for a lunar rover during space missions of defined durations. This probabilistic approach to radiation risk assessment from SPE and GCR is in support of mission design and operational planning for future manned space exploration missions. 相似文献
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Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a significant hazard to both manned and robotic missions. For long human missions on the lunar surface (months to a year) a radiation shelter is needed for dose mitigation and emergency protection in case of solar events. This paper investigates the interaction of source protons of solar events like those of February 1956 that emitted many fewer particles with energies up to 1000 MeV and of the October 1989 event of lower protons energy but higher fluence, with the lunar regolith and aluminum shielding of a lunar shelter. The shelter is 5 m in diameter and has a footprint of 5×8 m and a 10 cm thick aluminum support structure, however, actual thickness could be much smaller (~1–2 cm) depending on the weight of the regolith shielding piled on top. The regolith is shown to be slightly more effective than aluminum. Thus, the current results are still applicable for a thinner aluminum structure and increased equivalent (or same mass) thickness of the regolith. The shielding thicknesses to reduce the dose solely due to solar protons in the lunar shelter below those recommended by NASA to astronauts for 30 day-operation in space (250 mSv) and for radiation workers (50 mSv) are determined and compared. The relative attenuation of incident solar protons with regolith shielding and the dose estimates inside the shelter are calculated for center seeking, planar, and isotropic incidence of the source protons. With the center seeking incidence, the dose estimates are the highest, followed by those with isotropic incidence, and the lowest are those with the planar incidence. 相似文献
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A.N. Denisov N.V. Kuznetsov R.A. Nymmik M.I. Panasyuk N.M. Sobolevsky 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(9-10):1440-1447
In connection with projects on a manned base on the Moon, the assessment of radiation risk to staff of the base owing to galactic (GCR) and solar (SEP) cosmic radiation becomes very relevant. The paper describes the methodology for assessing the radiation environment on the lunar surface and in the depths of lunar soil taking into account the primary and secondary radiation caused by protons and nuclei of GCR and SEP. Calculated fluencies of particles are used to estimate the average annual absorbed and equivalent local doses in tissue. Contribution to the dose of secondary neutrons at depths of lunar soil exceeds the contribution of protons. Contribution to the dose of secondary particles generated by GCR nuclei should be taken into account. 相似文献
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在载人航天中,航天员的辐射危险性是必须受到重视的问题。航天器的内环境是一个复杂的复合场,受外部辐射场和屏蔽材料等多种因素的影响,单一的探测技术很难探测得到内部辐射场的性质特点,而且无法对辐射危害进行评估。文章从射线与物质相互作用的角度出发,对NASA所用航天器内环境的模拟技术进行了介绍,并介绍了根据我国国情已往开展的相关研究工作,包括在Geant4软件包的基础上,将射线与物质相互作用的处理方法进行扩展,开发新的软件,编制SRP(Space Radiation Protection)程序等。 相似文献
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Semkova JV Dachev TsP Matviichuk YuN Koleva RT Baynov PT Tomov BT Botolier-Depois JF Nguen VD Lebaron-Jacobs L Siegrist M Duvivier E Almarcha B Petrov VM Shurshakov VA Makhmutov VS 《Acta Astronautica》1995,36(8-12):629-638
Radiation risk on a future long-duration manned space mission appears to be one of the basic factors in planning and designing the mission. Since 1988 different active dosimetric investigations has been performed on board the MIR space station by the Bulgarian-Russian dosimeter-radiometer LIULIN and French tissue-equivalent proportional counters CIRCE and NAUSICAA. A joint French-Bulgarian-Russian dosimetry experiment and the dosimetry-radiometry system RADIUS-MD have been developed for the future MARS-96 mission. On the base of the results and experience of these investigations a conception for a new radiation dose control system for the future orbital stations, lunar bases and interplanetary space ships is proposed. The proposed system which consists of different instruments will allow personal radiation control for crew members, radiation monitoring inside and outside each habitat, analysis and forecasting of the situation and will suggest procedures to minimize the radiation risk. 相似文献
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T. Sato K. Niita V. A. Shurshakov E. N. Yarmanova I. V. Nikolaev H. Iwase L. Sihver D. Mancusi A. Endo N. Matsuda Y. Iwamoto H. Nakashima Y. Sakamoto H. Yasuda M. Takada T. Nakamura 《Cosmic Research》2011,49(4):319-324
The dose reduction rates brought about by the installation of additional water shielding in a spacecraft are calculated in the paper using the particles and heavy ion transport code system PHITS, which can deal with transport of all kinds of hadrons and heavy ions with energies up to 100 GeV/n in three-dimensional phase spaces. In the PHITS simulation, an imaginary spacecraft was irradiated isotropically by cosmic rays with charges up to 28 and energies up to 100 GeV/n, and the dose reduction rates due to water shielding were evaluated for 5 types of doses: the dose equivalents obtained from the LET and linear energy spectra, the dose equivalents to skin and red bone marrow, and the effective dose equivalent. The results of the simulation indicate that the dose reduction rates differ according to the type of dose evaluated. For example, 5 g/cm2 water shielding reduces the effective dose equivalent and the LET dose equivalent by approximately 14% and 32%, respectively. Such degrees of dose reduction can be regarded to make water shielding worth the efforts required to install it. 相似文献