行星际粒子统计特征及其在深空探测用 器件失效概率预估中的应用

文章针对深空探测任务高能粒子辐射及所致器件失效定量评估问题,利用IMP-8在1973年—2001年的电子探测数据,统计了太阳电子事件通量的特征,证明事件通量符合对数正态分布。假设事件发生概率符合泊松分布,构建了行星际电子通量模型,再结合太阳质子通量模型、探测器轨道、行星际粒子在日球层的传播规律,得到不同置信度下空间粒子通量及其剂量。进一步结合器件累计失效剂量的试验数据,可定量评估器件失效概率。以一种典型的商用数据采集功能模块器件TL084和火星环绕探测任务为例,7个月转移轨道和3年火星轨道的任务期内,1 mm铝屏蔽下TL084的失效概率仅为1.01%。     

木星系探测中多层材料的辐射屏蔽优化设计方法

与地球辐射环境相比,木星辐射带中的粒子辐射环境有能量高、通量大、能谱硬等特点,对木星探测器的辐射防护要求更高。航天器设计中常用的多层金属材料的防护效果取决于辐射环境、屏蔽层数量与厚度、屏蔽层叠放顺序等众多因素,因此采用数值方法进行设计十分困难,有必要开发智能屏蔽优化算法。文章结合遗传算法和MULASSIS多层屏蔽仿真程序,以屏蔽后的吸收剂量为优化目标,开发了多层材料辐射防护优化设计方法。利用该方法,得到一定重量指标约束下的最优屏蔽结构,其特点是将高低原子序数材料相结合,多为双层或三层结构,并把高原子序数材料放置在外侧。以远木点和近木点分别为25个和10个木星半径的赤道面轨道为例,当面密度为1 g/cm2时,最优屏蔽结构为0.829 mm铅和0.158 mm镁的双层结构,可将辐射造成的总剂量降低至120.3 krad(Si)/a,与传统铝屏蔽材料相比,可节省近43.6%的重量资源。本方法可用于指导未来木星探测的辐射防护设计。     

太阳质子事件能谱不确定性导致的器官剂量变化

计划地球磁场外长期任务主要关注的问题之一是可能存在的大型太阳质子事件(SPE)，这类事件会以大注量质子和重离子辐射位于薄屏蔽航天器内的航天员。这将造成乘员敏感器官接受大剂量辐射，从而使任务变得十分危险，还可能威胁生命。不幸的是，由于已经出版的质子注量谱的不确定性仍然未知，所以预估乘员器官剂量非常困难。     

地球内辐射带核心区环境特征分析及质子屏蔽的蒙特卡罗模拟

辐射带粒子是近地空间卫星总剂量辐射的主要来源。文章分析了内辐射带不同高度轨道的辐射环境特性;并利用Geant4程序,针对内辐射带质子环境进行不同材料的屏蔽效能计算。结果表明:虽然传统的低?高?低原子序数材料三明治屏蔽结构对电子具有较高的屏蔽效能,却并不适用于以质子环境为主的轨道;对于工作在3000 km圆轨道、5年寿命的卫星,若要将总剂量降至30 krad(Si)以下,使用PE屏蔽材料可比Al屏蔽减重28%。     

MEO轨道辐射环境对Si太阳电池影响研究

研究MEO轨道Si太阳电池在轨性能衰减规律,为太阳阵设计提供参考依据。利用位移损伤剂 量的方法,研究了电子辐照对Si太阳电池性能参数的影响,并分析了MEO轨道（高度20,000 km, 倾角56°）的电子和质子辐射环境,及其穿过不同厚度的石英玻璃盖片后的 衰减谱。研究发现,在没有玻璃盖片的情况下,MEO轨道一年期质子通量会造成电池最大输 出功率严重衰退,约为初始值的28％,而一年期电子通量影响很小,仅造成约7％的下降。 使用100μm的石英玻璃盖片几乎可以完全阻挡MEO轨道质子辐射的影响,但是对电子辐 射的阻挡作用很小。石英玻璃盖片对于屏蔽低能质子对电池辐照损伤是极其重要的。
     

模拟载人探月中航天员空间辐射风险评估

空间辐射是长期载人航天飞行任务中影响航天员健康的重要风险因素。为了探求载人探月过程中对空间辐射的合理防护方式,文章借助空间辐射场模型对"嫦娥三号"飞行任务在不同质量厚度材料屏蔽下的舱内空间辐射环境进行了仿真计算,并确定了航天员各器官接受的空间辐射剂量、剂量当量以及有效剂量等辐射防护量以进行辐射风险评估。结果表明,随着屏蔽厚度的增加,航天员的各组织或器官的吸收剂量和剂量当量以及有效剂量均明显降低;采用质量屏蔽的方法对低于100 Me V的质子具有很好的防护效果,但对高能质子或重离子的防护效果不明显。计算和分析显示,载人探月过程中,只要采取适当的防护措施,航天员的空间辐射风险是可控的。     

空间辐照机理与防护技术研究

空间辐照防护是辐射防护领域内最具挑战性的学科之一。文章着重介绍空间辐射的主要来源如银河宇宙射线、地球磁场捕获的高能电子和质子形成的地球辐射带,太阳粒子事件;辐照研究的机理,防护技术的观点以及防护所要考虑的几个方面。     

空间高速InGaAs-PIN光电二极管辐射损伤效应试验研究

利用质子、中子和伽马射线辐照空间激光通信系统拟选用的高速InGaAs-PIN光电二极管,对其辐射损伤效应开展研究,以评估PIN光电器件在空间辐射环境中的适用性。基于辐照前后器件的暗电流、光电流、光谱响应、电容等参数随辐照剂量变化的测试数据,对各参数受辐照影响的程度和不同辐照模拟源对光电器件造成的辐射损伤差异进行了比较分析。结果表明:PIN光电二极管的暗电流是受辐照影响最严重的参数,而光电流、光谱响应、电容等参数受辐照影响较小;暗电流增加主要与质子和中子辐照引入的非辐射复合中心有关,并与位移损伤剂量基本成线性关系。     

空间高能质子对航天器材料损伤的仿真分析

近地空间是各种载人飞船、应用卫星、空间站的主要活动区域,区域内存在大量由地磁场捕获的高能带电粒子,严重影响航天器和航天员的安全。为此,需要对内辐射带低高度空间的高能带电粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。如何对质子进行有效屏蔽对空间辐射防护有重要的研究意义。文章针对粒子在空间环境中的辐射,简要介绍了质子在空间环境中的分布情况及在物质中的传输问题。利用SRIM软件模拟质子在不同材料(铝、聚乙烯)中输运过程。根据得到的射程与能量关系及对阻止本领的分析,从理论上提出航天器防护的合理方案。     

均苯型聚酰亚胺薄膜在质子辐照下的力学性能退化试验研究

聚酰亚胺薄膜广泛应用于航天器热控结构和太阳帆等充气展开结构中,由于暴露在航天器表面,受到各种空间环境效应的影响,其力学性能会发生退化。文章对不同通量、注量和温度条件下质子辐照对均苯型聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能的影响进行了模拟试验研究。研究发现,当质子通量较低时,质子通量的增加对薄膜力学性能的影响微弱;当质子通量持续增加,薄膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率呈近似线性下降;当质子注量增加到一定程度后,薄膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率下降速率变缓;薄膜在低温辐照下比在高温辐照下更容易发生脆性断裂。     

面向木星卫星交会任务的探测器飞行路径规划

针对探测器在木星系统内多次借力的飞行路径和轨道优化设计问题,提出了一种基于三层优化思想的飞行路径规划方法,该方法可根据给定的任务约束和交会目标,自动搜索探测器在木星系统内的借力飞行序列,同时完成标称飞行轨道的优化设计。首先,文章在给定轨道动力学模型和木卫借力模型基础上,建立了面向木卫交会任务的两次借力飞行轨道优化设计模型和求解方法;然后,采用结合遗传算法、全局遍历和贪婪算法的三层优化设计思路,给出了一种环木飞行路径规划方法;最后,以木星四颗卫星的交会任务为例进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明：针对木卫的交会任务,探测器速度增量需求随木卫借力次数的增多,呈现先显著减小后逐渐增大的现象;探测器采用多次木卫借力的策略,可显著降低探测器的速度增量需求;探测器速度增量达到最优之后,借力目标收敛于交会目标,且速度增量随借力次数的进一步增多而逐渐增大。     

Dose estimates in a lunar shelter with regolith shielding

Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a significant hazard to both manned and robotic missions. For long human missions on the lunar surface (months to a year) a radiation shelter is needed for dose mitigation and emergency protection in case of solar events. This paper investigates the interaction of source protons of solar events like those of February 1956 that emitted many fewer particles with energies up to 1000 MeV and of the October 1989 event of lower protons energy but higher fluence, with the lunar regolith and aluminum shielding of a lunar shelter. The shelter is 5 m in diameter and has a footprint of 5×8 m and a 10 cm thick aluminum support structure, however, actual thickness could be much smaller (～1–2 cm) depending on the weight of the regolith shielding piled on top. The regolith is shown to be slightly more effective than aluminum. Thus, the current results are still applicable for a thinner aluminum structure and increased equivalent (or same mass) thickness of the regolith. The shielding thicknesses to reduce the dose solely due to solar protons in the lunar shelter below those recommended by NASA to astronauts for 30 day-operation in space (250 mSv) and for radiation workers (50 mSv) are determined and compared. The relative attenuation of incident solar protons with regolith shielding and the dose estimates inside the shelter are calculated for center seeking, planar, and isotropic incidence of the source protons. With the center seeking incidence, the dose estimates are the highest, followed by those with isotropic incidence, and the lowest are those with the planar incidence.     

Variation of the trapped proton flux in the inner radiation belt of the earth as a function of solar activity

Fluxes of trapped protons with energies above 70 MeV measured onboard the NOAA-15 satellite during the 23rd solar activity cycle (from 1999 to 2006) are analyzed. Comparing to similar experimental data obtained for 1976–1996, regularities of changes in the proton flux at low drift shells (L = 1.14–1.20) of the Earths’s radiation belt caused by changes in the solar activity are discussed.     

New results for the space radiation environment of MIR space station obtained by Liulin dosimeter-radiometer. Comparison with LET spectrometer NAUSICAA

Since 1988 high sensitivity semiconductor dosimeter-radiometer “Liulin” worked on board of MIR space station. Device measured the absorbed dose rate and the flux of penetrating particles. The analysis of the data hows the following new results:

In October 1989 and after March 24, 1991, two additional stable maximums in flux channel were observed in the southern-eastern part of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). These two maximums existed at least several months and seem to be due to trapped high energy electron and proton fluxes. In April 1991 additional maximums were localized in the following geographical coordinates regions: LATITUDE = (−35 °)–(−50 °) LONGITUDE = 332 ° − 16 ° and lat.(−46 °)–(−52 °) long. 360 ° − 60 °. Additional maximums diffusion occurs inside radiation belt. Appearance of these maximums seems to be closely connected with preceding powerful solar proton events and associated geomagnetic dynamics of new belt disturbances. After the series of solar proton events in June 1991 we observed significant enhancement of this new radiation belt formation. To achieve sufficient accuracy of dose rate predictions in low Earth orbits the structure and dynamics of new belt should be carefully analyzed to be included in a new environment model.

From the inter comparison of the data from “Liulin” and French developed tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA in the time period August–November 1992 we come to the following conclusions: Mainly there is good agreement between both data sets for absorbed dose in the region of SAA; Different situation of the instruments on the station can explain the cases when differences up to 2 times are observed; At high latitudes usually the tissue equivalent absorbed dose observations are 2 times larger than “Liulin” doses.     

Contribution of solar cosmic rays to the formation of the Earth’s proton radiation belt

The significance of the contribution of solar protons to fluxes of trapped radiation in the Earth’s outer radiation belt (L > 2) is estimated for various phases of solar activity. In periods of high solar activity, proton fluxes with the energy 1–5 MeV at L = 2–3 for the bulk of time have SCR as a source, during a minimum of solar activity, trapped proton fluxes are determined by the conventional diffusive mechanism under the action of sudden IMF impulses.     

低轨航天器运行环境质子通量预测模型对比研究

辐射带粒子环境是导致航天器故障和异常的重要因素。为此,需要对辐射带粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。文章主要研究低地球轨道（LEO）环境辐射带质子分布情况。分析了目前用来计算质子通量的几种常用模型的优缺点;利用各模型计算了不同轨道的质子通量,对计算结果进行了比较;总结了进行不同高度、不同能量范围的质子通量计算时,选择不同模型的依据原则。     

Detection and Prediction of Absorbed Radiation Doses from Solar Proton Fluxes onboard Orbital Stations

We consider cases of simultaneous detection of the absorbed doses produced by proton fluxes of powerful solar events onboard the Mir and ISS orbital stations and the Ekspress A3 geosynchronous satellite. Experimental data are analyzed using a software package that takes into account the energy spectra of protons at the Earth's orbit depending on the time of event evolution, as well as their penetration to near-earth orbits and through the protective shields of spacecraft. Based on a comparison of the experimental data of dosimeters with the calculation of absorbed doses under the action of solar proton events, we developed a method of estimating the effective thickness of the shielding of dosimeters and made some estimates. A possibility is considered for predicting the radiation hazard onboard orbital stations upon the appearance of solar proton events using dosimeter data from a geosynchronous orbit.     

Time profile of cosmic radiation exposure during the EXPOSE-E mission: the R3DE instrument

The aim of this paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter during the EXPOSE-E mission in the European Technology Exposure Facility on the International Space Station's Columbus module. Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-E teams for use in their data analysis. Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter is a low-mass and small-dimension automatic device that measures solar radiation in four channels and cosmic ionizing radiation as well. The main results of the present study include the following: (1) three different radiation sources were detected and quantified-galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner radiation belt, and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB); (2) the highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 426 μGy d(-1) came from SAA protons; (3) GCR delivered a much smaller daily absorbed dose rate of 91.1 μGy d(-1), and the ORB source delivered only 8.6 μGy d(-1). The analysis of the UV and temperature data is a subject of another article (Schuster et al., 2012 ).     

Solar cycle variation of “killer” electrons at geosynchronous orbit and electron flux correlation with the solar wind parameters and ULF waves intensity

To construct models for hazard prediction from radiation belt particles to satellite electronics, one should know temporal behavior of the particle fluxes. We analyzed 11-year variation in relativistic electron flux (E>2 MeV) at geosynchronous orbit using measurements made by GOES satellites during the 23rd sunspot cycle. As it is believed that electron flux enhancements are connected with the high-speed solar wind streams and ULF or/and VLF activity in the magnetosphere, we studied also solar cycle changes in rank order cross-correlation of the outer radiation belt electron flux with the solar wind speed and both interplanetary and on-ground wave intensity. Data from magnetometers and plasma sensors onboard the spacecraft ACE and WIND, as well as magnetic measurements at two mid-latitude diametrically opposite INTERMAGNET observatories were used. Results obtained show that average value of relativistic electron flux at the decay and minimum phases of solar activity is one order higher than the flux during maximum sunspot activity. Of all solar wind parameters, only solar wind speed variation has significant correlation with changes in relativistic electron flux, taking the lead over the latter by 2 days. Variations in ULF amplitude advance changes in electron flux by 3 days. Results of the above study may be of interest for model makers developing forecast algorithms.