我国航天器带电技术研究进展

航天器与空间带电粒子环境相互作用引起的带电现象是其在轨发生故障和异常的重要因素。近年来,随着航天器性能的提升和技术发展,航天器带电技术研究的范围也大大扩展。文章简要回顾了我国航天器带电技术发展的历史,并从理论研究、地面模拟试验、数值模拟和带电防护等方面介绍国内航天器带电技术研究的进展。     

计入带电粒子入射角度对次级电子效应影响时航天飞行器的带电特性

本文采用由实验得到的带电粒子入射角度对次级电子的影响关系,根据轨道限制电流收集理论,导出了不同几何形体航天器的次级电子数通量表达式;并按局部电流平衡模型,计算了航天器背阴面的带电电位。结果表明,计入带电粒子入射角的影响后,航天器表面负电位的数值有一定减少。因此,在计算航天器表面带电时,应当考虑这种影响。     

什么是模拟失重水槽

航天员出舱活动是载人航天的重要技术组成部分,通过出舱活动,航天员可以进行航天器的在轨维修和故障排除、有效载荷的布放、回收和在轨维修以及大型航天器（如空间站）的在轨安装构建等任务。这些任务的完成需要航天员穿着舱外航天服在空间失重环境下进行。失重状态下人的运动和作业方式与在地球表面的重力状态下完全不同。为了完成这些出舱活动任务,航天员必须熟练掌握失重状态下运动和作业的规律和技巧,需要通过地面上模拟的失重环境对航天员进行大量的训练。     

航天器的表面带电及其防带电设计

本文概要叙述了航天器表面带电对航天器系统的危害并提出在航天器设计和制造期间所必须考虑的相关问题。随后介绍了国外有关航天器表面带电问题的技术文档,其中包括用于评价和控制航天器带电影响的设计指南、航天器带电试验技术标准及航天器带电手册。最后简要介绍了这些技术文档在减少航天器带电危害中的作用及使用方法。     

如何穿戴舱外航天服？

太空并非“仙境”,而是险境。高真空、强辐射,巨大的温差,以及空间碎片威胁等,在如此恶劣的环境下,航天员想要出舱作业,可谓困难重重,危险万分。但舱外航天服的出现解决了这一难题。舱外航天服是航天员出舱作业时必须穿戴的防护装备,它构成了航天员出舱活动的“生命方舟”,可以说是穿在航天员身上的最小的“载人航天器”。不过,在出舱前,要穿戴好这个“航天器”可不是件简单的事情。     

主动控制航天器带电水平的模拟方法

随着航天器向高轨道、长寿命的方向发展,如何降低航天器表面带电对航天器正常功能的不良影响成为愈加突出的问题。文中简要介绍了主动控制航天器带电水平的两种方法——栅极屏蔽法和散射中心法。     

出舱通信系统的返向信号功率自动控制方法

出舱活动任务面临载人航天器同时与多名出舱航天员之间的数据交互需求,若采用传统的恒定发射功率无线通信模式,可能由于多名航天员舱外活动位置不同导致通信不均衡及互相干扰问题。为保证所有出舱航天员的通信链路稳定,提出一种功率自动控制方法,利用位于载人航天器内部的出舱通信处理器实时接收所有出舱航天员的返向信号,并分别对信干比进行评估,根据评估结果按照外环和内环两种方式进行航天员返向信号的功率控制,最终使出舱通信处理器接收到的所有航天员的返向信号信干比接近,保证与出舱航天员之间的正常通信。通过搭建试验平台对功率自动控制方法进行验证,结果表明:该方法可实现出舱通信处理器收到的所有返向信号的信干比接近,能解决远近效应问题,提升多人出舱通信链路的可靠性。     

航天服材料的静电吸附效应地面试验研究

航天员在轨出舱作业时，其穿戴的航天服面临空间尘粒污染的静电吸附增强效应问题，空间尘粒污染会对航天员的健康及仪器设备的安全稳定运行造成威胁。文章分析了空间站–航天服静电起电模型，研究了污染物粒子带电机理及带电尘粒在电场作用下的静电吸附过程；在此基础上搭建空间站–航天服电场的静电吸附效应地面模拟装置，并开展了4种航天服表面典型材料对空间中尘埃粒子的静电吸附效应试验验证。通过对试验结果的分析，提出后续应在航天员出舱活动中设计静电消除装置、处理航天服主体材料表面保持航天服洁净等建议。     

下期要目

空间原子氧环境对航天器表面侵蚀效应及防护技术90keV电子辐照对Kapton H薄膜化学结构的影响真空紫外辐照对环氧基纳米复合材料电阻性能的影响研究(英文)分子污染光学效应试验研究舱外航天服热试验外热流模拟方法研究多轴振动试验系统传递函数估计的数值仿真研究航天员出舱活动     

北京卫星环境工程研究所金秋学术交流掠影(之一)——日本航天器表面带电专家Mengu Cho教授来所讲学

2007年9月10～13日,日本九州技术学院(KIT)航天器环境工程实验室主任、航天器表面带电专家Mengu Cho教授到北京卫星环境工程研究所讲学、交流。Mengu Cho教授1993年于美国获得航天器表面带电专业博士学位,并长期从事航天器的表面带电试验和理论研究,编写了ISO标准"卫星太阳帆板空间带电引起的静电放电试验",在卫星高压太阳电池阵表面充放电效应评估、验证技术方面有深厚理论基础和丰富经验。     

EVA 2000: a European/Russian space suit concept

For the European manned space activities an EVA space suit system was being developed in the frame of the Hermes Space Vehicle Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The space suit was to serve the needs for all relevant extravehicular activities for the Hermes Columbus operations planned to begin in 2004. For the present Russian manned space programme the relevant EVAs are performed by the Orlan-DMA semi-rigid space suit. The origin of its development reaches back to the 1970s and has since been adapted to cover the needs for extravehicular activities on Salyut and MIR until today. The latest modification of the space suit, which guaranteed its completely self-contained operation, was made in 1988. However, Russian specialists considered it necessary to start developing an EVA space suit of a new generation, which would have improved performance and would cover the needs by the turn of the century and into the beginning of the next century. Potentially these two suit developments could have a lot in common based on similarities in present concepts. As future manned space activities become more and more an international effort, a safe and reliable interoperability of the different space suit systems is required. Based on the results of the Munich Minister Conference in 1991, the European Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency agreed to initiate a requirements analysis and conceptual design study to determine the feasibility of a joint space suit development, EVA 2000. The design philosophy for the EVA 2000 study was oriented on a space suit system design of: space suit commonality and interoperability; increased crew productivity and safety; increase in useful life and reduced maintainability; reduced development and production cost. The EVA 2000 feasibility study was performed in 1992, and with the positive conclusions for EVA 2000, this approach became the new joint European Russian EVA Suit 2000 Development Programme. This paper gives an overview of the results of the feasibility study and presents the joint requirements and the proposed design concept of a jointly developed European Russian space suit.     

舱外航天服的工效学问题及其研究方法

阐述了舱外航天服在航天员出舱活动(EVA)过程中的作用、舱外航天服工效设计对保障航天员生命安全和EVA质量的意义，以及航天服设计必须考虑的各类因素。并在此基础上探讨了航天服设计研究的主要手段与方法，强调了现阶段利用虚拟人体进行舱外航天服工效学分析的可行性。     

One hundred US EVAs: a perspective on spacewalks

In the 36 years between June 1965 and February 2001, the US human space flight program has conducted 100 spacewalks, or extravehicular activities (EVAs), as NASA officially calls them. EVA occurs when astronauts wearing spacesuits travel outside their protective spacecraft to perform tasks in the space vacuum environment. US EVA started with pioneering feasibility tests during the Gemini Program. The Apollo Program required sending astronauts to the moon and performing EVA to explore the lunar surface. EVA supported scientific mission objectives of the Skylab program, but may be best remembered for repairing launch damage to the vehicle and thus saving the program. EVA capability on Shuttle was initially planned to be a kit that could be flown at will, and was primarily intended for coping with vehicle return emergencies. The Skylab emergency and the pivotal role of EVA in salvaging that program quickly promoted Shuttle EVA to an essential element for achieving mission objectives, including retrieving satellites and developing techniques to assemble and maintain the International Space Station (ISS). Now, EVA is supporting assembly of ISS. This paper highlights development of US EVA capability within the context of the overarching mission objectives of the US human space flight program.     

EVA: European plans

The current status of European EVA (extravehicular activity) plans is reviewed. The major difference to already existing EVA scenarios in U.S.A. and Soviet Union consists in the adoption of a higher suit pressure, namely 500 hPa. The results of a study concerned with the physiological consequences of this adoption are presented, including recommendations for protective procedures and their necessary experimental validation. A certain discrepancy between laboratory experimental decompression data and EVA operational results is discussed, leading to the identification of several items which may influence space decompression. Microgravity and the influence of the space suit itself are most likely factors in the explanation of this discrepancy, and both experimental procedures and technological developments are proposed to clarify their role for the future design of EVA procedures.     

GEO卫星表面充电相对电位的工程分析

地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星在轨运行期间,沉浸于具有一定能量和密度的空间等离子体之中,等离子体与卫星表面材料相互作用,将使卫星出现"表面充/放电效应",进而对星上电子系统产生影响,甚至发生电路故障,直接威胁整星安全。为防止GEO卫星在轨期间因等离子体造成的表面充放电导致卫星异常和故障,在GEO卫星的设计中,必须进行卫星表面电位分析、控制和试验验证等工作。文章根据卫星表面材料的基本参数和接地状态,采用工程分析方法对卫星表面充电电位进行分析,满足卫星工程设计急需。     

EVA Suit 2000: a joint European/Russian space suit design

A feasibility study in 1992 showed the benefits of a common European Russian space suit development, EVA Suit 2000, replacing the Russian space suit Orlan-DMA and the planned European Hermes EVA space suit at the turn of the century. This EVA Suit 2000 is a joint development initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RKA). The main objectives of this development program are: first utilization aboard the Russian Space Station MIR-2; performance improvement with respect to current operational suits; development cost reduction. Russian experience gained with the present extravehicular activity (EVA) suit on the MIR Space Station and extensive application of European Technologies will be needed to achieve these ambitious goals. This paper presents the current status of the development activities, the space suit system design and concentrates in more detail on life support aspects. Specific subjects addressed will include the overall life support conceptual architecture, design features, crew comfort and operational considerations.     

Biomedical problems of EVA support during manned space flight to Mars

Current projects of manned missions to Mars are aimed to their realization in the second-third decades of this century. The purpose of this paper is to determine and review the main biomedical problems, that require a first and foremost decision for safety support of extravehicular activity (EVA) carried out by crewmembers of the Mars expedition. To a number of such problems the authors of the paper attribute a creation of adequate EVA equipment intended, first, for assembly of interplanetary spacecraft on the Earth orbit, performance of maintenance operations and scientific researches on the external surface of spacecraft during interplanetary flight and, secondly, for work on the Mars surface. New generation of space suits with low weight, high mobility and acceptable risk of decompression sickness must be as a central component of EVA equipment. The program for preparation to a Mars expedition also has to include special investigations in order to design the means and methods for a reliable protection of crew against space radiation, to elaborate the approach to medical monitoring and primary medical care during autonomous space mission, to maintain good health condition of crewmembers during EVA under the Mars gravity (0.38 g) after super long-term flight in weightlessness.     

The experience in operation and improving the Orlan-type space suits

Nowadays significant experience has been gained in Russia concerning extravehicular activity (EVA) with cosmonauts wearing a semi-rigid space suit of the "Orlan" type. The conditions for the cosmonauts' vital activities, the operational and ergonomic features of the space suit and its reliability are the most critical factors defining the efficiency of the scheduled operation to be performed by the astronaut and his safety. As the missions performed by the cosmonauts during EVA become more and more elaborate, the requirements for EVA space suits and their systems become more and more demanding, resulting in their consistent advancement. This paper provides certain results of the space suit's operation and analysis of its major problems as applied to the Salyut and MIR orbiting stations. The modification steps of the space suit in the course of operation (Orlan-D, Orlan-DM, Orlan-DMA) and its specific features are presented. The concept of the suited cosmonauts' safety is described as well as trends for future space suit improvements.     

Past, present, and future: the U.S. EVA program

This paper provides an overview and summary of U.S. extravehicular activity accomplishments of the last 26 years, Space Shuttle missions having scheduled extravehicular activities to be performed over the next several years, extravehicular activities expected to be necessary to support Space Station Freedom assembly tasks and operations, and potential extravehicular activity roles of the NASA Space Exploration Initiative Program.     

航天器介质充电效应模拟试验中的非接触式电位转接测量技术

航天器充放电效应地面模拟试验中需要测量的一个重要参数是介质的充电电位。文章基于介质充电电位的非接触式转接测量技术,分析了测量中引起误差的各个因素,讨论了减小测量误差和提高转接测量分辨率的方法,并进行试验验证。据此设计了一套介质电位非接触式转接测量系统,其测量分辨率达到10 V以下,且由电荷泄漏引起的测量误差1%,能够满足航天器介质充电电位的测量要求。