Helium-3: Status and Prospects

We report on our continuing efforts to determine 3He abundances in H II regions and planetary nebulae. Our detections of 3He in some PNe show that some stars produce large amounts of 3He. However the H II region abundances show no evidence for this production. From our sample of > 40 H II regions, the subsample which should yield the most reliable abundances has 3He/H abundances which scatter between 1-2 × 10-5. There is no trend with either galactocentric distance or metallicity. Even if we do not understand the underlying mechanisms, we see empirically that stars neither produce nor destroy 3He in a major way. We thus suggest that the level of the "3He Plateau" (3He/H = 1.5 _-0.5 ^+1.0 × 10^-5) is a reasonable estimate for the primordial 3He.     

双(口恶)唑啉化合物改性热固性树脂的研究

采用自制2,2′-(1,3-苯)双(4,5-二氢)(口恶)唑分别与热塑性酚醛树脂或二氨基二苯甲烷(DADPM)进行聚合反应制得了聚醚酰胺树脂(PEAR)和聚氨基酰胺树脂(PAAR).实验表明PEAR的冲击强度达到6 kJ/m2以上,弯曲强度达到100MPa以上,且电绝缘性能优良,可作为H级绝缘材料使用;PAAR的冲击强度最高达到22kJ/m2,弯曲强度达到202 MPa,电绝缘性能较PEAR稍差,但仍然可作为H级绝缘材料使用,另外还可望作为无卤阻燃材料使用.以这两种高性能热固性树脂为基体可制备出性能优良的玻璃布复合材料.     

Si-Zr-B涂层结构稳定性及对DD3单晶高温合金深过冷的非催化形核惰性

以 Si O2 玻璃粉、分析纯 Zr O2 粉为粉料,分析纯 C2 H5OH,Zr OCl2 · 8H2 O,去离子 H2 O与分析纯Si(OC2 H5) 4按 4∶ 0.1 1∶ 3∶ 1的摩尔比配制的前驱液经 3 5℃,1 80 min水解 -聚合反应后形成的 Si O2 -Zr O2溶胶为粘结剂,H3 BO3 为软化剂,用熔模制壳技术在壳型内壁制备了 Si-Zr-B基底涂层。利用溶胶 -凝胶原理,以 Si O2 -Zr O2 溶胶中加入 H3 BO3 形成的 Si O2 -Zr O2 -B2 O3 溶胶为原料,经浸涂 -分级热处理和 80 0℃玻璃化热处理后,在基底涂层表面制备了适宜厚度的同成分玻璃薄膜涂层。将涂层在 1 5 0 0℃保温 3 0 min后,XRD结果表明,涂层的析晶量仅为 1 %～ 3 %,具有很高的高温结构稳定性。过冷实验表明,DD3单晶高温合金可在该 Si-Zr-B涂层壳型内获得最大 1 4 0 K过冷度,完全可以实现深过冷快速凝固,证明 Si-Zr-B涂层具有良好的非催化形核惰性。     

On the Measurements of D/H in QSO Absorption Systems Closing in on the primordial abundance of deuterium

We present our measurements of the deuterium to hydrogen ratio (D/H) in QSO absorption systems, which give D/H = 3.40 ± 0.25 × 10-5 based on analysis of four independent systems. We discuss the properties of two systems which provide the strongest constraints on D/H. We outline the systematic effects involved in measurements of D/H and introduce a sophisticated method of analysis which properly accounts for these effects.     

防老剂H对丁羟推进剂力学性能的影响

研究了防老剂H（N，N'-二苯基对苯二胺）对丁羟推进剂力学性能的影响，从力学性能的角度提出了防老剂H在HTPB／TDI型推进剂中的最佳用量。发现防老剂H影响丁羟推进剂性能的规律与固化剂种类有关，如果不加入防老剂H，则HTPB／IPDI推进剂的力学性能会显著优于HTPB／TDI推进剂。     

一种应用于混合H2/H∞飞行跟踪控制的扩展LMI方法（英文）

Lyapunov变量和系统矩阵之间的耦合导致混合H2/H∞飞行跟踪控制器设计问题非凸。借助于扩展LMI方法,非凸优化问题被转化为凸的线性矩阵不等式(LMI)表达式。通过引入松弛变量,上述的耦合得以消除。而且,一个充要条件被证明成立以求解混合H2/H∞飞行跟踪控制器,该控制器不仅能够稳定被控系统,并且能够保证系统在正常和故障情况下均满足混合H2/H∞性能指标。这种新的扩展LMI表达式提供了额外的自由度去求解非凸优化问题,并减小了控制器设计的保守性。关于ADMIRE模型的仿真结果说明这种扩展LMI方法的优越性。     

Cometary Deuterium

Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar ratio in H₂O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in cometary H₂O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in cometary ices and the presence of S₂. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded for molecules H₂O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H₂ from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小空间内冲击/气膜复合冷却换热特性试验

利用相似理论的原理, 试验研究了封闭小空间内冲击/气膜复合冷却内表面的换热特性.研究中通过改变冲击Re数（1000040000）、冲击距离H和冲击孔直径D之比H/D（0.172.0）, 在2种冲击孔和气膜孔间距P和冲击孔直径D之比P/D（0, 1）条件下, 细致分析冲击Re数、H/D对复合冷却内表面局部换热特性的影响.结果表明, 在本文的试验工况中, 冲击靶板上的局部Nu数随着冲击Re的增加而不断变大, 而Nu数随着H/D的变化规律并非单调.当P/D=0, H/D=2时换热效果达到最佳;P/D=1时, 在X/D=±3范围内, 小冲击Re数条件下H/D=0.17和H/D=2的换热效果比较接近, 大冲击Re数条件下H/D=1和H/D=2的换热效果比较接近.      

小间距冲击凹柱面靶板换热特性实验

利用热膜法,实验研究了小间距下单孔冲击受限凹面靶板的局部换热特性。通过改变冲击Re数(20 000~30 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.2~1.0)等参数,重点分析冲击靶面周向和轴向的局部换热系数及其分布规律。结果表明:小冲击间距工况下,由于滞止区内高压区作用,气流被加速,靶面轴向上出现除滞止点以外的第二个强化换热峰值,并且随着冲击间距的减小,该效应越加明显;当H/D较小时,由于冲击导管端壁表面的限制,冲击射流在凹面靶板的周向形成冲击射流,显著提升了周向的局部换热效果,周向上也出现了二次强化换热峰值。随着H/D的增加,周向二次强化峰值迅速消失。实验中当H/D=0.2时,凹面靶板的换热效果达到最佳。     

Galileo Probe Measurements of D/H and 3He/4He in Jupiter's Atmosphere

The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer measurements in the atmosphere of Jupiter give D/H = (2.6 ± 0.7) × 10-5 3He/4He = (1.66 ± 0.05) × 10-4These ratios supercede earlier results by Niemann et al. (1996) and are based on a reevaluation of the instrument response at high count rates and a more detailed study of the contributions of different species to the mass peak at 3 amu. The D/H ratio is consistent with Voyager and ground based data and recent spectroscopic and solar wind (SW) values obtained from the Infrared Spectroscopic Observatory (ISO) and Ulysses. The 3He/4He ratio is higher than that found in meteoritic gases (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10-4. The Galileo result for D/H when compared with that for hydrogen in the local interstellar medium (1.6 ± 0.12) × 10-5 implies a small decrease in D/H in this part of the universe during the past 4.55 billion years. Thus, it tends to support small values of primordial D/H - in the range of several times 10-5 rather than several times 10-4. These results are also quite consistent with no change in (D+3He)/H during the past 4.55 billion years in this part of our galaxy.     

热压烧结法制备Cf／SiC陶瓷基复合材料研究

以有机硅先驱体聚碳硅烷为粘结剂,采用热压烧结工艺,制得了Ｃｆ／ＳｉＣ陶瓷基复合材料,并对其三点弯曲强度进行了测试和分析,结果表明：该工艺方法可方便的制得强度较高的陶瓷基复合材料单向板;其三点弯曲强度与试样的高跨比有很大关系,高跨比越大,弯曲强度越小;当高跨比为０．０７３时,材料弯曲强度为４７５．１ＭＰａ,断裂功为４．４７ｋＪ／ｍ＾２;材料的应力－应变曲线与普通陶瓷不同,表现塑性变形的非线性弹性特征     

双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却效果的实验

以双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却结构的平壁模型作为研究对象, 进行了该种冷却结构的复合冷却效果实验研究.研究中改变冷热气流吹风比M, 冲击距H/d, 冲击孔和气膜孔间距与冲击孔直径之比P/d等参数, 利用红外热像仪拍摄实验件的温度分布.研究结果表明:上述参数均影响双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却效果, 而且影响规律表现出较强的关联性.随着吹风比的增加, 复合冷却效果逐步增强;在实验工况条件下, 存在一个最佳冲击距H/d范围使得复合冷却效果最佳;同时在冲击孔和气膜孔之间也存在一个最佳的P/d范围, 使得复合冷却效果达到最大.当H/d=0.5和P/d=4时, 双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却结构能达到最佳的冷却效果.      

双层壳型涡轮叶片中冲击旋流换热增益效果试验

以双层壳型涡轮叶片内冷通道中旋流换热特性为研究对象,采用热膜法,对双层壳型冷却结构中的狭小受限通道中,旋流作用下换热特性的变化规律开展了细致的试验研究。重点分析了冷却空气的旋流作用对换热的强化增益效果。试验中通过改变冲击Re数(10 000～20 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.35～1.7)等参数,研究了其对旋流的形成及内表面局部换热系数的影响规律。研究发现:由于双层壳型叶片内冷通道的空间受限,冷却空气在通道内形成了旋流结构,该旋流结构显著影响了内表面的局部换热系数并可以有效提高换热效果。研究结果表明:内表面局部换热系数对冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D最为敏感,对于不同冲击Re数,存在一个最佳的H/D使得旋流换热增益效果达到最大(Re=10 000时,最佳H/D为0.95;Re=15 000,20 000,最佳H/D=0.63)。     

Explicit formulas for two state Kalman, H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// target tracking filters

The continuous time, two state, target tracking problem is considered from the Kalman, H/sub 2/, and H/sub /spl infin// filter viewpoint. While previous treatments were numerical in nature, analytic transient responses and infinite horizon solutions with analytic performance expressions are presented here. Tracking indices, involving the maneuver and measurement uncertainties, are shown to have a role for both the steady state and transient responses. In addition, the H/sub /spl infin// tracker has a sensor index involving the performance bound and measurement uncertainty, which, along with the tracking index, plays a significant role in the H/sub /spl infin// tracker expressions. Analytical expressions for the probability of target escape, the probability that the target position will be outside the radar beamwidth (BW), are developed not only to compare the performance of various trackers, but also as a design tool to meet tracking specifications. Examples illustrate the performance of the target trackers as a function of the error gain upper bound.     

Mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// filtering for uncertain systems with regional pole assignment

The mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// filtering problem for uncertain linear continuous-time systems with regional pole assignment is considered. The purpose of the problem is to design an uncertainty-independent filter such that, for all admissible parameter uncertainties, the following filtering requirements are simultaneously satisfied: 1) the filtering process is asymptotically stable; 2) the poles of the filtering matrix are located inside a prescribed region that compasses the vertical strips, horizontal strips, disks, or conic sectors; 3) both the H/sub 2/ norm and the H/sub /spl infin// norm on the respective transfer functions are not more than the specified upper bound constraints. We establish a general framework to solve the addressed multiobjective filtering problem completely. In particular, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem in terms of a set of feasible linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). An illustrative example is given to illustrate the design procedures and performances of the proposed method.     

The Primordial Helium-4 Abundance from Observations of a Large Sample of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies

We use a sample of 45 low-metallicity H II regions in blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies to determine the primordial helium abundance YP with a precision better than 5%. We have carefully investigated the physical effects which may make the He I line intensities deviate from their recombination values such as collisional and fluorescent enhancements, underlying He I stellar absorption and absorption by Galactic interstellar Na I. By extrapolating the Y vs. O/H and Y vs. N/H linear regressions to O/H = N/H = 0, we obtain YP = 0.244±0.002 and 0.245±0.001, respectively, higher than previous determinations (YP = 0.230 - 0.234). Part of the difference comes from the fact that previous investigators have not taken into account underlying He I stellar absorption, especially in the NW component of the BCD I Zw 18 which, because of its extremely low metallicity plays a key role in the determination of YP. We derive a slope dY/dZ = 2.3±1.0, considerably smaller than those derived before. With this smaller slope and taking into account the errors, chemical evolution models with an outflow of well-mixed material can be built for star-forming dwarf galaxies which satisfy all the observational constraints. Our YP gives _bh ₅₀ ² = 0.058±0.007,f consistent with the lower limit set by dynamical measurements and X-ray observations of clusters of galaxies. It is also consistent, within the framework of standard big bang nucleosynthesis theory, with measurements of primordial 7Li in galactic halo stars and with the D/H abundance measured in absorption systems toward quasars by Burles and Tytler (1997).     

小间距单孔冲击凸面靶板流场结构实验

利用烟线法研究了小间距、单孔冲击凸面靶板的流场结构.实验中,改变冲击雷诺数Re、冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/d以及冲击靶面相对曲率d/D等参数,通过拍摄流场形态,分析气流分离角度和涡旋结构随上述参数的变化规律.研究结果表明当Re,H/d较大时,在凸面靶板周向两侧形成了稳定的旋流结构.随着Re,H/d的增加,冲击射流与靶面分离处对应的圆心角增大,分离推迟.实验中还发现当d/D减小,流体与靶面的分离提前,其相对应的圆心角呈现减小的趋势.      

涡发生器控制平板边界层分离的大涡模拟

为了研究涡发生器(VGs)间距λ对控制边界层分离效果的影响,选取了4种涡发生器间距,λ/H(H为涡发生器高度)分别为5,7,9,11.采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对带逆压梯度的平板边界层分离流动及VGs控制分离流动进行了数值模拟.分析了有无VGs控制时,湍流场中大尺度相干结构及其演化规律,分别从旋涡间距、边界层内流体动能、压差损失等方面考察了VGs间距对控制流动分离效果的影响.研究结果表明当λ/H为5时,VGs间距过小抑制了旋涡的展向发展,λ/H为9,11时,VGs间距过大边界层内流体动能偏低,当间距λ/H为7时流动控制效果更优,此时计算域压差损失最小,相比较无VGs控制时,压差损失降低了30.95%.      

H~∞方法在鲁棒飞控系统设计中的应用

首先介绍具有良好鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能的 H∞方法 ,然后综述几年来 H∞方法在鲁棒飞控系统设计中的应用研究 ,详细说明 H∞ 鲁棒飞控系统设计问题的形成和求解过程 ,并分析模型 /控制器降阶 ,结构不确定性和非结构不确定性的同时镇定 ,多模型设计等与 H∞方法相配合的设计技术的使用     

冲击凹柱面靶板的流场结构实验

采用烟线法研究了冲击凹柱面靶板的流场结构。研究中改变冲击雷诺数Re,冲击距-冲击孔直径比H/d以及冲击靶面相对曲率d/D等参数,利用数码摄像机拍摄流场结构随这些参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:上述参数均影响了冲击凹柱面靶板的流场结构,而且影响规律表现出较强的关联性。实验中,随冲击雷诺数Re的增加或冲击距-冲击孔直径比H/d的减小,在冲击滞止区域两侧形成的稳定旋流结构与冲击靶板分离处的圆心角增大,分离推迟;同时在实验中发现冲击靶板的曲率半径和冲击导管直径之间存在一定的匹配关系(d/D)使流体沿壁面运动的距离最长。