A novel architecture of electro-hydrostatic actuator with digital distribution

To address the flow imbalance rapidly of the asymmetric Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA), this paper presents a novel architecture of asymmetric EHA with the Digital Distribution (EHA-DD). It also improves the flow nonlinearity and control accuracy of the pump, especially in the low-speed condition. The digital distribution with two High-Speed on–off Valves (HSVs) not only balances flow instead of the check valves, but also replaces the pump at the low-speed to control output flow by adjusting the PWM signal. The pump and HSVs are the crucial components to control flow output. Firstly, the flow calculation models of the pump and the duty ratio inversed model of the HSV are obtained through experimental tests and the identification method. To get the control input signal for the required flow, the pump speed and PWM duty ratio for the HSVs are inversed to compensate for flow output. Further, a multimode digital flow distribution control method based on pump speed, mainly including the pump-controlled mode for large flow demand and valve-controlled mode for little flow demand, is proposed to control the accurate flow output actively. The step extension experiments based on the flow calculation models are conducted on the EHA-DD prototype under elastic, opposite varying load. The results demonstrate that the EHA-DD realizes little position error by accurate flow control, and it is also beneficial to improve the service life of the pump.     

伺服动力电源技术发展概述

近年来，机电伺服系统在航空、航天领域得到了广泛应用，逐渐形成了新的推力矢量控制和舵面控制实现方式，并推动了伺服动力电源的多样性发展。研究了国外运载火箭、导弹及飞机伺服动力电源技术的发展现状，梳理了各类场景中伺服动力电源的应用特点及未来需求，对比了常见的热电池、锌银电池、锂离子电池及涡轮发电等各类伺服动力电源的技术特点，并提出了高电压、高比功率、高比容量（新型电池，涡轮发电）、一体化/智能化/高可靠等伺服动力电源技术的未来发展方向。     

插装式液控能源选择阀的设计与分析

针对液压系统油源的安全性及可靠性问题，提出油源冗余设计方法，即多油源供给多负载，当某一油源发生故障时能源选择阀切断故障油源，由其他油源给负载提供基本液压能源，系统能完成必须的服役性能。针对液压系统能源选择阀存在的频繁换向与振动问题，提出一种插装式液控能源选择阀，其先导阀采用锥阀和可变阻尼形式，主阀采用三台肩且终端有缓冲功能的滑阀。建立了插装式液控能源选择阀的数学模型，分析了能源选择阀在两种模拟故障下的切换压力及切换时间、油源压力脉动等特性。理论分析结果表明，油源压力阶跃和线性变化时，某能源选择阀切换时间分别为5 ms和7 ms。当压力发生波动时，主阀不会发生振动，还可通过液控先导阀结构设计来控制切换压力和回复压力大小。     

火箭发动机超声速过膨胀射流气动噪声特性研究

采用大涡模拟LES方法计算了火箭发动机超声速过膨胀射流形态及近场声压分布,研究了入口温度与环境温度的比值(温度比)对声场的影响;将声源分解,基于Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H)方程获取了不同位置噪声源的远场噪声,并根据声压级频谱和湍流形态分析了超声速射流噪声的产生机理。研究表明,超声速过膨胀射流气动噪声由湍流混合噪声和宽频激波噪声组成,近场噪声源以马赫波形式向大方位角辐射中高频噪声,下游大尺度湍流向低方位角范围辐射低频噪声,声压级峰值频率随观测角度增大而升高;随温度比升高,马赫波辐射角度增大,噪声指向性发生改变。该研究可为运载火箭发动机地面试车或火箭发射段声学环境设计提供参考。     

PWM低速爬行状态系统波动分析

脉宽调制技术（PWM）在自动控制领域有着广泛的应用。然而，在实际工程应用的过程中，包含PWM的系统在低速驱动的条件下难以达到高精度速度指标的要求。在工程实践经验的基础上，对这一问题进行详细分析，提出PWM的截断效应和移频效应引起波动的理论，并结合典型的机电伺服系统模型进行仿真，完成仿真层面的验证。仿真结果展示了机电伺服系统在低转速状态下由于PWM的截断效应引起转速波动的现象，契合了实际系统中表现的情况，验证了截断效应和移频效应的正确性，为提高系统精度指标提供了依据。     

非恒定增压式微尺度拉瓦尔喷管流动特性

针对微尺度喷流在航天器运动状态切换时出现的非恒定增压变化,采用直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法对阶跃式增压和线性式增压两种模式下的微尺度拉瓦尔喷管流场进行了模拟,并对其变化过程中的流动特性进行了对比分析。结果显示：阶跃式增压会导致流动特性出现较大幅值的峰谷式波动,而线性式增压下的流动特性则呈现出线性变化的特点;黏性力对微尺度喷流的非恒定增压变化产生了重要的黏滞作用,在喉部扩张段至出口的流场中尤为明显;在设定的条件下,阶跃式增压过程中喷流产生的总冲量较线性式增压高59.5%,质量流量高74.7%,单位工质提供的冲量低约8.6%,波动性也高于线性式模型,阶跃式增压适用于系统需要较大推力改变运动状态且推进剂充足的情况,而线性式增压在系统精确微调或需要推进剂产生更高效能时具有明显的优势。     

基于微型涡喷发动机热喷流的无源流体推力矢量喷管的控制规律

流体推力矢量喷管型面固定、活动部件少、结构重量轻，能够为高机动飞行器提供有效的飞行控制手段，但无源流体推力矢量喷管热喷流的偏转控制规律尚未完全掌握。为了推进无源流体推力矢量技术的实用化，本文设计研制了适用于微型涡喷发动机的耐高温喷管模型，对该喷管在微型涡喷发动机热喷流状态下的控制规律进行研究。利用非接触光学显示和测量手段——红外热成像拍摄和粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对主射流流动特性进行研究，获得流动矢量角随二次流控制阀门闭合度变化的控制规律；利用六分量盒式天平测力实验研究无源流体推力矢量喷管的力学特性，获得推力矢量角随二次流控制阀门闭合度变化的控制规律。研究结果表明：该构型喷管在微型涡喷发动机热喷流下主射流连续可控偏转，最大流动矢量角为-12.3°/12.3°，最大推力矢量角为-12.9°/12.8°，控制规律接近线性，不存在主射流偏转突跳问题。     

氟塑料-阀芯黏结工艺

为了解决液体火箭发动机主阀阀芯氟塑料与金属黏结不良问题,对其成因与黏结工艺进行研究。采用阀芯压制氟塑料前涂覆自制聚全氟乙丙烯胶黏剂的黏结工艺方法,通过扫描电镜观察黏结面微观结构形貌并进行能谱分析,进而对涂聚全氟乙丙烯胶黏剂的黏结工艺方法进行机理分析,最后开展菌状物试样黏结工艺验证、阀芯工艺验证、工作性能试验验证。试验表明:采用涂聚2遍全氟乙丙烯胶黏剂黏结的工艺方法,可提高氟塑料和金属黏结强度,黏结强度可提高到19 MPa以上,达到未涂胶氟塑料与金属黏结强度的3倍,阀芯黏结合格率达到100%,使用性能满足使用要求,有效解决液体火箭发动机主阀阀芯黏结不良问题。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical RP-3 in inclined pipe

Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer to supercritical RP-3 through the inclined tubes have been performed using LS k–e model embedded in Fluent. The physical properties of RP-3 were obtained using the generalized corresponding state laws based on the fourcomponent surrogate model. Mass flow rate is 0.3 g/s, system pressure is 3 MPa, inlet temperature is 373 K. Inclination of the inclined pipe varied from -90° to 90°, with heat flux varied from 300 k W/m~2 to 400 kW/m~2. Comparison between the calculated result and the experimental data indicates the range of error reasonable. The results of ±45° show that temperature inhomogeneity in inclined pipe produce the secondary flow in its cross section due to the buoyancy force. Depending on the strength of the temperature inhomogeneity, there will be two different forms of secondary flow and both contribute to the convective heat transfer in the pipe. The secondary flow intensity decreases when the inhomogeneity alleviates and thermal acceleration will play a leading role. It will have a greater impact on the turbulent flow to affect the convective heat transfer in the pipe. When changing the inclination, it affects the magnitude of the buoyant component in flow direction. The angle increases, the buoyancy component decreases. And the peak temperature of wall dominated by the secondary flow will move forward and increase in height.