Pneumatic pressure control based on improved NMPC and its application to aeroengine surge simulation

In the semi-physical simulation of aeroengines, using the pneumatic pressure servo control technology to provide realistic pneumatic excitation to the sensors and electronic controller can improve the confidence of the simulation and reduce the test cost and risk. However, the existing methods could not satisfy the precise simulation of large-amplitude and high-frequency pulsating pressure during aeroengine surge. In this paper, a pneumatic pressure control system with asymmetric groups of the High-Speed on–off Valve (HSV) is designed, and an Improved Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (INMPC) method is proposed. First, the volumetric flow characteristics of HSV are tested and analyzed with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal input. Then, a simplified HSV model with the volume flow characteristic correction is developed. Based on these, an integrated model for the whole system is further established and used as the prediction model in INMPC. To improve the computational speed of the rolling optimization process, the mapping scheme from control signal to PWM duty cycle of HSVs and the objective function with exterior penalty function are designed. Finally, the random step, sinusoidal and real engine surge data are set as the reference pressure in multiple comparative experiments to verify the effectiveness of the pressure tracking system.     

Experimental study of an insert and its influence on churning losses in a high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pump of an aircraft

The speed of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) pump can recently reach 20000 r/min, and its churning losses increase obviously with an increasing speed, which results in low efficiency and thus increasing heat in aircraft EHA systems. In order to reduce churning losses at high speeds, more attention should be given to the design of an insert. In this paper, the effect of an insert with different design parameters on churning losses is investigated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation and experiments by calculating the difference between churning losses torques of the test pump with and without the insert based on a high-speed churning losses test rig. Analytical results show that the gap between the insert and the cylinder is critical for churning losses reduction. It is found that the churning losses of the test pump can be reduced with a decreasing gap between the cylinder block and the insert at high speeds. This is because the insert can decrease the turbulence occurrence at high speeds. The results can be used for flow field analysis and optimization of the high-speed EHA pump and provide a new method for improving efficiency of high-speed EHA pumps.     

Analysis of the cylinder block tilting inertia moment and its effect on the performance of high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pumps of aircraft

Electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) pumps are usually characterized as high speed and small displacement. The tilting inertia moment on the cylinder block produced by the inertia forces of piston/slipper assemblies cannot be ignored when analyzing the cylinder block balance. A large tilting inertia moment will make the cylinder block tilt away from the valve plate, resulting in severe wear and significantly increased leakage. This paper presents an analytical expression for the tilting inertia moment on the cylinder block by means of vector analysis. In addition, a high-speed test rig was built up, and experiments on an EHA pump prototype were carried out at high speeds of up to 10,000 r/min. The predicted nature of the cylinder block tilt at high speeds corresponds closely to the witness marks on the dismantled EHA pump prototype. It is suggested that more attention should be given to the tilting inertia moment acting on the cylinder block of an EHA pump since both wear and leakage flow between the cylinder block and the valve plate are very much dependent on this tilting moment.     

Modeling and control of a novel electro-hydrostatic actuator with adaptive pump displacement

The variable pump displacement and variable motor speed electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), one of the three types of EHAs, has advantages such as short response time, flexible speed regulation, and high efficiency. However, the nonlinearity of its double-input single-output system poses a great challenge for system control. This study proposes a novel EHA with adaptive pump displacement and variable motor speed (EHA-APVM). A closed-loop position is realized using a servomotor. Moreover, the displacement varies with the system pressure; thus, the EHA-APVM is a single-input and single-output system. Firstly, the working principles of the EHA-APVM and the pump used in the system are introduced. Secondly, a nonlinear mathematical model of the proposed EHA-APVM control system is established, and a feedback back-stepping (FBBS) control algorithm is introduced to transform the complex nonlinear system into a linear system on the basis of the back-stepping control theory. Finally, simulation results prove that the EHA-APVM has a quick response and high robustness to variations of the load and the pump displacement. In this work, the size and weight of the motor are significantly reduced because the maximum power requirement is reduced, which is very beneficial for using the actuator in airborne equipment.     

飞机电静液作动器滑模 PID控制器设计

在多电飞机应用环境中,由于电静液作动器（Electro Hydrostatic Actuator,以下简称EHA）系统本身的强非线性与承载交变动载荷的不确定性,简单PID控制无法达到理想控制效果。提出了滑模 PID复合控制,电机电流环和转速环构成控制系统内环,以PI控制器实现电机调速;作动筒位置环为外环,以滑模控制提升系统的快速性和鲁棒性。建立了EHA数学模型,并设计了滑模控制器结构。仿真结果表明,滑模 PID复合控制方法能有效地消除超调和减小跟随误差,实现对EHA位置的精确控制。     

微型涡喷发动机燃油计量技术研究

研究微型涡喷发动机供油量的准确计量问题.通过分析燃油泵的工作机理,得出油泵的供油量由油泵供电电压、电压占空比和油泵出口油压这三个可变因素决定.当供油需求量给定后可以根据油泵当前的电压和出口油压计算出对应的电压占空比,为此对油泵的供油特性进行标定实验和验证实验.与原先不考虑出口油压的计量方法相比,这种新的计量方法显著提高了燃油计量精度,有利于对微型涡喷发动机起动过程控制.      

基于降维负载转矩观测器的调速系统控制技术研究

针对高精度电动燃油调速系统在负载突变工作时燃油增压与燃油流量调节的稳定性问题,研究了前馈补偿控制策略,提出了一种基于降维负载转矩观测器的抗负载扰动控制方法。该方法实时对电动调速系统的同步电机输出转速与负载转矩进行观测,并将观测到的负载转矩补偿到同步电机交轴电流,实现闭环调速控制,从而避免了负载扰动影响系统输出转速,减小电动燃油泵对燃油的压力与流量的影响。仿真和试验结果表明,在快速加载与卸载实验条件下所提出的方法的正确性与可行性。     

多旋翼无人机的电机关键参数确定方法

通过直流电动机模型推导出PWM波的占空比与电机转速的模型,根据功率守恒方程和上述模型得出电机内阻、反电动势、自身力矩系数和螺旋翼的升力系数的计算方法.通过试验的方法测试安装有螺旋翼电动机的输入电流有效值、占空比和转速,并计算电动机的参数,最后带入到占空比与电机转速的关系模型中,验证以上推导出的模型和计算方法的合理性.结果表明模型的相对误差在3％左右.     

用于低速模拟试验的低速模型压气机气动设计

介绍了旨在改善高压压气机性能的低速模拟试验方法,及其在国内外的发展情况。在参考国外成功经验的基础上,基于一定的相似准则,摸索出了一套低速模型压气机的设计方法。为了验证该方法的可行性,针对某方案设计的高压压气机后面级设计了一台4级重复级低速模型压气机。借助全三维黏性流场计算,证明该压气机模拟级进、出口各主要气动参数沿径向的分布,以及转子、静子叶片表面压力系数的分布与高压压气机的被模拟级是一致的。从数值计算的角度初步证明了利用该方法设计低速模型压气机是可行的。     

Full control of a PWM DC-AC converter for AC voltage regulation

The design and implement action of a DSP-based fully digital-controlled single-phase pulsewidth modulated (PWM) dc-ac converter for ac voltage regulation is described. The proposed multiloop digital controller (MDC) consists of a current controller, a voltage controller, and a feedforward controller. This MDC was realized using a single-chip digital signal processor (DSP). The PWM gating signals are determined at every sampling instant by the proposed multiloop digital control scheme using a set of detected feedback signals. A software current control; scheme has been developed to achieve fast current control of the PWM inverter and decouple the inductor of the output filter. Experimental results have been given to verify the proposed digital control scheme. The constructed DSP-based PWM dc-ac converter system can achieve fast dynamic response and with low total harmonic distortion (THD) for rectifier type of loads     

Analysis of the dynamic performance of an electro-hydrostatic actuator and improvement methods

As a kind of actuation mechanism for power-by-wire (PBW) actuation systems of more/all electrical aircraft, an electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a highly integrated local hydraulic actuation system. It is a volume control system consisting of a motor, a pump, an actuator, etc., which has features of high efficiency and reliability. However, the poor dynamic characteristic is one of the main factors restricting its wide application in aircraft. In this paper, the reason for the poor dynamic characteristic of an EHA is revealed from the perspectives of the natural frequency characteristic and the power requirement, respectively. In other words, the insufficiency of the motor output power at a high frequency is the main factor causing the poor dynamic characteristic of the system, and methods which include increasing the maximum output torque of the motor, reducing the rotational inertia of the motor-pump group, and adopting a double-motor-pump group configuration are proposed in this paper, by which the dynamic characteristic of the system can be improved. The feasibility of those methods are verified by simulations. Finally, the dynamic characteristic is tested on an EHA prototype, and results show that saturation of the output torque of the motor is the main factor restricting the dynamic characteristic of the EHA system.     

Output voltage bounds of a three-phase boost rectifier

A general closed-form duty cycle control law is derived based on the linear combination of two sets of continuous duty cycle control laws. From this general solution one can generate infinitely many pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control strategies to achieve the same ideal performance. Then, from the resulting closed-form solution, a general explicit lower bound and a general explicit upper bound of the output dc voltage are derived. Besides the academic interests, these bounds are very useful practically as a convenient guideline for helping quickly design the three-phase boost rectifier. Finally, some illustrative examples are given and some experimental results provided for verifying the derived bounds     

SPWM 控制算法的Matlab 仿真和失真度分析

针对航空发动机数字电子控制器的实时性和高性能要求,需保证数控系统中的传感器激励信号的高精度和低失真度,使传感器提供更准确地反馈信号以参与航空发动机数控系统的控制。基于数字电子控制器的硬件实现,分析和总结了在航空发动机数控系统中常见的传感器激励信号的发生方法,计算出了几种方法中对应的开启和关闭时间,并指出了各种方法的优缺点。最后提出了1种在硬件实现前的准确、可行的针对SPWM激励波形的仿真方法。详细描述了利用SPWM技术发生正弦信号的基本原理和几种常用方法中正弦信号的实际输出值对于理想输出值的逼近方法,并着重阐述了利用Matlab数学工具仿真生成SPWM信号及计算其失真度的方法,最后得出各种方法的实际输出效果。     

单级风扇声模态相关性研究及其影响

航空发动机轮毂比的增加使得处于“截通”状态的管道声模态数目急剧增加,为了提高风扇管道宽频噪声模态识别及分解技术的准确性,就需要对管道声模态相关性进行分析研究。本文以一台单级低速轴流风扇实验台为实验对象,研究了单级风扇的模态相关性以及声场相关性。进一步结合参考传声器模态分解法和互相关模态分解法,对比了模态相关性对管道进口声功率级产生的影响。结果表明,管道模态相关性对入射声波影响较小,对反射声波影响较大。因此,在高精度模态分解实验中,有必要考虑到模态相关性,并采用更加合理的模态分解技术。     

单相PWM整流电路控制方法及仿真分析

分析单相PWM整流电路的结构、工作原理和控制方法,通过选择适当的工作模式和工作时序,可使PWM整流电路输出直流电压稳定。将正弦脉宽调制技术应用于PWM整流电路,使其交流侧输入电流非常接近正弦波,且与输入电压同相位。同时调节交流侧电流的大小和相位,使能量在交流侧和直流侧双向流动。在建立基于Simu-link7.6的仿真模型基础上,通过分析PWM整流电路各处电压、电流波形,验证其控制方法及仿真设计的正确性。     

双变量一体化电动静液作动系统研究

分析了变排量变转速型一体化电动静液作动系统,通过同时控制直流无刷伺服电机转速和伺服泵排量达到改变作动器输出的目的,并建立了其基于状态空间描述的数学模型,根据其双变量相乘的特点对其系统特性进行研究,提出了双变量一体化电动静液作动系统的基本控制方法.     

Effects of splined shaft bending rigidity on cylinder tilt behaviour for high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pumps

High-speed axial piston pumps are hydraulic power supplies for electro-hydrostatic actuators(EHAs). The efficiency of a pump directly affects the operating performance of an EHA, and an understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in the cylinder/valve plate interface is essential to investigate energy dissipation. The effects of the splined shaft bending rigidity on the cylinder tilt behaviour in an EHA pump need to be considered, because the deflection and radial expansion of a steel shaft rotating at a high speed cannot be ignored. This paper proposes a new mathematical model to predict the cylinder tilt behaviour by establishing a quantitative relationship between the splined shaft deflection, the cylinder tilt angle, and the tilt azimuth angle. The moments exerted by the splined shaft are included in the equilibrium equation of the cylinder. The effects of solid and hollow splined shafts equipped in an EHA pump prototype are compared at variable speeds of 5000–10,000 r/min. With a weight saving of 29.7%, the hollow shaft is experimentally found to have almost no influence on the volumetric efficiency, but to reduce the mechanical efficiency by 0.6–2.4%. The results agree with the trivial differences of the simulated central gap heights of the interface between the two shafts and the enlargement of the simulated tilt angles by the hollow shaft. The findings could guide designs of the cylinder/valve plate interface and the splined shaft to improve both the efficiency and power density of an EHA pump.     

航空发动机转速数控系统的动态模拟研究

本文介绍航空发动机转速数控系统的动态实时模拟研究,包括微机内控制算法的设计,高频干扰信号对系统稳定工作的影响,超转和溢出故障的处理等内容。通过模拟试验,得出了一些有益的结论。      

基于Roe格式的低速预处理方法研究

应用Weiss-Smith预处理矩阵,发展了Roe格式的预处理方法。在引入局部正交坐标系的前提下,推导了预处理后的Roe格式的定常及非定常形式,分别给出了一组适用于守恒变量的特征矩阵。最后就典型状态给出了验证算例,计算结果表明,本文发展的预处理方法正确可靠,在低速计算中大大提高了计算效率和计算精度,是一种非常有前途和价值的方法。     

无电压限幅环节的无传感器永磁同步电机矢量控制技术

在电机高速弱磁或过载要求高的情况下,需要通过脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的过调制运行提高直流母线电压利用率。基于磁链观测的无传感器永磁同步电机矢量控制(磁场导向控制,FOC)技术具有算法简单、易实现等优点,但在过调制的情况下电压限幅环节会引起磁链观测及转子位置角估算误差。为提高PWM过调制情况下系统的控制性能,对传统的FOC控制框图进行了改进,省去了电压限幅环节并利用由占空比计算的实际电压对定子磁链进行估算。MATLAB仿真验证了改进方法的有效性。研究结果表明:该方法充分利用PWM调制自有的限幅特性,既能简化控制算法又能提高磁链观测精度,具有较好的技术经济性能。