High energy-density propulsion—reducing the risk to humans in planetary exploration

The potential benefits to humankind of space exploration are tremendous. Space is not only the final frontier but is also the next marketplace. The orbital space above Earth offers tremendous opportunities for both strategic assets and commercial development. The critical obstacle retarding the use of the space around the Earth is the lack of low cost access to orbit. Further out, the next giant leap for mankind will be the human exploration of Mars. Almost certainly within the next 30 years, a human crew will brave the isolation, the radiation, and the lack of gravity to walk on and explore the Red planet. Both of these missions will change the outlook and perspective of every human being on the planet. However, these missions are expensive and extremely difficult. Chemical propulsion has demonstrated an inability to achieve orbit cheaply and is a very high-risk option to accomplish the Mars mission. An alternative solution is to develop a high performance propulsion system. Nuclear propulsion has the potential to be such a system. The question will be whether humanity is willing to take on the challenge.     

关于Nielsen数的注记

通过构造基本群的正规子群，得到有限复迭空间和自映射的提升。并定义了NL数，指出用NL数可以估算自映射的Nielsen数。     

Space weather: its effects and predictability

Terrestrial technology is now, and increasingly, sensitive to space weather. Most space weather is caused by solar storms and the resulting changes to the Earth's radiation environment and the magnetosphere. The Sun as the driver of space weather is under intense observation but remains to be adequately modelled. Recent spacecraft measurements are greatly improving models of solar activity, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere, and models of the radiation belts. In-situ data updates the basic magnetospheric model to provide specific details of high-energy electron flux at satellite orbits. Shock wave effects at the magnetopause can also be coarsely predicted. However, the specific geomagnetic effects at ground level depend on the calculation of magnetic and electric fields and further improvements are needed. New work on physical models is showing promise of raising geomagnetic and ionospheric predictability above the synoptic climatological level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大型真空热试验中的摄像观察技术

为完成在大型真空热试验中对飞船表面及舷窗的摄像观察提出了实施方案,分析并解决了普通摄像设备在真空—低温下使用的关键的技术问题,满足了试验要求.     

Modelling of Spall in an Anisotropic Aluminium Alloy

Spall caused by hypervelocity impacts at the lower range of velocities could result in significant damage to spacecraft. A number of polycrystalline alloys, used in spacecraft manufacturing, exhibit a pronounced anisotropy in their mechanical properties. The aluminium alloy AA 7010, whose orthotropy is a consequence of the meso-scale phase distribution or grain morphology, has been chosen for this investigation. The material failure observed in plate impact was simulated using a number of spall models. The Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength have been studied as a function of orientation, and compared to experimental results.     

载人航天可靠性与空间环境试验

文章通过对国外载人航天事故统计,分析各种空间环境条件对航天器及航天员的影响,阐述了空间环境试验对提高载人航天可靠性的重要意义,提出为了提高载人航天的可靠性,应进行充分和严格的空间环境模拟试验。     

一种可抑制三次谐波的五相混合式步进电机空间矢量脉宽调制优化控制策略

五相混合式步进电机因其定位精度高、转矩脉动小以及转矩密度高等优点而应用愈加广泛。为进一步减小其运行噪声、提高系统整体效率,本文提出一种可抑制三次谐波的五相混合式步进电机空间矢量脉宽调制(Space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)优化控制策略。首先搭建了考虑互感条件下的五相混合式步进电机解耦控制数学模型。在此基础上,采用相邻两大矢量和两中矢量合成混合电压矢量的SVPWM控制策略,并给出了相应的五相混合式步进电机双闭环控制系统。本文所提的混合SVPWM算法通过利用大、中矢量在基波、三次谐波双坐标系对应关系以达到抑制三次谐波的效果,能够有效降低相电流纹波和谐波含量。最后,研制了一套基于FPGA的实验平台,对所提策略与传统滞环算法、大矢量SVPWM算法进行对比研究,重点分析了3种算法对相电流纹波和谐波含量的影响,从而验证了所提算法的正确性和优越性。     

航天飞机再入大气层三维机动飞行的最大过载和热流峰值

本文研究了航天飞机再入大气层三维机动飞行时所产生的最大过载及驻点的热流峰值,提出了一种计算最大过载及热流峰值的解析方法。在一阶近似运动方程的基础上,建立了最大过载、热流峰值与航天飞机的升阻比、再入角、滚转角等参数之间的解析关系式,由之可简便地确定最大过载与热流峰值。文中分析了升阻比、再入角等参数对过载和热流的影响,并与再入三维轨道精确解的相应值作了对比,表明此种解法具有一定的精度,可供再入三维轨道特性的分析及航天飞机的初步设计阶段使用。     

快速合并分类算法的优化

本文介绍一种改进的快速合并分类算法及其在微机上的实现。在用各种比较操作进行分类的算法中,著名的合并分类(Merge Sort)法的分类速度最快,但它要以较大的额外存贮空间为代价。本算法与合并分类法相比,速度更快,而需要的额外存贮空间却减少了50％～67％。实验结果表明,N在500～1500范围内,速度提高了4.7％～8.5％,所需的额外存贮空间减少了51.2％～65.9％。本算法已在IBM PC机上用BASIC语言实现,可把本程序作为一个子程序加以调用。     

基于商空间理论的模糊控制在航空相机中的应用

针对航空相机快速返回定位问题,应用商空间理论提出了一种快速无超调定位模糊控制算法。将位置偏差量模糊化．并根据模糊等价关系合并正规峰集,从而得到了不同粒度下的控制规则．系统通过不断改变粒度,采用粗拉度粗调,细粒度细调的方法,实现快速无超调定位。在模拟相机平台上采用3个粒度层,通过模糊规则调整模糊输出和PID控制器的积分时间实现最速控制、模糊控制和PID控制在不同粒度下的转换．实验结果表明此算法具有定位快、稳定精度高以及无超调等优点．