发动机喷管对火箭气动静稳定及控制特性影响研究

发动机喷管外露于火箭尾部是常见情形,但在火箭气动设计过程中却经常不予考虑。利用数值计算方法,研究喷管外露部分对火箭气动静稳定及控制特性的影响。计算结果表明:在超声速Ma=2~12、攻角30°范围内,外露喷管对火箭气动静稳定性有1%~2%的增加,且气动控制效率明显,喷管±3°摆角产生的气动控制力矩约为头部空气舵±20°摆角的1~2倍。因此,对于确实存在喷管外露的火箭,在气动特性设计过程中需充分考虑喷管对静稳定性的影响,甚至可以考虑将喷管作为气动控制面,用于火箭无动力滑行段的姿态控制。     

基于可变滑动窗口与3σ准则的脉冲星信号去噪算法

针对地面接收射电观测脉冲星信号较弱、信噪比较低的问题,提出了基于可变滑动窗口与两层3σ准则的信号去噪算法。该算法引入可变滑动窗口,对信号进行分步连续处理,同时在筛选噪声时使用两层3σ准则算法,解决了噪声遗漏及过度去噪问题。为证明算法可靠性与实用性,利用佳木斯66 m观测站实测数据进行算法验证,针对J1939+2134与J1744—1134脉冲星的实测数据进行分析处理。结果表明,该算法能够对脉冲星数据进行有效去噪,普遍提高信噪比约10dB。     

中国对外贸易与航空运输的关系测度研究

中国对外贸易长期快速持续增长,在国际市场上的比重逐年增加,恰值中国民航业的发展正处于迅猛成长期。对外贸易的发展对航空运输有直接或间接的重要影响,货物贸易的增长对航空货运需求增加,国际交流频繁也促进了航空客运的发展。基于国际贸易的动态效应理论,通过选取1982—2011年的时间序列数据,对进出口贸易总额与航空运输总周转量间的关系进行格兰杰因果检验,并构建了对外贸易与航空运输增长之间的有限分布滞后模型。分析结果表明:对外贸易与航空运输增长之间存在因果关系,其中对外贸易对航空运输增长的贡献度为0.28。     

中介轴承外圈故障动力学建模及仿真分析

为了研究航空发动机中介轴承故障特征,基于Hertz非线性接触理论,建立了一种考虑时变位移激励的4自由度中介轴承外圈故障动力学模型。采用双转子试验台对中介轴承外圈故障进行实验模拟,实验结果和动力学模型数值求解结果一致,验证了所建立模型的准确性。采用动力学模型仿真分析了中介轴承外圈存在缺陷情况的振动响应。研究了中介轴承振动方根幅值、波形因子、脉冲因子、峰值因子和峭度因子随缺陷大小、径向载荷的变化规律。结果表明:随着缺陷尺寸或径向载荷增大,中介轴承振动方根幅值呈增大趋势。脉冲因子、峰值因子和峭度因子等无量纲参数随着缺陷尺寸增加,先增大后减小。随着径向载荷增加,以上三个无量纲参数呈增大趋势。同时,证明方根幅值、脉冲因子、峰值因子和峭度因子等特征参数对中介轴承外圈故障敏感。     

固体运载火箭底部对流热环境数值模拟

采用数值仿真方法,开展了固体运载火箭底部对流热环境计算研究。采用线性化热力学参数的单一介质简化处理方法,模拟了发动机喷流与高速主流的流场,得到了热流与温度参数,并与飞行试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明固体运载火箭底部存在较为严酷的对流热环境,本文的数值计算结果与真实飞行试验结果吻合较好,该方法可为固体运载火箭的热环境与防热设计提供参考。     

非线性能量阱对飞轮振动抑制效果的实验研究

利用薄片金属梁作为非线性刚度元件，构建一种非线性能量阱。为了验证非线性能量阱对飞轮振动特性的抑制效果，搭建地面飞轮测试系统。分别采用力锤敲击和飞轮以恒定转速运行的方法施加不同载荷，对安装非线性能量阱前后测试系统各典型位置的振动响应进行对比研究。利用实测数据，采用傅里叶变换方法将动态响应信息分别在时间域和频率域内展开。研究表明：力锤敲击产生的冲击载荷和飞轮以恒定转速运行产生的稳态载荷均可以激发非线性能量阱定向能量传输；受非线性能量阱的影响，柔性支架设备安装面和飞轮安装面振动响应得到有效抑制。但是，由于非线性能量阱阻尼和吸振子质量较小，不同程度削弱了其振动抑制效果。     

基于量子化、芯片化的先进计量测试技术发展动态

计量是国家质量基础的重要组成部分，产品质量的提升离不开科学、精准的计量。工业发达国家极为重视计量测试技术的发展。通过搜集、整理量子效应计量、芯片级计量等国内外大量文献资料，归纳分析了近年来国外先进计量测试技术发展动态与趋势。以量子技术和基本物理常数为基础建立量子计量基标准，将大幅提高测量准确度和稳定性，结合量子效应的微加工技术实现芯片尺度的测量等，微纳尺度计量技术也在科学研究、精密测量、智能制造等领域得到广泛应用。本文可为我国计量技术发展提供借鉴。     

High temporal resolution global PWV dataset of 2005–2016 by using a neural network approach to determine the mean temperature of the atmosphere

Atmospheric water vapour plays an important role in phenomena related to the global hydrologic cycle and climate change. However, the rapid temporal–spatial variation in global tropospheric water vapour has not been well investigated due to a lack of long-term, high-temporal-resolution precipitable water vapour (PWV). Accordingly, this study generates an hourly PWV dataset for 272 ground-based International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service (IGS) stations over the period of 2005–2016 using the zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) derived from global-scale GNSS observation. The root mean square (RMS) of the hourly ZTD obtained from the IGS tropospheric product is approximately 4 mm. A fifth-generation reanalysis dataset of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF ERA5) is used to obtain hourly surface temperature (T) and pressure (P), which are first validated with GNSS synoptic station data and radiosonde data, respectively. Then, T and P are used to calculate the water vapour-weighted atmospheric mean temperature (Tm) and zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD), respectively. T and P at the GNSS stations are obtained via an interpolation in the horizontal and vertical directions using the grid-based ERA5 reanalysis dataset. Here, Tm is calculated using a neural network model, whereas ZHD is obtained using an empirical Saastamoinen model. The RMS values of T and P at the collocated 693 radiosonde stations are 1.6 K and 3.1 hPa, respectively. Therefore, the theoretical error of PWV caused by the errors in ZTD, T and P is on the order of approximately 2.1 mm. A practical comparison experiment is performed using 97 collocated radiosonde stations and 23 GNSS stations equipped with meteorological sensors. The RMS and bias of the hourly PWV dataset are 2.87/?0.16 and 2.45/0.55 mm, respectively, when compared with radiosonde and GNSS stations equipped with meteorological sensors. Additionally, preliminary analysis of the hourly PWV dataset during the EI Niño event of 2014–2016 further indicates the capability of monitoring the daily changes in atmospheric water vapour. This finding is interesting and significant for further climate research.     

Effects on winter circulation of short and long term solar wind changes

Indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation show correlations on the day-to-day timescale with the solar wind speed (SWS). Minima in the indices were found on days of SWS minima during years of high stratospheric aerosol loading. The spatial distribution of surface pressure changes during 1963–2011 with day-to-day changes in SWS shows a pattern resembling the NAO. Such a pattern was noted for year-to-year variations by Boberg and Lundstedt (2002), who compared NAO variations with the geo-effective solar wind electric field (the monthly average SWS multiplied by the average southward component, i.e., negative Bz component, of the interplanetary magnetic field). The spatial distribution of the correlations of geopotential height changes in the troposphere and stratosphere with the SWS; the geo-effective electric field (SWS∗Bz); and the solar 10.7 cm flux suggests that solar wind inputs connected to the troposphere via the global electric circuit, together with solar ultraviolet irradiance acting on the stratosphere, affect regional atmospheric dynamics.     

制样压应力对显微拉曼光谱法获取碳材料结构参数的影响

为了研究金相制样过程中压应力对获取碳材料拉曼特征参数R的影响,对不同温度处理的碳纤维和树脂碳进行了研究.结果表明,制样过程中的压应力对准确获取碳材料的拉曼特征参数具有一定的影响,尤其是对经过高温处理硬度较小的碳材料的影响更大,造成了碳材料R的增大.建议在制备碳材料的显微拉曼光谱测试试样时采用较小的压应力.