发动机燃气喷流红外辐射场的数值模拟

在高温流动中热辐射与流场是耦合的,但在发动机燃气喷流流场的温度范围内可以在流场计算中忽略热辐射的影响,于是流场与辐射场的模型方程可解耦.为此提出了模拟飞行器绕流流场红外辐射的解耦模型以及相应的算法.该算法首先采用总变差减小TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)格式对流场进行模拟,再引入有限体积概念,应用所取得的流场参数,在同一组网格上计算流场中的红外辐射特征.以轴对称喷管内N₂,O₂,CO₂,H₂O,CO,HCl,H₂等7组分高度欠膨胀冻结流与均匀绕流干扰流场为算例进行了验证性的模拟计算,并与已有试验和计算数据进行了对比,表明该算法是可靠的,可在较大幅度地降低计算量的情况下给出满足工程需要的结果.     

二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢热力学分析及实验

用元素势能法对二甲醚(DME)部分氧化重整制氢进行了热力学分析与计算,在定压绝热条件下计算了产物中各组分的体积分数随空醚比(0.5~4)和压强(0.1~0.5MPa)的变化关系.结果表明:H₂的体积分数随压强的增大而减小;在标准大气压和空醚比为3的条件下,由二甲醚部分氧化反应得到的氢气体积分数最大,约为35%;H₂的体积分数随空醚比的增大先增后减,CO的体积分数变化不明显,CO₂和CH₄的体积分数随空醚比的增大而减小.最后,在自制实验台上进行二甲醚等离子体重整制氢的实验,将该实验结果与热力学分析结果进行了对比分析,结果证明用元素势能法分析得到的H₂,CO,CH₄和CO₂的体积分数随空醚比的变化趋势与实验结果较为一致.      

CeO2纳米粒子的自组装结构合成、表征及催化特性

利用微乳液方法(以AOT为表面活性剂)自组装合成了叶脉状结构的CeO₂(氧化铈)纳米粒子;使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、括展X射线精细结构(EXAFS)对其进行了研究表征;并对其催化特性进行了测试. XRD结果表明CeO₂纳米粒子为立方面心结构;EXAFS结果表明与体相CeO₂微粒相比,Ce－O键长变长,Ce原子周围O原子配位数降低;催化特性研究结果表明,相对于体相材料,CeO₂纳米微粒的催化分解H₂O₂的活性大大提高.     

太赫兹火星大气临边探测仿真研究

对火星大气进行连续高分辨率观测是研究火星大气物理和化学过程的重要手段.太赫兹临边探测技术通过测量火星大气中的风和光化学循环中的重要气体（CO，O₃，H₂O，H₂O₂等）提高对火星的认知.针对火星大气遥感的探测需求，分析了300～1000GHz频段的频谱特征.针对探测卫星对于载荷质量、功耗等参数的要求，提出一个560GHz频段的火星大气太赫兹临边探测仪设计方案，并利用辐射传输模型ARTS中的行星工具箱进行仿真.仿真结果显示:火星大气温度的反演精度优于4K，其中45km高度以下优于2K；H₂O丰度的反演精度在90km以下优于50%，30km以下优于2%；H₂O₂的反演精度在40km以下优于50%；O₃的反演精度在50km以下优于60%；大气风速度的反演精度在65km以上优于5m·s-1，最高可以达到2m·s-1.研究结果表明，利用太赫兹波段的吸收谱线可以很好地探测火星大气中各成分的丰度、变化趋势以及中高层大气的风，可为后续火星表面及大气探测提供参考.      

铝合金阳极化膜上铈转化膜沉积的电化学研究

阳极氧化膜在含1g/L CeCl₃和2.7 g/L H₂O₂的水溶液中阴极电解可以在其表面沉积富铈转化膜.用循环伏安、φ-t和j-t曲线等电化学测试方法对转化膜成膜反应进行了研究,以期获得对成膜机理的深入了解和证实根据其它工作提出的成膜机理.研究结果表明铈转化膜的生成包括阳极氧化膜的化学溶解和4价铈化合物的电化学还原两个过程;在阴极电位达到析氢电位之前,这两个过程主要是由H₂O₂在阴极的电还原改变了阴极表面附近溶液的局部pH值引起的,而O₂的还原通常不能引起这两个过程的发生.      

密闭空间内氢气和二氧化碳甲醇化系统的非均相模型及反应特性

在载人密闭空间内通过电解水方式为乘员供氧会产生副产物氢气（H₂）。此外,乘员还呼出二氧化碳（CO₂）。将H₂和CO₂催化合成甲醇（CH₃OH）是消除载人密闭空间内富余H₂和CO₂的最优方式之一。对其开展反应过程建模及反应特性研究有助于进行反应过程的控制,更好地维持载人密闭空间内的大气平衡。本文采用微元法建立了H₂和CO₂催化合成甲醇的物料计算模型和温度一维非均相模型,研究了不同反应压力、冷却介质温度以及入口反应气体中CO₂与CO比值等反应条件下的反应特性变化规律。结果显示,反应压力的增加、冷却介质的温升以及入口气体中CO₂与CO比值的减小均能促进各反应速率增加,进而使得H₂和CO₂消除量增加、甲醇合成率上升以及催化剂和反应气体最高温度上升。在保证反应速率增加且催化剂最高温度不超过合理反应温度区间的最大值573.15 K时需维持反应压力不大于8 MPa,冷却介质温度不高于538.15 K以及CO₂与CO比值不小于1。      

释放不同化学物质对电离层扰动的比较

在电离层F区释放氢（H₂）、水（H₂O）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、六氟化硫（SF₆）、三氟溴甲烷（CF₃Br）、羰基镍（Ni（CO）₄）可以损耗局域等离子体电子密度,形成电子空洞,电离层电子密度的改变主要取决于释放物质的气态分子与电离层之间的离子化学反应.在电离层人工主动扰动实验中,应根据发射成本和扰动效果对释放物质进行选择.通过热力学原理和有限元模拟方法计算比较了上述6种物质对电离层的扰动影响.计算结果表明,6种物质中水的气化率最低,约为19%,其余5种物质都在60%以上,选择密度小的物质,例如H₂和CO₂,可以有效降低发射成本.另外,扩散较慢且化学反应较快的物质,例如SF₆和Ni（CO）₄,能够使得电离层电子密度减少得更多,并且受扰动区域更广、持续时间更长.     

压电柔性结构振动的鲁棒控制

针对具有多面体型参数不确定性和外界扰动的柔性悬臂梁系统,研究其振动的鲁棒控制问题.基于压电柔性悬臂梁系统的状态方程,利用一种扩展LMI(Linear Matrix Inequality),对柔性悬臂梁的振动提出了改进的 H₂/H_∞ 综合状态反馈鲁棒控制方法.此方法针对多面体型参数不确定性系统引入不同的Lyapunov函数,降低了原来 H₂/H_∞ 综合鲁棒控制方法中由于使用一个公共Lyapunov函数而产生的保守性.通过Matlab分别采用改进和未改进的 H₂/H_∞ 鲁棒控制方法对柔性悬臂梁系统的振动控制进行了数值仿真.仿真结果表明,2种方法都使柔性悬臂梁的振动得到了良好控制,而改进方法的控制效果更好.     

电离对高超声速热化学非平衡气动热环境的影响

高超声速飞行,激波后高温气体会发生电离,飞行器气动热环境复杂。5组元（N₂,O₂,NO,O,N）、7组元（N₂,O₂,NO,O,N,NO+,e-）和11组元（N₂,O₂,NO,O,N,N₂+,O₂+,NO+,O+,N+,e-）热化学反应采用Gupta化学反应模型,分别数值研究电离作用对高超声速热化学非平衡气动热环境影响。本文分析了不同催化壁面条件下,高超声速热化学非平衡电离流场气动热环境特性。电离作用对激波离体距离和气动力载荷的影响很小。5组元热化学非平衡不考虑电离作用,流场温度和壁面热流密度偏大。11组元热化学平衡强电离流场温度最低;7组元热化学非平衡弱电离流场NO+和e-生成量过低;11组元热化学反应能对热化学非平衡电离流场气动力和热流密度载荷可靠预测。壁面催化作用会增大壁面热流密度,但它对高超声速热化学非平衡电离流场温度和气动力载荷的影响很小。      

PEEK/ZrO2固体合金的探索研究

在聚醚醚酮(PEEK)玻璃化转变温度以下,用外动式高能旋转球磨机使PEEK和二氧化锆(ZrO₂)混合物反复变形、断裂和结合,并形成新的相,即形成PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和动态热力学分析装置(DMTA)对PEEK/ZrO₂=1/2和2/1固体合金的结构及性能进行研究;并与纯PEEK对比,探讨PEEK与ZrO₂形成固体合金的可能性;讨论固体合金化工艺对PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金性能的影响,分析PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金的形成机理.     

Mesospheric H2O and H2O2 densities inferred from in situ positive ion composition measurement

The measurements of positive ion composition in the high latitude D-region have revealed an excess of 34⁺ under distrubed conditions which has been interpreted as H₂O₂⁺. At the same altitude range near the transition height oxonium ions were measured as well. This paper presents a new model for the production and loss of oxonium ions with their production from H₂O₂⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + HO₂ and their loss by attachment of N₂ and/or CO₂. A reaction constant of 8.5×10^?28 (300/T)⁴ cm⁶s^?1 has been obtained for the three body attachment H₃O⁺ + CO₂ + M → H₃O⁺.CO₂ + M from the measured density profile of 63⁺ in flight 18.1020. Mesospheric H₂O and H₂O₂ densities are inferred from measurements of four high latitude ion compositions based on the oxonium model. The mixing ratios of hydrogen peroxide are up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to previous model calculations. In order to explain the missing production of odd hydrogen, we consider larger O(¹D) densities, surface reactions of O(³P) on particles, and cathalytic photodissociation of water vapor on aerosol particles.     

含SiO2,ZrO2微粒复合镀镍层抗高温氧化性能

通过对含有SiO₂,ZrO₂微粒复合电沉积的研究,在Cu合金表面分别获得了含量(原子数分数)为11.3％ SiO₂,5.31％ ZrO₂微粒的Ni基复合镀层.通过在800℃、900℃条件下的高温氧化和热震循环试验,研究了这种复合镀镍层的高温氧化性能和界面结合特性.结果表明:经过40?h的高温氧化,2种复合镀镍层的抗氧化性能均达到抗氧化级,而且含SiO₂微粒的复合镀镍层的抗氧化性能优于含ZrO₂微粒的复合镀镍层;经过55次冷热循环,含SiO₂微粒的复合镀镍层与铜基体结合良好.     

Satellite measurements of atmospheric composition: Three years' observations of CH4 and N2O

The stratospheric and mesospheric sounder (SAMS) was launched in October 1978 on the NIMBUS 7 satellite. Between then and its eventual failure in June 1983 the instrument was used to collect over four years of radiance data from which atmospheric temperature and the abundances of a number of minor constituents have been derived. The paper will present fields of CH₄ and N₂O between 50S and 70N derived from SAMS data for the period 1979–1981. Global distributions of CH₄ and N₂O will be presented in various forms and the observed seasonal changes and interannual variability will be described. The paper will compare the SAMS CH₄ and N₂O data with model predictions and will comment upon some other areas of interest.     

Gravity wave mixing effects on the OH*-layer

Based on an advanced numerical model for excited hydroxyl (OH*) we simulate the effects of gravity waves (GWs) on the OH*-layer in the upper mesosphere. The OH* model takes into account (1) production by the reaction of atomic hydrogen (H) with ozone (O₃), (2) deactivation by atomic oxygen (O), molecular oxygen (O₂), and molecular nitrogen (N₂), (3) spontaneous emission, and (4) loss due to chemical reaction with O. This OH* model is part of a chemistry-transport model (CTM) which is driven by the high-resolution dynamics from the KMCM (Kühlungsborn Mechanistic general Circulation Model) which simulates mid-frequency GWs and their effects on the mean flow in the MLT explicitly. We find that the maximum number density and the height of the OH*-layer peak are strongly determined by the distribution of atomic oxygen and by the temperature. As a results, there are two ways how GWs influence the OH*-layer: (1) through the instantaneous modulation by O and T on short time scales (a few hours), and (2) through vertical mixing of O (days to weeks). The instantaneous variations of the OH*-layer peak altitude due to GWs amount to 5–10 km. Such variations would introduce significant biases in the GW parameters derived from airglow when assuming a constant pressure level of the emission height. Performing a sensitivity experiment we find that on average, the vertical mixing by GWs moves the OH*-layer down by ~2 to 7 km and increases its number density by more than 50%. This effect is strongest at middle and high latitudes during winter where secondary GWs generated in the stratopause region account for large GW amplitudes.     

氢氧发动机推力室化学反应流场计算

采用弱耦合点隐式方法的MacCormack格式对氢氧火箭发动机推力室化学反应粘性流场进行数值模拟.数值模拟时采用6种组分、8个反应有限速率的化学反应模型,湍流模型采用Baldwin-Lomax代数湍流模型.数值模拟得到了流场参数在燃烧室和喷管中的分布.结果分析表明,得到的数值模拟结果与理论分析一致,说明结果是可靠的.本文的工作为氢氧火箭发动机喷管设计提供了依据,并为进一步开展火箭发动机推力室有化学反应的两相流动的数值模拟打下了基础.     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴直流喷嘴燃烧过程数值模拟

为研究全流量补燃FFSC(Full Flow Staged Combustion)循环发动机气-气喷注器性能,以气氢/气氧(GH2/GO2)预燃室提供的758K富氢燃气和676K富氧燃气为推进剂对同轴直流喷嘴燃烧流场进行了数值模拟.考察了相同燃烧室结构、流量、入口燃气温度条件下,富氧燃气压降、富氢燃气和富氧燃气的速度比、氧喷嘴厚度和氧喷嘴缩进变化对燃烧性能的影响,获得了4个参数的影响规律.数值模拟结果对燃气气-气喷注器结构设计有参考价值.     

Plasma chemical reactions in C2H2/N2, C2H4/N2, and C2H6/N2 gas mixtures of a laboratory dielectric barrier discharge

Plasma chemical reactions in C₂H₂/N₂, C₂H₄/N₂, and C₂H₆/N₂ gas mixtures have been studied by means of mass spectrometry at a medium pressure of 300 mbar in a laboratory dielectric barrier discharge. A major reaction scheme is production of larger hydrocarbons like C_nH_m with n up to 12 including formation of functional CN groups.     

Statistical comparison of night-time NO2 observations in 2003–2006 from GOMOS and MIPAS instruments

GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) and MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) are remote sensing instruments on board the European Space Agency’s Envisat satellite. GOMOS and MIPAS have been designed for observations of stratospheric and mesospheric constituents, including ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Both instruments have a good global coverage of observations and can provide data also from the polar regions. In this paper, we compare night-time NO₂ data from GOMOS with those from MIPAS. We present statistics of selected sets of data spanning from the year 2003 to 2006. The results for low-to-mid latitudes show that the two instruments are in a good agreement in the middle stratosphere, the differences being typically less than 5%. In the upper stratosphere, GOMOS observations generally show 15% higher values than those from MIPAS. The bias is in virtually all cases smaller than the combined systematic error of the measurements, giving great confidence in the GOMOS and MIPAS data quality. The result for high mesospheric NO₂ mixing ratios observed in the polar regions during winter times indicate a good agreement between GOMOS and MIPAS. In the mesosphere, the difference is less than 35% and smaller than the systematic error. Due to the high mesospheric signal, MIPAS sensitivity decreases in the stratosphere which results in larger differences between the two instruments.