Nb离子注入γ-TiAl的高温循环氧化行为

研究了Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金在1123K和1173K空气中的高温循环氧化行为,用配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层的形貌、显微结构进行了分析,用俄歇谱仪分析了注入元素和氧化层中各元素的分布.结果表明:Nb离子注入可以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗循环氧化性能.提高其抗氧化性能的主要原因归结于Nb离子在TiO₂中的掺杂作用.高价Nb的掺杂,降低了TiO₂的缺陷浓度,使TiO₂的生长受到抑制,在氧化初期形成了Al₂O₃保护层,从而推迟了氧化层的剥落时间.但Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金不具有长期的抗循环氧化性能.      

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研究了Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金在1123K和1173K空气中的高温循环氧化行为,用配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层的形貌、显微结构进行了分析,用俄歇谱仪分析了注入元素和氧化层中各元素的分布.结果表明:Nb离子注入可以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗循环氧化性能.提高其抗氧化性能的主要原因归结于Nb离子在TiO₂中的掺杂作用.高价Nb的掺杂,降低了TiO₂的缺陷浓度,使TiO₂的生长受到抑制,在氧化初期形成了Al₂O₃保护层,从而推迟了氧化层的剥落时间.但Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金不具有长期的抗循环氧化性能.     

PEEK/ZrO2固体合金的探索研究

在聚醚醚酮(PEEK)玻璃化转变温度以下,用外动式高能旋转球磨机使PEEK和二氧化锆(ZrO₂)混合物反复变形、断裂和结合,并形成新的相,即形成PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和动态热力学分析装置(DMTA)对PEEK/ZrO₂=1/2和2/1固体合金的结构及性能进行研究;并与纯PEEK对比,探讨PEEK与ZrO₂形成固体合金的可能性;讨论固体合金化工艺对PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金性能的影响,分析PEEK/ZrO₂固体合金的形成机理.     

盐雾腐蚀对NiCoCrAlY涂层性能的影响

利用中性盐雾试验对物理气相沉积制备的NiCoCrAlY防护涂层进行常温腐蚀,研究了常温盐雾腐蚀对NiCoCrAlY涂层的微观形貌以及高温性能的影响.试验结果表明:经过盐雾腐蚀的涂层表面的均匀性和完整性均被破坏,涂层表面产生了大量的腐蚀坑;高温循环氧化以后,表面形成的Al₂O₃氧化膜变得粗糙、破碎且不连续,而且氧化膜容易剥落,降低了涂层的高温抗氧化能力,缩短了涂层的使用寿命.      

等离子体处理对非晶态合金镀层表面改性研究

通过微波等离子体处理方法对Ni-W、Ni-W-B非晶态合金镀层表面进行改性的研究,测量了表面改性对非晶态镀层耐蚀性、表面成分及结构的影响.结果表明,经过微波等离子体处理过的Ni-W、Ni-W-B非晶态合金镀层,提高了在H₂SO₄、HNO₃溶液中的耐蚀性以及在700℃环境下的抗氧化性能;微波等离子体处理过的非晶态合金镀层表面含W量和含O量相对提高了;镀层结构仍然是非晶态.     

喷涂功率对纳米热障涂层组织及性能的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Scanning Electron Microscopy)、X射线衍射(XRD, X-Ray Diffraction)等方法研究了大气等离子喷涂功率对纳米Y₂O₃部分稳定的ZrO₂ (YSZ,Yttria Stabilized Zirconia)热障涂层组织结构及热震性能的影响.结果表明,不同功率下制备的陶瓷层包含熔融相和未熔相,未熔相中存有纳米晶粒,相组成为四方相ZrO₂.随着功率的增加,涂层的纳米区域逐渐减少,孔隙率逐渐降低,热震寿命先增加后减少.涂层失效位置位于靠近TGO(Thermally Grown Oxide)处的陶瓷层中.     

Si对TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪等手段研究了TiAl-Si(原子数分数为0~20%)合金在1 173 K大气中24 h的恒温氧化.结果表明:Si元素可以有效地提高TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能;随着Si含量的增加,氧化膜厚度依次减薄,TiO₂的含量逐渐减少,Al₂O3的含量逐渐增加,添加到10%左右时就有连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜形成;Si在0~20%的添加过程中并没发现Si的氧化物生成.分析表明:Si对抗氧化性能的贡献可归结于Si与Ti有很好的亲和力,可以有效地降低Ti离子的活度、阻碍Ti离子的向外扩散, 相对来说增强了Al离子的活度,促进连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜生成.      

钛合金表面低氧压熔结Al-Si涂层及抗氧化能力

采用低氧压高温快速熔结技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面成功地制备出抗高温氧化的Al-Si熔结涂层.与Si改性渗涂层相比,这种工艺相对简单,不需要经过长时间的扩散就能形成足够厚度的Al-Si熔结涂层,省时节能,且涂层中抗氧化元素铝、硅的浓度可通过调整粉末的混合比例来进行控制.X射线检测表明涂层主要由Ti₅Si₃和TiAl₃组成.在923K空气中52h循环氧化试验结果表明:低氧压熔结Al-Si涂层在前10h的氧化过程中氧化增重较快,而在随后的氧化过程中氧化增重较为缓慢,而Si改性渗涂层在氧化过程中一直保持着较高的氧化速率.      

AZ91D镁合金低压交流氧化成膜机制

基于一种低的交流电压条件(10 V),在NaOH和Na₂SiO₃的混合溶液体系中,对AZ91D镁合金进行电化学阳极氧化处理.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电化学测试技术等手段研究了AZ91D镁合金表面阳极氧化的成膜过程、膜层生长的特点以及氧化工艺参数对膜层性能的影响规律.试验结果表明:在10 V这样低的交流电压下,在镁合金表面获得的氧化膜层表面均匀,为无孔洞的平层状膜层,其生长过程呈叠加式特点;获得的氧化膜层的主要成分为Mg₂SiO₄;在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中,经过电化学阳极氧化的镁合金的耐蚀性优于未经处理的镁合金.      

氧化物涂层对航天器材料原子氧剥蚀的防护

采用磁控溅射方法在航天器常用材料聚酰亚胺(Kapton)表面沉积无机氧化物涂层(TiO₂和SiO₂),来提高材料的抗原子氧剥蚀性能.通过选择试验材料和参数,优化了沉积涂层的工艺,以克服容易产生裂纹的缺点.对材料进行了原子氧效应地面模拟试验,结果表明,在Kapton上沉积涂层后,质量损失下降了2个数量级.另外,有涂层的Kapton表面基本没有变化并且没有出现裂纹.其中,TiO₂由于热膨胀系数更接近Kapton,比SiO₂的防护效果更好.     

Cr对ZrO2/Ni热障涂层界面结合的影响

热障涂层广泛用于航空、航天领域,涂层与基体的界面结合强弱是决定涂层寿命的一个关键因素.为了提高其使用寿命,必须要求涂层与基体的界面有较好的结合.利用密度泛函理论框架下的第一性原理离散变分(DV)方法研究了ZrO₂Ni热障涂层界面的能量学和电子结构,讨论了替位型掺杂的Cr在ZrO₂Ni热障涂层界面中的作用.结果表明:Cr容易偏聚于界面处(偏聚能达6.03eV),Cr使得体系结合能增加,体系更稳定,有利于界面的结合;界面处原子电荷占据数和电荷密度计算表明:加入Cr后跨界面方向的电荷密度增加,同时也使得界面内电荷密度增加,这有利于跨界面方向的以及沿界面方向的成键,从而加强了涂层与基体材料的结合.     

等离子喷涂纳米TiO2涂层及其光催化性能

原始喷涂粉末经过喷雾干燥法造粒,采用等离子喷涂工艺在普通载玻片上制备了纳米TiO₂涂层,并对涂层在300℃,400℃,500℃进行热处理.采用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对TiO₂涂层进行了相结构分析;用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察涂层的微观形貌;用压汞方法测量涂层的孔隙率.结果表明,喷涂后锐钛矿型TiO₂含量大约在30%~50%,粒径10~30nm,孔隙率小于6%,热处理后涂层更致密,孔隙率降低.喷涂电流为400A且未经过热处理的TiO₂涂层具有最佳光催化效果.     

激光快速熔凝Al2O3/YAG共晶陶瓷的制备与组织

采用激光快速熔凝技术制备Al₂O₃/YAG共晶自生复合陶瓷, 研究Al₂O₃/YAG共晶陶瓷在高能激光束作用下,不同扫描速率(0.01~2.0mm/s)、超高温度梯度下的凝固组织特征及其生长机制,探索激光熔凝过程控制参数与凝固组织的关系.研究结果表明:激光熔凝Al₂O₃/YAG共晶陶瓷由无规则连续分布的Al₂O₃相和YAG相两相组成,没有晶界和其他相,Al₂O₃相的体积分数为(45.0±2.0)%,两相耦合生长,交错分布,是典型的快速凝固层片状非规则共晶组织;共晶层间距细密, 并随激光扫描速度的增大而减小,扫描速度为0.02mm/s 时,共晶间距约为1~2μm,扫描速度为2.0mm/s时,共晶间距仅为0.5μm左右;综合热分析表明,Al₂O₃/YAG共晶熔点为2096K,与相图吻合.     

Plasma chemical reactions in C2H2/N2, C2H4/N2, and C2H6/N2 gas mixtures of a laboratory dielectric barrier discharge

Plasma chemical reactions in C₂H₂/N₂, C₂H₄/N₂, and C₂H₆/N₂ gas mixtures have been studied by means of mass spectrometry at a medium pressure of 300 mbar in a laboratory dielectric barrier discharge. A major reaction scheme is production of larger hydrocarbons like C_nH_m with n up to 12 including formation of functional CN groups.     

Study on O2 generation and CO2 absorption capability of four co-cultured salad plants in an enclosed system

The ability to generate O₂ and absorb CO₂ of several co-cultured vegetable plants in an enclosed system was studied to provide theoretical reference for the future man-plant integrated tests. Four kinds of salad plants (Lactuca sativa L. var. Dasusheng, Lactuca sativa L. var. Youmaicai, Gynura bicolor and Cichorium endivia L.) were grown in the CELSS Integration Test Platform (CITP). The environmental factors including O₂ and CO₂ concentration were continuously monitored on-line and the plant biomass was measured at the end of the test. The changing rules of O₂ and CO₂ concentration in the system were basically understood and it was found that the O₂ generated by the plants could satisfy the respiratory needs of 1.75 persons by calculation. It was also found that the plants could absorb the CO₂ breathed out by 2 persons when the light intensity was raised to 550 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. The results showed that the co-cultured plants hold good compatibility and excellent O₂-generating and CO₂-absorbing capability. They could also supply some fresh edible vegetable for a 2-person crew.     

Mesospheric H2O and H2O2 densities inferred from in situ positive ion composition measurement

The measurements of positive ion composition in the high latitude D-region have revealed an excess of 34⁺ under distrubed conditions which has been interpreted as H₂O₂⁺. At the same altitude range near the transition height oxonium ions were measured as well. This paper presents a new model for the production and loss of oxonium ions with their production from H₂O₂⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + HO₂ and their loss by attachment of N₂ and/or CO₂. A reaction constant of 8.5×10^?28 (300/T)⁴ cm⁶s^?1 has been obtained for the three body attachment H₃O⁺ + CO₂ + M → H₃O⁺.CO₂ + M from the measured density profile of 63⁺ in flight 18.1020. Mesospheric H₂O and H₂O₂ densities are inferred from measurements of four high latitude ion compositions based on the oxonium model. The mixing ratios of hydrogen peroxide are up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to previous model calculations. In order to explain the missing production of odd hydrogen, we consider larger O(¹D) densities, surface reactions of O(³P) on particles, and cathalytic photodissociation of water vapor on aerosol particles.     

H2 and H∞ control options for the combined attitude and thermal control system (CATCS)

The combined attitude and thermal control system (CATCS) combines the conventional attitude control and thermal control subsystems. Its principle is based on circulating a heat conducting fluid inside a closed duct wielding the excess onboard heat in order to produce the attitude control torques. Previously only the proportional-integral (PI) controller has been tested for CATCS. In this paper two other control options for CATCS were designed based on the H₂ and H_∞ control methods to improve the attitude control performance of a small satellite. The control gain matrix with the minimum cost function is obtained by solving the Riccati equation and fed back to the system in order to achieve the system’s performance. The designed controllers can efficiently control the roll, pitch and yaw satellite attitudes. Simulations for the two techniques were carried out using Matlab and Simulink for ideal and non-ideal system models. Results show that the H₂ controller has a better attitude control performance over the H_∞ controller and PI controller itself.     

Study of satellite retrieved CO2 and CH4 concentration over India

This paper reports a study of spatial and temporal variations of columnar averaged concentration of CO₂ and CH₄ over India using SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT) data. Comparison of these data with the global view National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) land data and also location specific flask data is made. The temporal variation in column averaged global CO₂ is similar to that over India and it is also similar to the NOAA surface flask data and global view. The variation in NOAA surface CH₄ is location dependent and its global view appears to vary seasonally in opposite phase with the column averaged CH₄ values from satellites, reflecting the limited comparability of surface and column averaged data. Over India the CO₂ maximum is in May and minimum in August/September while for CH₄ the maximum is in September and minimum in February/March. The seasonal variation of CH₄ over India is correlated with the eastern coastal rice cultivation.     

Pressure,O2, and CO2, in aquatic Closed Ecological Systems

Pressure increased during net photosynthetic O₂ production in the light and decreased during respiratory O₂ uptake during the dark in aquatic Closed Ecological Systems (CESs) with small head gas volumes. Because most CO₂ will be in the liquid phase as bicarbonate and carbonate anions, and CO₂ is more soluble than O₂, volumes of gaseous CO₂ and gaseous O₂ will not change in a compensatory manner, leading to the development of pressure. Pressure increases were greatest with nutrient rich medium with NaHCO₃ as the carbon source. With more dilute media, pressure was greatest with NaHCO₃, and less with cellulose or no-added carbon. Without adequate turbulence, pressure measurements lagged dissolved O₂ concentrations by several hours and dark respiration would have been especially underestimated in our systems (250–1000 ml). With adequate turbulence (rotary shaker), pressure measurements and dissolved O₂ concentrations generally agreed during lights on/off cycles, but O₂ measurements provided more detail. At 20 °C, 29.9 times as much O₂ will distribute into the gas phase as in the liquid, per unit volume, as a result of the limited solubility of O₂ in water and according to Henry’s Law. Thus even a small head gas volume can contain more O₂ than a larger volume of water. When both dissolved and gaseous O₂ and CO₂ are summed, the changes in Total O₂ and CO₂ are in relatively close agreement when NaHCO₃ is the carbon source. These findings disprove an assumption made in some of Taub’s earlier research that aquatic CESs would remain at approximately atmospheric pressure because approximately equal molar quantities of O₂ and CO₂ would exchange during photosynthesis and respiration; this assumption neglected the distribution of O₂ between water and gas phases. High pressures can occur when NaHCO₃ is the carbon source in nutrient rich media and if head-gas volumes are small relative to the liquid volume; e.g., one “worse case” condition developed 800 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure and broke the glass container. Plastic screw cap closures are likely to leak at high pressures and should not be assumed to seal unless tested at appropriate pressures. Pressure can be reduced by having larger head-gas volumes and using less concentrated nutrient solutions. It is important that pressure changes be considered for both safety and closure, and if total O₂ is used as the measure of net photosynthesis and respiration, the O₂ in the gas phase must be added to the dissolved O₂.