贫燃型汽车尾气NOx的催化净化

用溶胶-凝胶混合法制备了Al₂O₃,Ag/Al₂O₃,Sn/Al₂O₃,Ga/Al₂O₃,Co/Al₂O₃和Pt/Al₂O₃等催化剂.在相同实验条件下,比较了C₃H₆在这些催化剂上还原NO的活性,并考察了反应条件对C₃H₆和CH₃OH在Ag/Al₂O₃上还原NO性能的影响.结果表明,Ag/Al₂O₃的还原NO活性优于其它催化剂.H₂O对Ag/Al₂O₃催化剂的NO还原具有可逆抑制作用,SO₂降低C₃H₆在Ag/Al₂O₃上还原NO的活性,但会显著提高CH₃OH还原NO的活性.     

Si对TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪等手段研究了TiAl-Si(原子数分数为0~20%)合金在1 173 K大气中24 h的恒温氧化.结果表明:Si元素可以有效地提高TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能;随着Si含量的增加,氧化膜厚度依次减薄,TiO₂的含量逐渐减少,Al₂O3的含量逐渐增加,添加到10%左右时就有连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜形成;Si在0~20%的添加过程中并没发现Si的氧化物生成.分析表明:Si对抗氧化性能的贡献可归结于Si与Ti有很好的亲和力,可以有效地降低Ti离子的活度、阻碍Ti离子的向外扩散, 相对来说增强了Al离子的活度,促进连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜生成.      

中国空间站燃烧科学实验系统PIV单元地面试验

中国空间站燃烧科学实验系统是用于开展微重力燃烧实验研究的综合性科学实验平台，可以实现燃烧流场测量。为了验证燃烧科学实验系统粒子图像测速(PIV)单元对燃烧流场测量的功能与可行性，本文基于与在轨状态一致的连续激光器和相机的空间布局，搭建了地面层流圆孔射流试验平台，选取Al₂O_3，TiO_2，ZrO₂三种示踪粒子进行冷态试验与热态试验。试验结果表明，自主研制Nd∶YVO₄泵浦连续激光器偏光角度合适，能照亮被测流场主流区域，燃烧科学实验系统PIV单元可用于低速燃烧流场测量；相同工况下，Al₂O₃粒子在冷态试验测量的速度值更接近于理论值，速度幅值比更接近1，更适用于低速流体测量。      

喷涂功率对纳米热障涂层组织及性能的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Scanning Electron Microscopy)、X射线衍射(XRD, X-Ray Diffraction)等方法研究了大气等离子喷涂功率对纳米Y₂O₃部分稳定的ZrO₂ (YSZ,Yttria Stabilized Zirconia)热障涂层组织结构及热震性能的影响.结果表明,不同功率下制备的陶瓷层包含熔融相和未熔相,未熔相中存有纳米晶粒,相组成为四方相ZrO₂.随着功率的增加,涂层的纳米区域逐渐减少,孔隙率逐渐降低,热震寿命先增加后减少.涂层失效位置位于靠近TGO(Thermally Grown Oxide)处的陶瓷层中.     

含泡沫镍中间层陶瓷/不锈钢接头微观组织和性能

连接温度850℃,保温时间60 min,用泡沫镍金属作为中间层真空钎焊Al₂O₃陶瓷与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱（EDS）分析钎焊接头的微观组织,利用剪切实验检测接头的力学性能。实验结果表明,不添加中间层时,接头平均剪切强度只有7.7 MPa,断裂位置发生在陶瓷侧;添加泡沫镍中间层时,接头平均剪切强度达到101.7 MPa,断裂位置发生在陶瓷与泡沫镍金属连接界面处。不添加中间层时,Ti元素主要分布在钎料与陶瓷以及钎料与不锈钢反应界面处;添加中间层后钎焊接头中Ti元素主要分布在中间层,与Ni元素形成TiNi₃,Ag、Cu和Ti元素分布更加均匀。      

稀土元素对Al-Ni-Gd-Y合金晶化行为的影响

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)研究了稀土元素(RE)对Al-Ni-Gd-Y非晶合金晶化行为的影响.Al-Ni-Gd-Y非晶合金的初始晶化温度随着稀土元素含量的增加而升高.在Al_(88-x)Ni₆Gd₆Y _x ( x =1,2,3,4)系中,随着Y含量的增加,初始晶化产物由面心立方Al(fcc-Al)变成为fcc-Al+Al₃Gd/Al₃Y+未知相.研究了热处理工艺对Al₈₆Ni₈Gd₃Y₃合金力学性能的影响,其中,当Al₈₆Ni₈Gd₃Y₃在568K下保温10min时,其显微硬度及韧性较高,析出尺寸为1~3nm的fcc-Al纳米晶颗粒.     

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研究了Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金在1123K和1173K空气中的高温循环氧化行为,用配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层的形貌、显微结构进行了分析,用俄歇谱仪分析了注入元素和氧化层中各元素的分布.结果表明:Nb离子注入可以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗循环氧化性能.提高其抗氧化性能的主要原因归结于Nb离子在TiO₂中的掺杂作用.高价Nb的掺杂,降低了TiO₂的缺陷浓度,使TiO₂的生长受到抑制,在氧化初期形成了Al₂O₃保护层,从而推迟了氧化层的剥落时间.但Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金不具有长期的抗循环氧化性能.     

Nb离子注入γ-TiAl的高温循环氧化行为

研究了Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金在1123K和1173K空气中的高温循环氧化行为,用配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层的形貌、显微结构进行了分析,用俄歇谱仪分析了注入元素和氧化层中各元素的分布.结果表明:Nb离子注入可以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗循环氧化性能.提高其抗氧化性能的主要原因归结于Nb离子在TiO₂中的掺杂作用.高价Nb的掺杂,降低了TiO₂的缺陷浓度,使TiO₂的生长受到抑制,在氧化初期形成了Al₂O₃保护层,从而推迟了氧化层的剥落时间.但Nb离子注入的γ-TiAl合金不具有长期的抗循环氧化性能.      

连续加热时γ-TiAl激光快凝组织及其性能的变化

为认识超塑扩散连接机理,研究了γ-TiAl基合金表层激光快速熔凝组织在连续加热过程中的相转变规律及硬度变化.结果表明,在以10℃/min连续加热时,γ-TiAl激光表面快速熔凝组织在750℃左右发生α₂→γ相转变,在860℃左右其组织由枝晶组织转变为细小的等轴晶组织,硬度值也出现了相应变化.上述细晶组织为合金的超塑扩散连接提供了良好的基础.     

等离子喷涂纳米TiO2涂层及其光催化性能

原始喷涂粉末经过喷雾干燥法造粒,采用等离子喷涂工艺在普通载玻片上制备了纳米TiO₂涂层,并对涂层在300℃,400℃,500℃进行热处理.采用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对TiO₂涂层进行了相结构分析;用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察涂层的微观形貌;用压汞方法测量涂层的孔隙率.结果表明,喷涂后锐钛矿型TiO₂含量大约在30%~50%,粒径10~30nm,孔隙率小于6%,热处理后涂层更致密,孔隙率降低.喷涂电流为400A且未经过热处理的TiO₂涂层具有最佳光催化效果.     

Pressure,O2, and CO2, in aquatic Closed Ecological Systems

Pressure increased during net photosynthetic O₂ production in the light and decreased during respiratory O₂ uptake during the dark in aquatic Closed Ecological Systems (CESs) with small head gas volumes. Because most CO₂ will be in the liquid phase as bicarbonate and carbonate anions, and CO₂ is more soluble than O₂, volumes of gaseous CO₂ and gaseous O₂ will not change in a compensatory manner, leading to the development of pressure. Pressure increases were greatest with nutrient rich medium with NaHCO₃ as the carbon source. With more dilute media, pressure was greatest with NaHCO₃, and less with cellulose or no-added carbon. Without adequate turbulence, pressure measurements lagged dissolved O₂ concentrations by several hours and dark respiration would have been especially underestimated in our systems (250–1000 ml). With adequate turbulence (rotary shaker), pressure measurements and dissolved O₂ concentrations generally agreed during lights on/off cycles, but O₂ measurements provided more detail. At 20 °C, 29.9 times as much O₂ will distribute into the gas phase as in the liquid, per unit volume, as a result of the limited solubility of O₂ in water and according to Henry’s Law. Thus even a small head gas volume can contain more O₂ than a larger volume of water. When both dissolved and gaseous O₂ and CO₂ are summed, the changes in Total O₂ and CO₂ are in relatively close agreement when NaHCO₃ is the carbon source. These findings disprove an assumption made in some of Taub’s earlier research that aquatic CESs would remain at approximately atmospheric pressure because approximately equal molar quantities of O₂ and CO₂ would exchange during photosynthesis and respiration; this assumption neglected the distribution of O₂ between water and gas phases. High pressures can occur when NaHCO₃ is the carbon source in nutrient rich media and if head-gas volumes are small relative to the liquid volume; e.g., one “worse case” condition developed 800 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure and broke the glass container. Plastic screw cap closures are likely to leak at high pressures and should not be assumed to seal unless tested at appropriate pressures. Pressure can be reduced by having larger head-gas volumes and using less concentrated nutrient solutions. It is important that pressure changes be considered for both safety and closure, and if total O₂ is used as the measure of net photosynthesis and respiration, the O₂ in the gas phase must be added to the dissolved O₂.     

Mesospheric H2O and H2O2 densities inferred from in situ positive ion composition measurement

The measurements of positive ion composition in the high latitude D-region have revealed an excess of 34⁺ under distrubed conditions which has been interpreted as H₂O₂⁺. At the same altitude range near the transition height oxonium ions were measured as well. This paper presents a new model for the production and loss of oxonium ions with their production from H₂O₂⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + HO₂ and their loss by attachment of N₂ and/or CO₂. A reaction constant of 8.5×10^?28 (300/T)⁴ cm⁶s^?1 has been obtained for the three body attachment H₃O⁺ + CO₂ + M → H₃O⁺.CO₂ + M from the measured density profile of 63⁺ in flight 18.1020. Mesospheric H₂O and H₂O₂ densities are inferred from measurements of four high latitude ion compositions based on the oxonium model. The mixing ratios of hydrogen peroxide are up to two orders of magnitude higher compared to previous model calculations. In order to explain the missing production of odd hydrogen, we consider larger O(¹D) densities, surface reactions of O(³P) on particles, and cathalytic photodissociation of water vapor on aerosol particles.     

离心力场中TiC/FeNiCr复合材料 涂层的原位反应合成

以Fe₂O₃,Cr₂O₃,CrO₃,NiO,Al,Ti粉和C粉为原料,在离心力场中在碳钢基体表面原位反应合成了TiC-FeNiCr复合材料涂层.利用X射线衍射、金相照相、扫描电镜、X射线能谱分析等手段对涂层的显微结构和组织形貌进行了研究.测试了涂层的显微硬度及干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性能.结果表明,涂层和碳钢基体能形成冶金结合.涂层由FeNiCr奥氏体和其中弥散分布的TiC硬质相组成.TiC颗粒晶粒尺寸小于3μm,形状呈多边形或花瓣状.涂层显微硬度约为Hv 500~Hv 800,TiC含量增加,涂层的显微硬度提高.涂层较碳钢具有优异的耐磨性能.      

Satellite observations of upper atmosphere O3 and HNO3 from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment on Nimbus 7

The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment is a limb scanning infrared sounder designed to measure vertical temperature profiles and the concentrations of key chemical compounds which are important in the stratospheric ozone-nitrogen photochemistry. This paper describes results from the O₃ and HNO₃ channels with emphasis on validation of the data. Similar discussions of results from the other channels are presented in two companion papers published in these proceedings.     

The O2+ vibrational distribution in the Venusian ionosphere

Calculations are presented of the vibrational distribution of O₂⁺ in the Venusian ionosphere for a model atmosphere based on Pioneer Venus data. At 100 km, quenching precludes the survival of vibrationally excited O₂⁺. At the exobase, near 200 km, more than half are vibrationally excited. The effects of vibrationally excited O₂⁺ on the hot oxygen corona and the airglow are discussed.     

Imaging spectroscopy of the Venus 1.27-μm O2 airglow with ground-based telescopes

Several ground-based observations of the Venus 1.27-μm O₂ airglow were carried out from 2002 to 2005. Spectral image cubes were taken with the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory/infrared imaging spectrometer (superOASIS), the Gunma Astronomical Observatory/Cassegrain Near-Infrared Camera and NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility/cryogenic echelle spectrograph (CSHELL). The brightest airglow features were found at around the anti-solar point, which is in agreement with previous studies. We derived the rotational temperature distributions on the nightside hemisphere from observed airglow spectra. The temperature shows a weak positive correlation with the airglow intensity. The result indicates the bright region is heated chemically and/or dynamically, and supports the existing scenario for the Venus O₂ airglow. That is, the airglow is excited by the descending oxygen transported from the dayside.     

Study on O2 generation and CO2 absorption capability of four co-cultured salad plants in an enclosed system

The ability to generate O₂ and absorb CO₂ of several co-cultured vegetable plants in an enclosed system was studied to provide theoretical reference for the future man-plant integrated tests. Four kinds of salad plants (Lactuca sativa L. var. Dasusheng, Lactuca sativa L. var. Youmaicai, Gynura bicolor and Cichorium endivia L.) were grown in the CELSS Integration Test Platform (CITP). The environmental factors including O₂ and CO₂ concentration were continuously monitored on-line and the plant biomass was measured at the end of the test. The changing rules of O₂ and CO₂ concentration in the system were basically understood and it was found that the O₂ generated by the plants could satisfy the respiratory needs of 1.75 persons by calculation. It was also found that the plants could absorb the CO₂ breathed out by 2 persons when the light intensity was raised to 550 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. The results showed that the co-cultured plants hold good compatibility and excellent O₂-generating and CO₂-absorbing capability. They could also supply some fresh edible vegetable for a 2-person crew.