基于压差梯度的平流层飞艇艇囊应力计算和仿真

平流层飞艇体积庞大,艇囊表面曲率小,因而蒙皮材料的局部应力集中极易导致飞艇艇囊蒙皮发生过大变形而迅速超压损伤破坏.基于飞艇艇囊内外压力压差梯度载荷条件,建立飞艇艇囊蒙皮受内外压差真实工况下环向与轴向应力的理论计算模型,构建飞艇蒙皮应力分析的Von Mises强度准则.并采用ABAQUS有限元软件非线性仿真艇囊蒙皮分别在超压300,500,800 Pa载荷下的各点环向的Von Mises应力状况.仿真结果与理论模型计算的应力值基本保持一致,飞艇艇囊蒙皮环向Von Mises应力呈现随压差梯度增大而递增的规律,而轴向Von Mises应力大小由环向Von Mises应力、蒙皮局部经纬向曲率共同决定,且两方向的Von Mises应力均与超压载荷大小成正相关关系,为飞艇艇囊蒙皮超压应力评估和强度计算提供基础性研究.     

综合热力学模型的平流层飞艇上升轨迹优化

针对平流层飞艇的上升轨迹优化问题,综合热力学模型进行了研究.主要分析了飞艇基本热力学行为,研究了蒙皮及内部气体的能量方程并建立了详细的飞艇动力学和运动学模型.在热力学、动力学和运动学分析的基础上,建立了以飞行时间为优化目标的平流层飞艇的轨迹优化模型.利用直接配点法将轨迹优化问题转化为非线性优化问题,再通过非线性求解器SNOPT(Sparse Nonlinear Optimizer)对不同场景的问题进行最优化轨迹求解.优化结果表明:热力学效应对优化轨迹有较大影响,在上升过程中,太阳能辐射为主要影响因素,另外风场也对换热量有一定影响.     

一类平流层飞艇质量和惯量特性的计算方法与分析

针对一类具有双拼椭球体外形的平流层飞艇,根据适当假设,给出该类飞艇质量和惯量特性的解析计算方法.以飞艇上升过程为例,通过仿真计算给出该过程飞艇质量、质心位置和转动惯量的变化曲线,结合理论分析,验证该计算方法的合理性.最后,简要分析了质量和惯量特性变化对飞艇运动稳定性和能控性的影响.     

考虑风场条件的一类平流层飞艇返回过程建模与航迹规划研究

对一类气囊内外压差恒定的平流层软式飞艇,在考虑大气密度、温度变化以及大气风场的基础上,建立了飞艇三维空间运动的动力学模型;并针对能量消耗最少和航行时间最短两个指标函数,利用高斯伪谱法设计了飞艇从平流层返回地面的航迹,并对飞艇飞行高度、速度以及推力等状态变化进行分析研究.     

平流层飞艇太阳能源系统研究

以平流层太阳能飞艇平台为背景,对平流层太阳能飞艇能源系统展开了分析和研究。文中建立了飞艇表面太阳能电池接收太阳直接辐射、散射辐射、反射辐射的模型。利用该模型对某飞艇太阳能电池进行计算,结果显示飞艇接收的太阳辐射能量与飞艇的工作纬度、季节、太阳能电池阵列表面面积、飞行姿态密切相关。当飞艇的脊背从日出到日落时刻正对太阳光线时,太阳能电池接收到的太阳辐射能量将是最大的。     

蒙皮热辐射特性对平流层浮空器氦气温度影响

分析了平流层球形超压浮空器在运行高度所受的各种环境辐射,研究浮空器处于热平衡状态时辐射传热、对流换热的作用规律,建立了浮空器的热平衡模型,分析太阳辐射、地面反照、地面辐射等环境辐照因素对浮空器全天各个时刻蒙皮材料和内部氦气平均温度影响,对比了吸收率、发射率和吸收发射比等辐射参数对浮空器热性能的影响.分析结果表明:具有低吸收发射比的蒙皮材料具有较好的热控效果;对于吸收发射比相同的蒙皮材料,具备低吸收率特性的蒙皮材料热控效果更为明显,更适用于长航时平流层超压浮空器.分析结果对浮空器蒙皮材料选择和总体设计具有指导意义.     

高空浮空器蒙皮材料特性分析与组合优化

建立了高空浮空器蒙皮材料特性分析与组合优化方法,重点研究了蒙皮材料功能涂层热学特性与承力层力学特性之间的耦合作用关系,基于特定工况进行蒙皮材料分析优化,获得了基于Vectran平编承力层和镀铝PET薄膜功能涂层的高空浮空器蒙皮材料优化方案,并通过高空飞行试验验证蒙皮材料优化方案的可行性.结果表明,采用该方法获得的蒙皮材料优选方案合理,为浮空器耐压和高空长时间驻留设计提供了技术支持.      

三维四向编织复合材料弹性性能的有限元预报

在四步法方型三维编织复合材料细观结构单胞模型的基础上,假设纱线具有六边形横截面,应用ANSYS软件,建立了实体有限元模型,该模型表面与预制件表面平行,更加符合三维编织复合材料的实际结构,且有利于力学性能的分析,同时,该模型中还考虑了织物的编织角与内部编织角的几何关系.基于该模型,计算了材料的弹性常数,分析了编织角和纤维体积含量对弹性常数的影响规律.结果表明,数值计算与实验结果吻合较好.此外,还确定了材料内部的应力场分布,为材料的强度预测奠定了基础.      

径向变体飞艇总体参数估算方法

为突破临近空间可操纵浮空器的关键技术难点,使可操纵浮空器往返地面至临近空间成为可能,提出了一种径向变体飞艇的总体参数估算方法,该方法基于阿基米德浮力定律和李式变体飞艇原理(Li-Style Transformable Airship Theory),通过艇体结构的径向变形来实现艇体截面积的自适与可控变化,控制飞艇容积变化以改变净升力大小,并使飞艇在容积变化中始终保持可操纵的气动外形,从而实现飞艇的升、降与驻空和飞行等控制.通过设计变形方案估算内气囊与外气囊尺寸,分析力学平衡与能源平衡估算飞艇长度.在拟定设计参数的基础上,给出了一种太阳能径向变体飞艇的总体设计方案,并通过设计实例验证了此方法的可行性与实用性.     

平流层飞艇总体设计的基础问题

平流层飞艇是一种新型的长航时临近空间飞行器，具有驻空高度高、驻空时间长、承载能力大、使用效费比高等特点，在对地观测及通信中继等领域具有广泛应用前景。但是该飞行器系统十分复杂，技术与设计实现难度大，总体设计需要考虑的基础问题及解决方案尚不完全明晰。根据平流层大气风场、温度和压力的基础特征，考虑平流层环境对平流层飞艇总体设计的影响，根据空气动力学与热力学基本理论，分析平流层飞艇的显著特征及与常规低空飞艇的区别，研究这些基础问题对平流层飞艇总体设计的影响，为平流层飞艇技术发展提供建议和参考。      

A general calculation method to specify center-of-buoyancy for the stratospheric airship with multiple gas cells

As the lighter-than-air (LTA) flight vehicle, the stratospheric airship is a desirable platform to provide communication and surveillance services. During the ascent from sea-level to the mission altitude, the volume of the lifting gas may change significantly, which will result in the change of the center-of-buoyancy (CB). A general calculation method is developed to specify CB for the stratospheric airship with a double-ellipsoid hull and an arbitrary number of the gas cells. The cross-section-integral (CSI) method is used as a basic calculation scenario to specify CB. Considering the complexity in determining the boundary between the helium and air in the gas cell, a searching algorithm is put forward and the specification of CB can be conducted by the iterative calculation. As an important application, the stable condition of the pitch angle is analyzed when the change of CB is involved. Under different initial configurations, the stable pitch angle of the stratospheric airship during the ascent is specified and compared, which shows the advantages of the multi-gas-cell configuration. The results of this paper may provide an important reference for the engineering application of the stratospheric airship.     

Ascent trajectory optimization for stratospheric airship with thermal effects

Ascent trajectory optimization with thermal effects is addressed for a stratospheric airship. Basic thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship are introduced. Besides, the airship’s equations of motion are constructed by including the factors about aerodynamic force, added mass and wind profiles which are developed based on horizontal-wind model. For both minimum-time and minimum-energy flights during ascent, the trajectory optimization problem is described with the path and terminal constraints in different scenarios and then, is converted into a parameter optimization problem by a direct collocation method. Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer(SNOPT) is employed as a nonlinear programming solver and two scenarios are adopted. The solutions obtained illustrate that the trajectories are greatly affected by the thermal behaviors which prolong the daytime minimum-time flights of about 20.8% compared with that of nighttime in scenario 1 and of about 10.5% in scenario 2. And there is the same trend for minimum-energy flights. For the energy consumption of minimum-time flights, 6% decrease is abstained in scenario 1 and 5% decrease in scenario 2. However, a few energy consumption reduction is achieved for minimum-energy flights. Solar radiation is the principal component and the natural wind also affects the thermal behaviors of stratospheric airship during ascent. The relationship between take-off time and performance of airship during ascent is discussed. it is found that the take-off time at dusk is best choice for stratospheric airship. And in addition, for saving energy, airship prefers to fly downwind.     

浮升混合飞艇气动性能及总体参数分析

为了兼顾飞艇的气动性能和浮升特性,充分发挥二者的优势,并增强可控性,提出了一种基于NACA高升力翼型的组合嚢体式混合飞艇气动布局.采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法建立混合飞艇FLUENT计算模型,数值模拟了它在不同速度和迎角下的升阻特性、纵向静稳定性及浮升特性,并进行了总体性能评估,最后将其与常规飞艇进行了对比.结果表明:该组合嚢体飞艇布局具有较好的气动性能和效率,相同条件下提供的动升力为常规飞艇的3倍;当飞行速度大于26 m/s时,混合飞艇总升力效率开始大于常规飞艇,能够提供更好的浮升特性.此外,相同设计载荷下混合飞艇的外形尺寸更小,有利于增加有效载荷,可为低空大型混合飞艇的研发提供参考.      

临近空间表面波等离子体减阻性能分析

为研究临近空间表面波等离子体减阻效果,基于流体宏观模型的基本特征,分析了表面波等离子体流动控制机理的基础,以飞艇为模型,对其在 0°攻角情况下的流场进行仿真计算,比较了不同激励器控制方案的减阻效果,研究了飞艇尾部区域的等离子体流动控制效果. 结果表明,表面波等离子体具有增加飞艇升力、减小飞艇阻力的效果;单侧控制方案最大减阻效果达7%左右,对称控制方案减阻效果明显优于单侧控制方案,最大减阻效果可达32%左右;表面波等离子体对飞艇尾部的流动分离具有很好的消除抑制作用.      

Experimental investigation of transient thermal behavior of an airship under different solar radiation and airflow conditions

Knowledge of the thermal behavior of airships is crucial to the development of airship technology. An experiment apparatus is constructed to investigate the thermal response characteristics of airships, and the transient temperature distributions of both hull and inner gas are obtained under the irradiation of a solar simulator and various airflow conditions. In the course of the research, the transient temperature change of the experimental airship is measured for four airflow speeds of 0 m/s (natural convection), 3.26 m/s, 5.5 m/s and 7.0 m/s, and two incident solar radiation values of 842.4 W/m² and 972.0 W/m². The results show that solar irradiation has significant influence on the airship hull and inner gas temperatures even if the airship stays in a ground airflow environment where the heat transfer is dominated by radiation and convection. The airflow around the airship is conducive to reduce the hull temperature and temperature nonuniformity. Transient thermal response of airships rapidly varies with time under solar radiation conditions and the hull temperature remains approximately constant in ∼5–10 min. Finally, a transient thermal model of airship is developed and the model is validated through comparison with the experimental data.     

基于褶皱的平流层浮空器升空结构形变模拟

平流层浮空器囊体材料具有非线性、黏弹性、各向异性和不能抗压等特点,起皱现象是在升空膨胀过程中必然会出现的形变状态,褶皱的扩展会影响整个囊体结构的受力状态,改变囊体变形和应力分布.同时,褶皱的存在还会影响囊体结构的动力学行为和空间环境下的热力学分布.通过主应力-主应变相结合准则对褶皱区域进行判别,采用修正褶皱单元的本构矩阵方程的方法对褶皱区域进行处理,地面充氦气试验证明了新方法的模拟结果更加接近测试值.从而为平流层浮空器设计提供了一种有效的分析方法.     

大型转动机械碰摩故障分析的声发射检测系统

汽轮发电机、空气压缩机等采用油膜支撑的大型转动机械,由于安装或运行中的原因,在转子旋转过程中,可能和器壁发生轻微的摩擦和碰击,简称碰摩.声发射技术在碰摩发生特别是故障早期诊断上有优越性.本系统的特点是没有沿用传统的计数、幅度、能量和持续时间等声发射特性参数,而是在声发射包络信号的频率分析中进行特征提取.声发射发生的过程分析和现场试验都表明这种方法对碰摩检测很敏感,在碰摩发生的起始阶段,包络谱中与转速同步的周期性分量显著增加.根据这种新的设计思想自行研制了BUAA碰摩声发射检测仪并对此作了介绍.