载人小行星探测的飞行模式简

基于载人小行星探测的任务背景,根据其基本的飞行阶段及任务特点,对其探测任务的飞行模式进行分析,其中包括探测器逃逸地球的飞行方式、小行星表面探测方式、返回与再入的飞行方式,重点研究小行星表面探测方式.对运载能力、技术难度、探测器质量规模进行了分析与比较,得出基于着陆对接口概念的近地＋对接着陆＋直接再入的较优的飞行模式,并将该模式进一步划分为9个飞行节点及6个主要飞行阶段,对其飞行过程进行了详细的描述.     

桥梁断面的气动导数和颤振临界风速的数值计算

选取有代表性的大海带东桥、南京二桥流线型闭口箱梁断面和荆沙桥钝头开口板梁断面,用动网格法考虑流体和结构的耦合作用,用有限单元法求解原始变量二维不可压粘性流体的Ｎ－Ｓ方程,计算其气动导数,并用半逆解法确定颤振临界风速。计算结果和实验值相当吻合。     

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Overview

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission launched successfully on February 17, 1996 aboard a Delta II-7925. NEAR will be the first mission to orbit an asteroid and will make the first comprehensive scientific measurements of an asteroid's surface composition, geology, physical properties, and internal structure. It will orbit the unusually large near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros for about one year, at a minimum altitude of about 15 km from the surface. NEAR will also make the first reconnaissance of a C-type asteroid during its flyby of the unusual main belt asteroid 253 Mathilde. The NEAR instrument payload is: a multispectral imager (MSI), a near infrared spectrometer (NIS), an X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (XRS/GRS), a magnetometer (MAG), and a laser rangefinder (NLR), while a radio science investigation (RS) uses the coherent X-band transponder. NEAR will improve our understanding of planetary formation processes in the early solar system and clarify the relationships between asteroids and meteorites. The Mathilde flyby will occur on June 27, 1997, and the Eros rendezvous will take place during February 1999 through February 2000.     

不同载荷下螺栓法兰连接结构非线性刚度影响因素

为研究各影响因素对螺栓法兰连接结构非线性刚度的影响规律,建立了带升角螺纹连接结构精细有限元模型,进行了全六面体网格划分,并验证了模型的有效性,分别进行了拉伸、弯曲、扭转载荷下仿真分析。结果表明:螺栓初始预紧力越大,连接结构抗弯、抗扭刚度越大,初始预紧力对抗拉刚度没有影响,拉伸载荷下初始预紧力提高了两法兰分离的临界阻力,弯曲载荷下,初始预紧力越大,触发两法兰出现开口状态的外部弯曲力矩值越大,各螺栓越不容易承担外力,两法兰开口前,初始预紧力对连接结构抗弯刚度影响较小,开口后影响较大;螺栓直径越大、个数越多,连接结构抗拉、抗弯、抗扭刚度越大;螺栓位置越靠近法兰筒,连接结构抗拉刚度越大,分别存在一个最优螺栓位置值,使得连接结构抗弯和抗扭刚度最大;结合面间摩擦因数对连接结构抗拉、抗弯刚度没有影响,结合面间摩擦因数越大,连接结构抗扭刚度越大,其中法兰-法兰结合面间摩擦因数对刚度曲线第一段内抗扭刚度影响较大,螺栓-法兰结合面间摩擦因数对第二段内影响较大。      

冲压发动机供油环设计数值研究

为了研究供油特性对冲压发动机性能的影响,对两种不同供油环配置下的发动机性能进行了数值模拟和试验研究。通过三维数值分析,对两种不同供油环配置下的流场结构进行了分析,开展了不同供油环方案的试验研究。结果表明,在供油环只有单侧喷油的情况下避免了相邻两根径向油管喷射出的燃油相互叠加,有利于形成均匀的燃油浓度分布,得到了较高的燃烧效率,发动机性能也得到提高。计算结果与试验结果一致性较好,证明了单侧供油环方案的优越性。     

层合板干涉螺接分层损伤及其临界干涉量

复合材料层合板的干涉配合连接具有优越的性能,是飞机复合材料结构连接的发展趋势。然而,层合板在干涉连接过程中易出现分层损伤。针对以上问题,采用理论建模与有限元模拟方法研究了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层合板干涉螺接过程中的分层损伤及其临界干涉量。首先,对CFRP层合板的干涉螺接工艺过程和分层损伤进行力学行为分析;然后,基于虚功原理,建立了各层界面的分层损伤临界轴向力计算模型,结合插钉力与干涉量间的关系,建立临界干涉量的预测模型,求得分层损伤的临界干涉量;最后,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对CFRP层合板干涉螺接过程进行数值模拟,应用内聚力单元建立层合板层间界面,模拟了CFRP层合板在不同干涉量时的分层损伤机理,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验观测了细观分层损伤。研究结果显示:干涉量是影响CFRP层合板分层损伤的主要工艺参数;层合板中越靠下边的层间界面,其不产生分层损伤的临界轴向力和临界干涉量越小,即越容易产生分层损伤。     

Evaluation of tool wear and cutting performance considering effects of dynamic nodes movement based on FEM simulation

An accurate estimation of tool wear morphology can provide the opportunity to investigate the influence of tool wear on cutting performance as well as reduce the overall production cost. However, tool wear prediction is still a very challenging research issue. In this paper, a novel method for simulating the actual chip formation and wear evolution thorough the 3D finite element model has been carried out. In order to improve the accuracy of simulation results, the influence of worn tool, stress and temperature distribution on wear rate are considered. Then cutting experiment has been conducted by turning AISI1045 with uncoated carbide tools to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. The comparison between experimental and simulation results show good agreement which proves the ability of the proposed model in forecasting the tool wear. The validated finite element model has been further utilized studying how the worn tool affects the cutting performance including actual cutting rake, stress distribution, cutting force and temperature. The results of this paper not only provide a clear understanding of wear evolution between tool rake face and chip, but also are meaningful to optimize tool design and cutting parameters.     

切深对椭圆超声振动切削机理的影响

以椭圆超声振动切削为研究对象,通过理论分析,有限元仿真和切削实验,研究了切深变量对其切削过程中机理的影响。指出在微小的切深条件下,刀尖钝圆影响不可忽略,其切削过程表现出微细切削特性。一方面,基于微细切削理论,建立了正交椭圆超声振动切削运动学和力学模型,将切削区分为后刀面回弹区、刀尖犁切区、刀尖剪切区和前刀面摩擦区四个区域,并依次对四个区域内不同切深条件下各个切削分力进行计算分析。另一方面,对切削过程进行有限元仿真和切削实验。其结果表明:当切深小于最小切削厚度时,切削过程主要为刀具后刀面的回弹挤压与摩擦和刀尖钝圆的犁切作用,不产生切屑,切深抗力大于主切削力;当切深大于最小切削厚度并逐渐增大时,刀尖剪切和切屑与前刀面的挤压与摩擦作用逐渐凸显并成为主要切削方式,此时主切削力逐渐超过切深抗力并迅速增大。     

Planetary Micro-Penetrator Concept Study with Biomimetric Drill and Sampler Design

Due to ultraviolet flux to the surface layers of most solar system bodies, future astrobiological research is increasingly seeking to conduct subsurface penetration, drilling and sampling to detect chemical signature of extant or extinct life. To seek a compact solution to this issue, we present a micro-penetrator concept (mass < 10 kg) that is suited for planetary deployment and in situ investigation of chemical and physical properties. To draw inspiration from nature, a biomimetic drill and sampler subsystem is designed as a penetrator instrument based on the working mechanism of a wood wasp ovipositor to sample beneath the sterile layer for biomarker detection. One of the major limitations of sampling in relatively low gravity environments (such as asteroids, Mars, etc) is the need for high axial force when using conventional drills. The ovipositor drill is proposed to address this limitation by applying a novel concept of reciprocating motion that requires no external force. It is lightweight (0.5 kg), driven at low power (3 W), and able to drill deep (1-2 m). Tests have shown that a reciprocating drill is feasible and has the potential of improving drill efficiency without receiving any external force. As part of the European space agency (ESA) project on bionics and space system design [1], this study provides a conceptual design of the micro-penetrator targeted for a near earth asteroid mission. With bionics-enabling technology, the overall penetration/drilling/sampling system provides a small, light and energy efficient solution to in situ astrobiological studies, which is crucial for space exploration. Such a micro-penetrator can be used for exploration of terrestrial-type planets or other small bodies of the solar system with a moderate level of modifications.     

Regolith X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) Aboard the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission

The Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) is the student collaboration experiment proposed and built by an MIT-Harvard team, launched aboard NASA’s OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission. REXIS complements the scientific investigations of other OSIRIS-REx instruments by determining the relative abundances of key elements present on the asteroid’s surface by measuring the X-ray fluorescence spectrum (stimulated by the natural solar X-ray flux) over the range of energies 0.5 to 7 keV. REXIS consists of two components: a main imaging spectrometer with a coded aperture mask and a separate solar X-ray monitor to account for the Sun’s variability. In addition to element abundance ratios (relative to Si) pinpointing the asteroid’s most likely meteorite association, REXIS also maps elemental abundance variability across the asteroid’s surface using the asteroid’s rotation as well as the spacecraft’s orbital motion. Image reconstruction at the highest resolution is facilitated by the coded aperture mask. Through this operation, REXIS will be the first application of X-ray coded aperture imaging to planetary surface mapping, making this student-built instrument a pathfinder toward future planetary exploration. To date, 60 students at the undergraduate and graduate levels have been involved with the REXIS project, with the hands-on experience translating to a dozen Master’s and Ph.D. theses and other student publications.     

周向弹簧力分布对圆周密封装置密封性能的影响

为了研究周向弹簧力分布形式对密封装置密封性能的影响,针对周向弹簧建立力学模型,分析周向弹簧力不均匀分布形式产生的原因,并对其不均匀分布的临界范围进行预测分析,建立泄漏预测模型对密封结构的密封性能进行研究。首先对密封装置主要结构进行受力分析,研究周向弹簧不均匀加载对密封结构变形的影响,再结合ANSYS软件对圆周密封装置主要部件进行结构-热耦合仿真计算,进而通过仿真分析验证理论分析的合理性。仿真结果表明：不均匀周向弹簧力产生的附加力矩使得密封环翘曲变形,主密封面径向接触间隙最大位置出现在密封环的接头区域;相比弹簧力分布均匀条件,当弹簧力分布形式的不均匀程度处于临界范围内时,接触间隙增加了24.52%,气体泄漏量增加了7.99%;当弹簧力分布形式的不均匀程度处于临界范围外时,接触间隙值呈倍数增加,气体泄漏量增加一个数量级。综上,周向弹簧力不均匀分布导致主密封面接触间隙值增加、密封结构气体泄漏量增加、密封装置密封性能下降。周向弹簧力的不均匀分布对密封装置的密封性能有较为严重的影响,在实际工程应用中应尽可能保证周向弹簧的不均匀分布程度处于临界范围内,避免由于弹簧卡滞使得密封结构密封性能下降。     

一种耦合CFD修正的螺旋桨快速设计方法

基于叶素动量理论及涡流理论的螺旋桨快速设计方法，由于设计采用的叶素气动力与真实情况存在差异，设计的螺旋桨存在拉力偏差，且不能保证较高的效率。为解决此问题，采用螺旋桨数值模拟的结果对设计进行修正。假设桨叶叶素最大升阻比对应的气动力沿径向相同，可通过数值模拟结果反解该气动力，再根据所得气动力进行螺旋桨的重新设计，建立耦合CFD修正的螺旋桨快速设计方法。结果表明，对于太阳能无人机小型螺旋桨的设计，本文设计方法一方面能够较好地满足拉力要求，另一方面相比于传统设计方法螺旋桨效率可提高2.75%。在采用代理优化的方法对螺旋桨翼型进行优化后，相比于传统设计方法螺旋桨效率进一步提高了3.95%。且该方法只需进行少量的CFD计算即可，相比于直接采用数值模拟优化螺旋桨的弦长及扭转角分布，设计周期更短。     

Nonlinear deformation and stability of supported oval cylindrical shells under torsion and bending with internal pressure

A problem of geometrically nonlinear deformation and stability of supported cylindrical shells with the oval cross-section contour is solved by the finite element method. The nonlinear deformation and stability of shells under combined loading by bending, torsion moments, transverse force and internal pressure are analyzed. The critical loads and buckling modes of shells are determined. The influence of deformation nonlinearity and shell ovality on critical loads is clarified.     

损伤演化对Ti6Al4V高速切削仿真结果的影响

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了Ti6Al4V二维切削仿真模型，在模型其他参数（本构参数、初始损伤参数等）固定不变时，得到了不同损伤演化特征参数（断裂能）取值下的切削力、切削温度和切屑形貌，以此来研究损伤演化过程对仿真结果的影响。研究发现随着断裂能取值的减小，仿真的切削力、切削温度会降低，切屑的锯齿化程度会变得严重。在切削速度为180 m/min，进给量为0.1 mm/r的条件下进行了Ti6Al4V正交切削实验，测量了切削力，将仿真得到的主切削力和切屑锯齿化程度与实验结果进行对比，确定了适合本研究建立的仿真模型的合理断裂能值。结果表明，在使用此断裂能取值时，仿真得到的切削力和切屑形态与实验值有很好的一致性。在消除了能量密度对仿真模型的影响后，进行了4组验证实验，仿真结果与验证实验的结果相吻合，证明了断裂能取值的准确性。     

直角切口柔性铰链平行四杆机构的屈曲分析

 介绍了研究柔性铰链机构屈曲特性的重要意义。利用材料力学弯曲变形理论的挠曲线近似微分方程建立了计算直角切口柔性铰链平行四杆机构屈曲临界力的数学模型。在简单可靠的实验装置上测试了实际样件的屈曲临界力，并利用商用有限元软件ANSYS 8.0对相应的四杆机构模型进行了非线性屈曲分析。最终结果表明：理论值、实验值以及仿真值都十分接近，但仍存在一定的误差，通过原因分析，证实了存在这种误差的合理性，从而验证了所建数学模型具有较高的参考价值，可以作为柔性铰链平行四杆机构屈曲优化设计的指导理论。     

端柱面组合气膜密封系统稳态特性数值模拟与分析

针对端柱面组合气膜密封系统建立稳态特性的分析模型,给出基于有限元数值方法求解气膜压力分布的数值模拟方法和流程,实现端面、柱面区域的耦合求解,进而给出了端柱面组合气膜密封系统稳态特性数值模拟计算的方法.通过与Fluent软件仿真结果的比较验证数值模拟方法的正确性.重点研究膜厚与旋转轴转速对端柱面组合气膜密封系统稳态特性(端面气膜反力、柱面气膜反力、泄漏量、摩擦转矩)的影响,计算分析表明:随着膜厚的增加,泄漏量增加、摩擦转矩减小;随着端面膜厚的增加,端面气膜反力缓慢减小、柱面气膜反力出现极值;随着柱面膜厚的增加,端面气膜反力和柱面气膜反力都在减小;柱面膜厚对稳态特性的影响大于端面膜厚.端柱面结构中密封气膜压力的耦合对密封特性影响显著,稳态特性数值模拟方法的实现为动态特性分析提供了基础.      

含分层缺陷复合材料层合板分层扩展研究

采用基于粘聚区模型(CZM)的粘接元方法对含分层缺陷复合材料层合板进行了分层扩展研究。在缺少材料层间试验数据的情形下,应用了一种参数估算法确定粘接元的界面强度和刚度,并计算得到了含分层缺陷复合材料层合板的分层起始及扩展载荷,计算结果与试验值吻合良好,验证了所用方法的有效性。在此基础上,分析了不同分层位置对分层屈曲载荷、分层起始及扩展载荷的影响,并讨论了铺层角度对分层扩展方向的影响。     

新型压电激励器作用力模拟技术研究

研究轻型结构、直升机旋翼结构和复合材料结构等的颤振飞行试验激励问题具有重要意义。提出以弯矩模拟压电粗纤维复合材料(MFC)激励器的作用力,从而解决MFC仿真建模问题。首先借助机翼有限元模型,建立带有压电激励器的机翼结构动力学仿真模型;然后以压电激励器地面激励试验结果为基础,通过修正仿真模型中压电作用弯矩的大小,实现仿真试验结果与地面试验结果的拟合,最终得出非线性压电激励器作用力;最后通过另一组地面试验数据验证了该作用力的大小,并将该作用力模拟技术应用于不同试验中。本文的研究结果可为后续以该激励器作为激励作动器或控制作动器的试验提供有益参考。     

小型星表探测机器人发展现状与趋势

针对深空探测中（尤其是月球、火星和小行星探测）大型着陆探测器对小型移动机器人作为重要科学载荷的需求,综述了国内外小型星表探测机器人领域的发展现状,着重介绍了面向月球探测、火星探测和小行星探测的代表性小型机器人的任务需求、基本构型和样机测试情况。在系统总结小型星表探测机器人关键技术及发展趋势的基础上,提出了未来中国在该领域发展、完善的建议。分析表明：月球探测的高研究价值区域多位于崎岖地形中,体积小、运动性能强的轮式、足式机器人受到广泛关注,日本、英国、瑞士等国家已提出多种小型机器人概念,并研发原理样机进行测试试验;针对火星等存在稀薄大气层的星体探测,定位于配置组件的旋翼式无人机已成为国内外关注和研制的重点之一,同时面向特殊极端地形探测的小型轮式、翻滚式机器人也进入到原理样机测试阶段,美国在这些领域均保持突出优势;针对小行星等小质量、弱引力天体探测,小型翻滚式机器人成为其着陆探测的主流,美国开展了原理样机设计与试验,日本通过"隼鸟2号"任务已成功实现在轨应用。     

喉部不对称对微喷管性能影响

以FLUENT 6.1软件为工具,利用数值计算求解二维稳态可压缩Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,模拟了微喷管内超声速流体流动,分析了喷管喉部结构不对称对喷管内部的流场和喷管性能的影响.这种喉部结构不对称是由于喉部上下顶点在x方向偏离一定距离所造成的.数值计算结果表明,喷管喉部在流体流动方向的不对称,将导致喷管内部流体流场不平衡性,使得流量增大,喷管出口的x方向推力增加,y方向产生了多余的推力.