Effects of fiber orientation on tool wear evolution and wear mechanism when cutting carbon fiber reinforced plastics

The aim of the present paper is to reveal the influence of different fiber orientations on the tool wear evolution and wear mechanism. Side-milling experiments with large-diameter milling tools are conducted. A finite element (FE) cutting model of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is established to get insight into the cutting stress status at different wear stages. The results show that different fiber orientations bring about distinct differences in the extent, profile and mechanism of tool wear. Severer wear occurs when cutting 45° and 90° plies, followed by 0°, correspondingly, the least wear is obtained when θ = 135° (θ represents the orientation of fibers). Moreover, the worn profiles of cutting tools when θ = 0° and 45° are waterfall edge, while round edge occurs when θ = 135° and a combined shape of waterfall and round edge is obtained when θ = 90°. The wear mechanisms under different fiber orientations are strongly dependent on the cutting stress distributions. The evolution of tool wear profile is basically consistent with the stress distribution on the tool surface at different wear stages, and the extent of tool wear is determined by the magnitude of stress on the tool surface. Besides, the worn edges produce an actual negative clearance angle, which decreases the actual cutting thickness and leads to compressing and bending failure of fibers beneath the cutting region as well as low surface qualities.     

PCD刀具车削不同颗粒含量SiCp/Al复合材料试验研究

碳化硅铝基复合材料具有优良的导热性、较高的比强度和比刚度,在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。由于此复合材料中含有增强相,导致材料的切削加工性能变差。通过试验分析了不同颗粒体积分数(纳米级5%、微米级25%)SiCp/Al复合材料和切削参数(切削速度、背吃刀量、进给量)对刀具磨损和工件表面质量的影响,并对刀具磨损机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,车削微米级25%SiCp/Al材料时聚晶金刚石PCD(Polycrystalline Diamond)刀具磨损更严重,且工件表面质量更差。随着进给量和背吃刀量的增大,工件表面粗糙度值增大,刀片前刀面磨损严重;随着切削速度的增大,工件表面粗糙度值减小,刀片前刀面磨损量增大。选取本文切削参数进行SiCp/Al复合材料的切削加工时,发现刀具磨粒磨损、微崩刃是PCD刀具后刀面磨损的主要成因,且刀具前刀面也会产生积屑瘤。研究结果可为SiCp/Al复合材料PCD车削工艺的优化提供理论基础。     

金属切削加工的热力耦合模型及有限元模拟研究

基于切削加工的热-弹塑性有限元方程并在一定假设的条件下,建立了金属正交切削加工的热力耦合有限元模型。分析、研究了切屑分离标准、刀屑界面的摩擦模型以及热控制方程等切削加工模拟所涉及的关键技术,并提出了几何-应力切屑分离标准。最后,采用ABAQUS软件对材料40CrNiMoA进行了切削加工模拟,并分析、讨论了模拟结果。通过与试验数据比较,证明了所建立的有限元模型的正确性。     

Inconel 718车削过程中刀具涂层材料和几何参数对切削力的影响研究

基于Deform 2D仿真软件建立了Inconel 718高温合金车削的有限元模型,对车削过程进行了仿真分析,获得了刀具涂层材料和刀具几何参数对切削力的影响规律。研究结果表明:Inconel 718车削过程中,采用涂层刀具时切削力无明显降低;切削力随前角增大而降低,随后角增大变化不大,随刀尖圆弧半径增大而升高,其中前角和刀尖圆弧半径影响较为显著;根据Inconel 718的切削加工性,建议Inconel 718精车时刀具几何参数的取值范围为:前角6°~8°,后角12°~14°,刀尖圆弧半径0.2~0.4mm。     

SiCp/Al复合材料切削仿真研究

文摘针对SiC_p/Al复合材料的难加工性,建立了二维有限元切削模型,利用ABAQUS完成复合材料正交切削的动态物理仿真。通过仿真与实验结果的比较,验证模型的准确性。同时,利用该切削模型分析颗粒分布形式、直径及刀尖圆弧半径对切削力的影响。结果表明,SiC颗粒的分布形式对切屑形态和切削力具有明显的影响,颗粒形成团簇不利于复合材料加工。切削力随颗粒直径的增大而减小,随刀尖圆弧半径的增大而增大。     

切深对椭圆超声振动切削机理的影响

以椭圆超声振动切削为研究对象,通过理论分析,有限元仿真和切削实验,研究了切深变量对其切削过程中机理的影响。指出在微小的切深条件下,刀尖钝圆影响不可忽略,其切削过程表现出微细切削特性。一方面,基于微细切削理论,建立了正交椭圆超声振动切削运动学和力学模型,将切削区分为后刀面回弹区、刀尖犁切区、刀尖剪切区和前刀面摩擦区四个区域,并依次对四个区域内不同切深条件下各个切削分力进行计算分析。另一方面,对切削过程进行有限元仿真和切削实验。其结果表明:当切深小于最小切削厚度时,切削过程主要为刀具后刀面的回弹挤压与摩擦和刀尖钝圆的犁切作用,不产生切屑,切深抗力大于主切削力;当切深大于最小切削厚度并逐渐增大时,刀尖剪切和切屑与前刀面的挤压与摩擦作用逐渐凸显并成为主要切削方式,此时主切削力逐渐超过切深抗力并迅速增大。     

高速切削有限元模拟技术研究

有限元模拟是研究高速切削机理的有效方法,本文致力于有限元模拟所必需的关键技术研究。依据大变形理论和虚功原理对高速切削过程进行分析,建立了基于拉格朗日描述的有限元控制方程。通过研究材料动态本构关系、刀屑接触、切屑分离、切屑断裂和切削热动态耗散与传导关键技术建立了正交切削有限元模型,提出材料本构关系建立方法和切屑断裂能量解释观点,最后结合实例进行高速切削模拟,并对模拟结果进行分析和验证,指出所建立的有限元模型是合理的。     

CFRP铣削有限元模型建立及切削力仿真分析

为探索碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)铣削加工过程中切削力与工艺参数之间的映射关系,建立CFRP铣削加工有限元仿真模型并对切削力进行分析。基于ABAQUS软件通过定义材料属性、材料失效模型、纤维铺层数和纤维方向建立了CFRP铣削加工二维有限元仿真模型,并对该模型进行了实验验证。基于该模型,分析了切削力与纤维方向角、铣削速度、每齿进给量和刀具前角等工艺参数之间的映射关系。仿真结果表明:纤维方向角从0°增大到90°,切削力呈现降低趋势,而纤维方向角从90°增大到180°,切削力呈现增大趋势。随着切削速度和每齿进给量的增大,切削力随之增大,而随着刀具前角增大,切削力随之减小。     

损伤演化对Ti6Al4V高速切削仿真结果的影响

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了Ti6Al4V二维切削仿真模型，在模型其他参数（本构参数、初始损伤参数等）固定不变时，得到了不同损伤演化特征参数（断裂能）取值下的切削力、切削温度和切屑形貌，以此来研究损伤演化过程对仿真结果的影响。研究发现随着断裂能取值的减小，仿真的切削力、切削温度会降低，切屑的锯齿化程度会变得严重。在切削速度为180 m/min，进给量为0.1 mm/r的条件下进行了Ti6Al4V正交切削实验，测量了切削力，将仿真得到的主切削力和切屑锯齿化程度与实验结果进行对比，确定了适合本研究建立的仿真模型的合理断裂能值。结果表明，在使用此断裂能取值时，仿真得到的切削力和切屑形态与实验值有很好的一致性。在消除了能量密度对仿真模型的影响后，进行了4组验证实验，仿真结果与验证实验的结果相吻合，证明了断裂能取值的准确性。     

Cutting tool temperature prediction method using analytical model for end milling

Dramatic tool temperature variation in end milling can cause excessive tool wear and shorten its life, especially in machining of difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, a new analyt-ical model-based method for the prediction of cutting tool temperature in end milling is presented. The cutting cycle is divided into temperature increase and decrease phases. For the temperature increase phase, a temperature prediction model considering real friction state between the chip and tool is proposed, and the heat flux and tool-chip contact length are then obtained through finite element simulation. In the temperature decrease phase, a temperature decrease model based on the one-dimension plate heat convection is proposed. A single wire thermocouple is employed to mea-sure the tool temperature in the conducted milling experiments. Both of the theoretical and experi-mental results are obtained with cutting conditions of the cutting speed ranging from 60 m/min to 100 m/min, feed per tooth from 0.12 mm/z to 0.20 mm/z, and the radial and axial depth of cut respec-tively being 4 mm and 0.5 mm. The comparison results show high agreement between the physical cutting experiments and the proposed cutting tool temperature prediction method.     

直角切削6061-T6铝合金剪切区力学行为及微观结构演化预测

力学行为是塑性变形微观过程的宏观表现,早期的金属切削理论模型没有考虑微观结构对切削力的影响。在考虑热力耦合效应的基础上建立了基于位错密度材料模型的6061-T6铝合金直角切削力预测模型,分析了不同切削参数下基于位错运动的塑性变形机制对切削力的影响。结合等分剪切区和非等分剪切区模型,构建了第一变形区多物理场计算方法,提出一种切屑形成过程中由塑性变形引起的微观结构演化解析模型。通过测量切削力和切屑内晶粒尺寸对模型的可行性进行了初步验证。结果表明：剪切区长度变长引起参与位错滑移的材料增多是切削深度增大导致切削力增大的主要原因。增大切削速度导致切削力的降低不是单一变量影响的结果,而是应变降低引起位错增殖数量减少和温度升高引起位错湮灭作用增加的共同作用结果。非等分剪切区模型正确反映了第一变形区温度和应力的分布特征,且与二维有限元模型分布相一致,建立的第一变形区微观结构演化解析模型能够预测切屑内位错密度和晶粒尺寸。     

Modeling high-speed cutting of SiCp/Al composites using a semi-phenomenologically based damage model

In this paper, we attempts to investigate cutting mechanisms in high-speed cutting of Al6061/SiC_p/15p composites using a semi-phenomenologically based damage model in the equivalent homogeneous material (EHM) framework. By combining macroscale EHM modeling and underlying microscale physical mechanisms, a feasible semi-phenomenological plastic model is proposed for prediction of cutting forces and chip morphology during high-speed turning Al6061/SiC_p/15p composites. This model incorporates the modified Weibull weakest-link effect to represent the strain-based damage evolution in large deformations. This proposed semi-phenomenological constitutive model is implemented by compiling material subroutines into cutting finite element (FE) codes. The effects of the critical shear stresses on chip formation that depend on the tool-chip frictional coefficient are accounted for in the cutting FE model. The chip formation mechanism affecting material removal behaviors during high-speed turning is further investigated. The capabilities of the proposed constitutive model are evaluated by comparing cutting forces and chip morphologies between experiments and simulations at different cutting speeds associated with strain rates. The EHM-based and microstructure-based models are further compared in both computational efficiency and accuracy. The simulation results show that the developed semi-phenomenological constitutive formalism and cutting model are promising and efficient tools for further investigation of dynamic mechanical and cutting behaviors of particle-reinforced composites with different volume fraction and particle size.     

Gaussian process regression model incorporated with tool wear mechanism

Cutting tool condition directly affects machining quality and efficiency. In order to avoid severely worn tools used during machining process and fully release the remaining useful life in the meanwhile, a reliable evaluation method of remaining useful life of cutting tools is quite necessary. Due to the variation of cutting conditions, it is a challenge to predict remaining useful life of cutting tools by a unified model. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes a method for predicting the remaining useful life of cutting tools in variable cutting conditions based on Gaussian process regression model incorporated with tool wear mechanism, where the predicted value at adjacent moments is constrained to a linear relationship by the covariance matrix of Gaussian model based on the assumption of progressive tool wear process, so the wear process under continuous changing conditions can be modelled. In addition to that, the input feature space and the output of the model are also enhanced by considering the tool wear mechanism for improving prediction accuracy. Machining experiments are performed to verify the proposed method, and the results show that the proposed could improve the prediction of tool remaining useful life significantly.     

高速切削过程材料变形的应变率研究

高速切削因众多优点被广泛研究,然而切削速度快这一特点也限制了对切削过程的认识。为了研究切削过程各类物理参量的变化规律,进而应用到工程实际,提出了从流动的角度去认识切削过程的思路。分析了从材料流动观点研究应变率的依据,提出了一种基于网格测量的应变率计算方法,获得了切削过程应变率的分布,并与计算机模拟计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明前刀面上的应变率受前刀面摩擦的影响,越靠近前刀面应变率越大,中心剪切面上应变率在剪切面方向上最大,且剪切面两端（刀尖与自由表面处）数值最大;从流动的观点研究应变率的分布,可实现较为粗糙的应变率定量研究。     

高速切削GH4169高温合金时的残留变形及切削力仿真

应用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了高速切削镍基高温合金GH4169的二维切削仿真模型,对切削过程进行了模拟,获得了切削过程中的应力变化及分布情况、切削速度和切削深度对切出端应力分布、残留变形及切削力的影响。研究结果表明:在切削过程不同的切削阶段中第一变形区的最大等效应力大小总体变化不大;切削速度对工件切出端应力分布的影响不大,切削深度增大使得较大应力分布面积明显增大;刀具切出工件后在工件切出端处会形成塑性延伸变形,塑性延伸长度在切削速度较低时较大,而在切削速度较大时较小且变化不大,塑性延伸长度随着切削深度的增加而增加;切削分力F_x随切削速度和深度的增大而增大,F_y随切削深度的增加而有所增大,但切削速度对F_y的影响较小。切削深度对F_x的影响较切削速度更大。     

基于CFD的高速切削层流模拟

 高速切削塑性变形的本质是位错的不可逆运动与增殖,切削时固体的黏滞力与位错速度成正比,材料的黏性效应在材料的动态力学行为中起到越来越重要的作用,因此从流体的角度去理解比从固体的方面去认识更符合其特点。本文描述了高速切削的位错阻尼机理,建立了基于流体力学的高速切削理论模型,利用计算机模拟技术得到了高速切削时的速度场、压力场和应变率场,为高速切削研究提供了新的思路。通过分析计算结果得出如下结论:在刀尖上方存在速度滞止点,此处速度为零,压力最大,其位置变化影响着刀具寿命和工件已加工表面的质量;从压力最大点开始,压力值沿前刀面逐渐减小直到某处为零,此点即切屑与前刀面分离点;剪切面(刀尖与自由表面拐角处连线)上应变率最大,然后由此向外依次减小。     

CFRP/TC4叠层板的钻削实验

采用硬质合金麻花钻对碳纤维复合材料-钛合金叠层板进行钻削试验,分析了钛合金层加工参数对刀具磨损的影响和刀具磨损机制。刀具磨损对孔入口处最大撕裂长度的影响。结果表明:磨损的主要区域是横刃和后刀面,前刀面磨损不明显。钛合金层的低转速和低进给量可以降低刀具磨损;此外随着钻孔数的增加,钛合金层转速越低、进给量越大碳纤维复合材料孔入口处孔质量更好。     

Cutting path-dependent machinability of SiCp/Al composite under multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting

Particle-tool interactions, which govern the synergetic deformation of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites under mechanical machining, strongly depend on the geometry of particle position residing on cutting path. In the present work, we investigate the influence of cutting path on the machinability of a SiCp/Al composite in multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting by combining finite element simulations with experimental observations and characterization. Be consistent with experimentally characterized microstructures, the simulated SiCp/Al composite is considered to be composed of randomly distributed polygonally-shaped SiC particles with a volume fraction of 25vol%. A multi-step cutting strategy with depths of cut ranging from 2 to 10 μm is adopted to achieve an ultimate depth of cut of 10 μm. Intrinsic material parameters and extrinsic cutting conditions utilized in finite element simulations of SiCp/Al cutting are consistent with those used in corresponding experiments. Simulation results reveal different particle-tool interactions and failure modes of SiC particles, as well as their correlations with machining force evolution, residual stress distribution and machined surface topography. A detailed comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data of multi-step diamond cutting of SiCp/Al composite reveals a substantial impact of the number of cutting steps on particle-tool interactions and machined surface quality. These findings provide guidelines for achieving high surface finish of SiCp/Al composites by ultra-precision diamond cutting.     

基于域对抗门控网络的变工况刀具磨损精确预测方法

刀具磨损的精确预测对保证零件加工质量、提高生产效率和降低制造成本具有重要作用。在实际加工过程中,切削参数、刀具几何参数、刀具材料等工况复杂多变,工况信息和刀具磨损量对监测信号的耦合作用为刀具磨损的精确预测带来了很大挑战。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于域对抗门控网络（DAGNN）的变工况刀具磨损精确预测方法。引入工况分类网络并利用无磨损量标签样本,通过域对抗和门控过滤机制自适应地从不同工况的原始监测信号中提取表征刀具磨损且对工况变化不敏感的关键信号特征。对信号特征提取网络和刀具磨损预测网络进行迭代优化,从而实现变工况刀具磨损的精确预测。实验结果表明：相比已有的方法,本文方法能够利用少量带磨损量标签的目标工况样本实现刀具材料和刀具直径变化情况下的刀具磨损量精确预测,预测精度大幅提高。     

基于多参量状态信息融合的刀具磨损状态智能识别

鉴于刀具磨损监控在自动化生产中的重要性,建立了基于切削力和基于相对切削时间的两种磨损检测模型．切削力模型是利用回归算法和模糊分类技术建立的,通过检测切削力信号可在线识别刀具磨损状态．基于相对切削时间模型利用回归技术直接建立刀具磨损量与切削参数及时间的关系,可在较大的切削条件变化范围内实现对刀具磨损的识别．