带FDI算法的无人机组合导航姿态确定控制系统设计

无人机导航系统的作用是提供导航数据给飞控计算机作为制导和控制用,因为飞控计算机的性能在很大程度上依赖于导航数据,导航系统的某一个错误可能会导致整个无人机的失败,因此,导航系统应具有故障检测和隔离(FDI)算法,介绍了一种用于无人机导航的FDI和低成本的组合导航系统,硬件包括低成本商业用MEMSIMU、GPS接收器、磁力计和导航计算机,软件包括带FDI算法的卡尔曼滤波。     

基于DKF的IMU误差预测算法

作为导航领域常用的组合导航方式,全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)/惯性导航系统(INS)组合导航在GNSS信号失锁后,由于惯性测量单元(IMU)误差随时间迅速积累,其定位结果会偏离载体真实位置,导航精度下降.针对此问题,提出了一种长短期记忆网络(LSTM)辅助的算法,称之为深度卡尔曼滤波(DKF)算法.DKF算法的核心思想是使用LSTM训练IMU误差模型,然后通过训练出的模型预测IMU误差,最后将预测的IMU误差代入IMU数据以校正导航结果.仿真结果表明:在200s测试数据上,DKF算法将误差从1.1537m/s降低到0.3746m/s.与平均预测、卡尔曼预测和最小二乘估计等方法相比,DKF算法的误差最小,具有更优越的导航性能.     

基于视觉的惯性导航误差在线修正

陀螺零偏和加速度计零偏是影响惯性测量单元(IMU)积分精度的重要因素。提供一组精确的实时的零偏估计可以提高IMU的积分精度,为视觉导航提供良好的位姿预测,提高整个系统的动态性能。通过合理地建立IMU的噪声模型以及IMU和视觉的组合方程,利用一种基于李群和李代数知识的IMU预积分方法将零偏进行合理的线性化,运用Kalman滤波进行IMU零偏的在线估计。实验结果表明,通过本文的修正方法,惯性导航的平均积累误差由0.034m/s提高到0.0037m/s,精度明显提高。     

High accuracy navigation and landing system using GPS/IMU systemintegration

In this paper, the accuracy, integrity and continuity of function requirements for automatic landing systems using satellite navigation systems are discussed. Such a landing system is the integrated navigation and landing system (INLS) developed by Deutsche Aerospace (DASA/Ulm, Germany). The system concepts of the INLS are presented. It is shown how an INLS, based on system integration of a satellite navigation system (e.g., GPS) in realtime differential mode with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in the accuracy class of an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), can meet the requirements: the results given are mainly devoted to the accuracy issues. Using Kalman filter techniques, an in-flight calibration of the IMU is performed. The advantage of system integration, especially in dynamic flight conditions and during phases of flight with satellite masking, is explained. The accuracy, integrity and continuity of function of the INLS were proven by means of flight tests in a commuter aircraft using a laser tracker as a reference. These flight tests have shown that the short-term accuracy (<60 seconds) of the AHRS used within the INLS has been improved from low cost sensor quality to the accuracy of a high quality laser inertial navigation system (LNIS). With the presented INLS, a landing at any airfield, not equipped with conventional Instrument Landing System (ILS) or Microwave Landing System (MLS), is possible by using a very cost effective system. The INLS is a high accuracy navigation and landing system designed to be used instead of conventional landing systems at small airfields and to fill operational gaps of conventional navigation and landing systems in cruise and approach on large airports     

机抖激光陀螺捷联系统动力学建模及结构动特性设计方法

机抖激光陀螺捷联系统普遍采用抖频偏频技术消除闭锁效应的影响,这使得激光惯导成为自带激励源的动力学系统,动力学系统结构参数的设计将影响陀螺抖动效率和陀螺测量精度。在陀螺抖动驱动力条件下,建立了包含激光惯导箱体、惯性测量本体、陀螺、减振器、抖轮在内的较为完整的动力学模型,给出了该模型的解答过程和Matlab仿真计算结果,讨论了不同结构参数对抖动效率及惯导精度的影响规律,并在此基础上提出了激光惯导结构基于动特性设计的原则和方法。经验证,该方法能够有效指导结构转动惯量等参数设计,提高了设计质量,有效避免了激光惯导由结构设计不足而导致的动力学问题。     

捷联惯导与里程计组合导航系统标定方法研究

捷联惯导/里程计组合导航系统中,里程计的刻度系数和相对惯组的安装误差角的标定是影响组合导航精度的关键因素.根据工程应用情况,提出经典标定方法和卡尔曼滤波标定方法,并对两种方法进行比较.在标定出刻度系数和安装误差角后,将该数据装订到惯组中进行车载试验验证,将里程计解算的速度和位置与GPS实测值进行比较.试验结果表明:跑车...     

复杂环境下微小飞行器惯性/激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法

针对微小型飞行器在巡检、探测和地图构建等应用中关键的自主导航技术,提出了一种基于惯性辅助的激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法用于微小型飞行器自主导航。相对于传统的激光雷达SLAM方法,该方法在SLAM框架中引入了感知环境突变检测方法,并且加强了惯性与SLAM的组合程度,有效地解决了高程方向感知环境发生突变时激光雷达SLAM定位误差大的问题。室内车库实际飞行实验结果表明,该方法能够实现微小型飞行器在三维空间中实时可靠的自主导航,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

航空制导炸弹挠性SINS/GPS组合导航系统研究

针对航空制导炸弹对低成本、高精度、高可靠性导航系统的需求,利用小型化挠性惯性测量组合(IMU)与高精度、高数据更新率的GPS-OEM板组成高精度、低成本的SINS/GPS组合导航系统。SINS和GPS采用速度、位置综合模式,利用Kalman滤波进行数据融合。最后对该组合导航系统进行了数学仿真试验和车载试验。研究表明,此低成本的组合导航系统具有精度高、成本低、可靠性好、体积小等优良指标。     

基于组合导航技术的光纤捷联系统在线标定

 将光纤捷联系统惯性测量单元（IMU）输出误差分解成零偏误差、标度因数误差、失准角误差和随机白噪声几个部分,建立了系统误差模型,基于此模型设计卡尔曼滤波器引入高精度外部信息源对IMU进行在线标定。将此方法应用于某光纤捷联系统进行跑车试验,结果表明：引入外部信息源进行在线标定与补偿后系统纯惯导精度显著提高,本文建立的系统误差模型和在线估计方式有效估计了IMU输出误差,实现了系统在线标定,提高了系统实用精度。     

MEMS惯性器件及系统发展研究综述

将MEMS惯性系统分为ISA、IMU和INS三级,分别介绍了国内外的研究概况,并对MEMS INS的发展趋势进行了讨论,供广大惯性导航研究人员参考。     

大角度斜置激光惯组与里程计组合导航方法

针对激光惯组斜置条件下惯组坐标系相对里程计坐标系是大角度的情况,建立了两坐标系之间的转换关系,推导了里程计输出转换的安装误差补偿模型,在补偿模型基础上给出了安装误差计算公式.以惯组位移与里程计位移之差作为量测值,建立了状态和量测方程,运用Kalman滤波技术实现惯组/里程计组合导航,最后通过跑车试验对提出的惯性/里程计组合导航方法进行了验证,结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

MEMS inertial rate and acceleration sensor

Development of the μSCIRAS^TM (pronounced micro-Cyrus) multisensor for a period of over six years has produced a practical MEMS Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Using only three silicon sensors, a full-up IMU suitable for tactical grade navigation and guidance applications has been achieved. Iterative improvements in silicon sensor design and bulk micromachining processes have matured to the point where an IMU with an attractive price/performance ratio is now producible. This paper summarizes the design features and test results for an IMU with <100 deg/hr performance. Test results are shown for rate bias and acceleration bias over temperature. Production of this initial member of the μSCIRAS product family begins this year to support applications including guided artillery shells, technology insertion to decrease missile costs, navigation of remotely-piloted vehicles, dismounted soldier location devices and other navigation aids. The small size of this silicon multisensor and its ability to measure both angular rotation rate and linear acceleration provides a useful advantage in product packaging, cost, size, and system testing. The μSCIRAS Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) is housed in a 2 cubic inch package weighing less than 5 ounces (140 grams) requires less than 0.8 Watts of power. Continuing development will lead to greatly improved performance on the order of 1 deg/hr at low prices in high-volume production     

Wavelet de-noising for IMU alignment

Inertial navigation system (INS) is presently used in several applications related to aerospace systems and land vehicle navigation. An INS determines the position, velocity, and attitude of a moving platform by processing the accelerations and angular velocity measurements of an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Accurate estimation of the initial attitude angles of an IMU is essential to ensure precise determination of the position and attitude of the moving platform. These initial attitude angles are usually estimated using alignment techniques. Due to the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor measurement (especially for the gyroscopes), the initial attitude angles may not be computed accurately enough. In addition, the estimated initial attitude angles may have relatively large uncertainties that may affect the accuracy of other navigation parameters. This article suggests processing the gyro and accelerometer measurements with multiple levels of wavelet decomposition to remove the high frequency noise components. The proposed wavelet de-noising method was applied on a navigational grade inertial measurement unit (LTN90-100). The results showed that accurate alignment procedure and fast convergence of the estimation algorithm, in addition to reducing the estimation covariance of the three attitude angles, could be obtained.     

一种常规机动下机载SINS/GPS组合导航系统的可观测性分析

为保证机载捷联惯组的导航精度能够达到要求,需要对惯组定期进行返厂标定,成本高、周期长,也影响载机的使用效率,故而机载惯组在线标校技术的研究一直在不断进行中。对大中型运输机的机载惯组而言,由于其机体较大、机动能力较差,很难完成诸如S机动等复杂的机动动作,故而需要对其常规飞行机动状态下机载SINS/GPS组合导航系统的可观测性进行分析。利用GPS提供的速度和位置信息作为外部观测量来设计Kalman滤波器,采用基于分段线性定常系统(PWCS)的奇异值分解法(SVD),对飞机静止、起降、匀速飞行、匀加减速飞行、转弯等一系列常规机动条件下系统的可观测性和可观测度进行研究。通过Matlab仿真和转台实验,验证了组合导航系统可观测性分析结论的有效性,可为机载惯组的在线标校提供一定参考。     

Optimal pure proportional navigation for maneuvering targets

The optimal pure proportional navigation (PPN) guidance law with time-varying navigation gains is considered. Unlike the conventional optimal PPN approach where linearized model was assumed in the optimization process, this work exploits the exact nonlinear formulation of PPN to derive analytically the optimal time trajectory of the navigation gain to minimize a performance index which is a weighted sum of the final time and the integral of the squared acceleration. It is verified that the PPN scheme with constant navigation gain is not only optimal in the vicinity of the interception point, but also optimal for the whole trajectory, if the navigation constant is designed by the methodology proposed here. Based on the optimization results for nonmaneuvering targets, a recursive optimal PPN scheme is proposed for maneuvering targets, wherein the optimal navigation gain and time-to-go are predicted recursively during the interception, and trajectory and performance of the interceptor guided by optimal recursive PPN scheme are evaluated analytically.     

激光陀螺惯性导航系统旋转技术综述

旋转技术能够有效调制激光陀螺和加速度计的误差,提高惯性导航系统的精度。首先基于惯性测量单元的误差模型,分析了旋转技术的基本原理。然后对旋转技术的旋转方案、最优转动速率、旋转机构误差对系统精度的影响、载体角运动对旋转效果的影响、采用旋转技术的惯导解算、采用旋转技术的初始对准与测漂等进行了综述,探讨了我国研究旋转技术的重点研究方向,为开展我国旋转式光学陀螺惯导系统的研究提供了一定参考。     

基于方位旋转调制的平台惯导系统模拟与仿真

为减小惯性器件误差对平台惯导系统的影响,引入了方位旋转调制技术,并对其进行了计算机模拟。模拟结果表明,由于与方位轴垂直的惯性器件误差得到有效调制,惯导系统导航误差降低,导航精度明显提高。     

INS/GNSS组合导航系统空中快速对准方法

针对机载惯性/全球导航卫星系统(INS/GNSS)组合导航系统地面静基座对准时间较长、航向对准精度较低以及惯导空中故障重启后无法快速得到精确姿态信息重新进入导航状态等问题,提出一种快速初始对准方法。该对准方法基于惯性导航比力方程,利用GNSS的定位、测速信息与惯性测量组件(IMU)的输出信息解算载体姿态信息,并结合遗传-牛顿算法与求和自回归滑动平均(ARIMA)模型卡尔曼滤波信号降噪技术提高姿态信息的解算精度。基于实测飞行数据的解算验证了该方法的有效性、对准精度以及在实际工程应用中的优越性。