凸起迎风面积对不同轮缘封严结构封严效率影响的实验研究

为了获得合适的凸起迎风面积并为减缓燃气入侵提供依据,用CO2浓度测量法研究了凸起迎风面积的变化对涡轮腔内各参数(静压、总压、浓度)的影响,揭示了关于不同封严结构的封严效率和最小封严流量随凸起迎风面积改变的规律。试验在主流雷诺数Rew=4.39×105,旋转雷诺数在7.51×105Re?1.30×106的范围内,测得了不同封严冷气流量下的实验参数。结果表明:试验设计工况范围内,凸起的迎风面积改变对涡轮腔内的静压影响不大,靠近封严环处的静压变化几乎可以忽略不计;而总压和封严效率都和凸起迎风面积成正比关系,但不同封严结构的提升程度存在差别。整体而言,径向封严结构效率的增大最突出,轴向封严和静盘双齿封严改善略小。安装凸起后,平均来看,三种结构所需的最小封严流量分别可以减少11.8%,5.3%,3.4%。此外,旋转雷诺数对封严效率的影响也很明显。     

凸起形状对轮缘封严结构燃气入侵的影响

为了研究轮缘封严附近凸起的形状对封严效率的影响，采用测量二氧化碳体积分数、腔内压力的实验方法，研究了几种典型的凸起形状对封严效率、腔内压力、腔内流场和无量纲最小封严流量的影响，目的是获得最佳的凸起形状。结果表明，凸起形状的变化对腔内的静压影响不大，封严环附近的静压变化几乎可以忽略不计。而总压和封严效率将随着凸起形状的变化而不同。安装凸起会整体提升腔内的旋流比。当凸起形状为六面体时，腔内的总压和封严效率最大，其无量纲最小封严流量相比于光滑盘平均减少了32%。     

涡轮盘轮缘封严结构参数对封严效率影响的实验研究

在航空发动机涡轮部件中,封严环的设计对涡轮盘腔的冷却封严有着至关重要的作用。使用CO_2浓度测量法针对静盘双齿动盘单齿封严环的结构参数(齿高和齿间距)变化对封严效率的影响进行了实验研究,目的在于获得封严结构的封严效率和最小封严流量的变化规律。实验在主流雷诺数Re_w=4.39×10~5,旋转雷诺数7.51×10~5Re_?1.30×10~6的范围内,测量了不同封严流量下的封严效率,以及不同结构参数下各工况的最小封严流量。结果表明:封严效率随封严流量和旋转雷诺数的增加而增加;最小封严流量随着齿间距的增大和齿高的减小而增大,G_c平均每增加7.5×10~(-4),所需的最小封严流量会增加8.0%,G_(ov)平均每增加1.12×10~(-3),可使最小封严流量减少4.7%,同时旋转雷诺数的变化对变齿间距下的最小封严流量有明显效果,而在变齿高情况下则没有影响。     

带缘板修型的静盘深腔型复合封严试验

采用CO₂气体体积分数测量法研究一种带缘板修型的静盘深腔型复合封严结构。同时选取轴向封严结构和叠覆封严结构作为比较基准，重点关注主流雷诺数(0.75×10⁵～9.4×10⁵)、封严流量(流量比0.2%～2.5%)、旋转雷诺数(1.6×10⁵～8.1×10⁵)等典型工况参数对盘腔内压力分布和封严效率的影响情况；并在此基础上开展了相应的数值研究，获得了封严腔室内详细的流场信息。结果表明：在试验设计工况范围内，主流雷诺数的改变对静叶尾缘和动叶前缘的周向压力分布影响显著。主流雷诺数增加，主流通道内压力升高，主流气体入侵加剧；增加封严流量有利于提高盘腔内压力，从而提升盘腔封严效率，但这对静叶尾缘压力影响较小；增加旋转雷诺数会增大静叶尾缘和动叶叶间通道前缘的静压，加重主流气体入侵，降低盘腔封严效率。相比轴向封严结构，叠覆封严结构由于高半径封严容腔的设置，改变了盘腔流场结构，有效地将主流气体阻隔在封严容腔内，保证了低半径盘腔的封严效率在80%以上。新型封严结构的静盘深腔和缘板造型设置，不仅保...     

旋转诱导燃气入侵的数值模拟

在航空发动机涡轮级中,动盘的旋转会导致主流高温燃气从盘缘封严侵入转静盘腔系统.通过计算流体动力学方法对轴向封严结构下旋转诱导燃气入侵进行了研究,得到了在不同封严冷气流量下盘腔压力和封严间隙处径向速度的变化规律.分别计算基于质量和基于浓度定义的封严效率分布,并得到了相应最小封严流量.在不同旋转雷诺数下,用压力参数法估算了最小封严流量,所得结果与公开发表的经验关系式计算得出的一致.      

多齿轮缘封严特性的实验

使用气体体积分数法得到了多齿轮缘封严的封严效率分布，获得封严效率随无量纲封严流量变化规律，最终拟合得出实验工况下的最小封严流量计算关联式（实验中主流雷诺数为1.42×105~3.20×105,旋转雷诺数为5.27×105~1.36×106）.通过对二氧化碳体积分数的测量结果表明:在盘腔内部高半径处封严效率较低，而低半径处封严效率一直处于较高的水平；封严效率随封严流量的变化与Owen封严效率方程有较好符合度，说明可以用封严效率方程对多齿轮缘封严进行预测，实验结果进一步扩展了其应用范围.      

体积分数法测量几种转静系中的最小封严流量

为防止涡轮盘腔转静系统高温“燃气入侵”现象发生,需要确定最小封严流量.在不同的转速和不同出气间隙下,采用体积分数法分别对6种典型封严结构进行实验研究,以确定它们在不同工况下的最小封严流量并得出其变化规律:在固定的出气间隙值下,最小封严冷气流量随转盘转速的增加而增大,且几乎呈线性变化;对于固定的转速,随着出气间隙的增加,最小封严冷气流量也随之增加.拟合出不同封严结构的级间封严准则函数关系式,并探寻出封严效果最优的封严结构.      

涡轮盘腔轴向封严流动的数值研究

利用数值方法研究了轴向封严结构内的燃气入侵与封严流动.研究表明:由于封严间隙处流场参数梯度较大,封严面非匹配网格影响了数值传递从而造成封严效率数值结果偏高.定常数值模拟结果低估了导叶下游静压的周向不均匀性,同时没有考虑转静干涉,所得到的封严效率较非定常结果要高.非定常计算得到的导叶下游静压周向分布与试验结果符合较好,在盘腔子午面内形成3个涡核结构,引导静盘壁面流体流向动盘以补充动盘泵效应所需流量.封严间隙内存在旋转的燃气入侵与出流结构,燃气入侵伴随较大的切向速度,封严间隙内的封严间隙涡对封严效率有积极影响,封严面上径向速度的瞬时值为时均值的3倍以上.燃气入侵受到导叶尾缘周向静压分布和转子旋转的共同影响.      

径向进气轴向出流旋转盘腔总压损失特性研究

在径向进气轴向出流的旋转盘腔中,在哥氏力的影响下,流体速度的切向分量和流体的总压损失均增大,用数值计算方法研究其损失特性缺乏验证。采用试验方法研究了径向进气轴向出流旋转盘腔的压力损失特性,测试了不同工况下的旋转盘腔的进、出口总压,分析了流量系数和旋转雷诺数对径向进气旋转盘腔总压损失的影响规律。试验结果表明：旋转盘腔的总压损失随旋转雷诺数的增大而增大。随流量系数的变化规律较复杂,在较小旋转雷诺数下,总压损失随流量系数的增大而增大;在较大旋转雷诺数下,总压损失随流量系数的增大先减小后增大。     

压比和雷诺数对压气机级间篦齿封严流动特性的影响

为了解压气机级间封严的流动特性,以某航空发动机压气机为研究对象,对带有进出口旋转盘腔的级间篦齿结构进行了数值模拟.在压比范围为1.05~1.30,雷诺数范围为100~50000下,研究了压比和雷诺数对篦齿泄漏特性、旋流特性和风阻温升特性的影响,对比了包括篦齿和进出口旋转盘腔的系统参数与仅含篦齿的直齿参数的不同.计算结果表明进出口旋转盘腔对篦齿的流动特性有较大的影响;随着压比的增大,流量系数增加,封严效果下降,出口旋转比和风阻温升减小;随着雷诺数的增大,流量系数明显增大,出口旋转比和风阻温升也显著减小;在高雷诺数时,流量系数、出口旋转比和风阻温升变化幅度微小.      

Effect of protrusion amount on gas ingestion of radial rim seal

In this paper, the effect of different amount of protrusion on various parameters in rotor–stator system was experimentally studied by measuring CO₂ concentration and pressure, in order to obtain the optimal protrusion amount. The parameters of different dimensionless sealing flow were measured under the condition that the annulus Reynolds number was 4.39 × 10⁵ and the rotating Reynolds number was 1.05 × 10⁶. The results show that the change of the amount of protrusions has little effect on the static pressure in the cavity, and the static pressure change near the sealing ring is almost negligible. But the total pressure and sealing efficiency increase first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of protrusion. The variation of power consumption is the same. A complex vortex structure will appear at the high radius region when the protrusion is installed. On the other hand, the protrusion can effectively reduce the minimum sealing flow of the rotor–stator cavity. Furthermore, considering the sealing efficiency and power consumption, the best range of the protrusion amount is about 36. The ratio near this range can optimally balance the alleviation of the gas ingestion and the reduction of the power consumption.     

受轮缘密封结构影响的1.5级涡轮封严流与主流的相互作用以及轮缘密封间流动干扰

为探究动叶上游不同轮缘密封结构封严出流对1.5级涡轮端区流场及轮缘密封间流动干扰的影响区别,通过Shear Stress Transport （SST）湍流模型对无密封腔室,上游密封结构分别为简单斜向、简单径向,下游密封腔室为简单轴向的1.5级涡轮进行了非定常数值模拟。结果表明：轮缘密封间干扰使带径向密封结构模型的下游轮缘腔室内封严效率偏低,并增强了固有的非定常不稳定特性。上游密封结构变化对动叶和第2级静叶流动的影响差异分别位于35%、65%叶高范围内;径向密封结构增加了上游静叶的堵塞效应、动叶入口气流的欠偏转程度、叶根吸力面负荷与14%叶高以上的轮毂通道涡强度,并在第2级静叶入口处产生更多低频压力波动,使其尾缘脱落涡尺度增大但13%叶高以上的轮毂通道涡强度较弱。与无密封腔室相比,通入封严气体总量为主流流量的0.8%时,带斜向密封结构的1.5级涡轮气动效率降低了0.94%,且带径向密封结构的1.5级涡轮气动损失额外增加了0.17%。     

Effect of the protrusion shape on gas ingestion of two sealing structures

The windage loss caused by protrusion in a rotor–stator cavity has been studied in detail, and there are abundant fitting formulas that have been summarized to calculate the moment coefficients. Some other theorists have emphasized its effect on the sealing efficiency, proposing that installation of protrusion could alleviate gas ingestion. However, the protrusion shape which is an influential factor on the sealing efficiency has not been focused in previous research. Using the experimental method of measuring CO₂ volume fraction, cavity pressure, and power consumption, we investigated the effects of several typical protrusion shapes on various parameters for two sealing structures, in order to obtain the optimal shape. Results showed that a variation of the protrusion shape had little impact on the static pressure, but the total pressure and the sealing efficiency increased in different degrees. Furthermore, even though the hexagon shape resulted in the highest sealing efficiency, we observed that the drop shape had the best overall performance in all of the eight models, which could result in higher efficiency of the turbine cavity. The combination of a radial seal structure and protrusion could improve sealing efficiency better.     

涡轮径向轮缘密封非定常燃气入侵和封严效率的数值研究

为防止燃气入侵涡轮盘腔,提高运行安全性,对盘腔和轮缘密封间隙内非定常流动机理进行了深入研究。采用数值求解三维URANS（Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes）和SST湍流模型的方法,研究了涡轮径向轮缘密封的非定常燃气入侵和封严效率。数值计算的径向轮缘密封的封严效率和环量比与实验数据吻合一致,验证了数值方法的可靠性。分析了6种冷气流量下径向轮缘密封的非定常压力分布、封严效率和燃气入侵与冷气出流特性。研究表明：冷气流量的增加阻止了径向轮缘密封处的燃气入侵和强化了冷气出流,径向轮缘密封盘腔内的封严效率随着冷气流量的增加而增加;动盘附近的封严效率高于静盘;入侵燃气基本被限制在径向轮缘密封的间隙区域。径向轮缘密封间隙出口处的主流周向时均压力随着冷气流量的增加而增加,周向时均压力最大值与最小值的差值随着冷气流量的增加而减小。当动叶前缘与静叶尾缘距离较近且不断靠近的过程,主流周向压力最大值与最小值的差值增大,动静叶相分离的过程周向压力最大值和最小值的差值减小。在静叶和动叶间非定常干涉作用下,轮缘密封间隙出口区域主流周向压力最大值与最小值差值较大时刻的主流低压区域具有优良的封严效率,同时高压区域的燃气入侵导致封严效率降低。     

Flow mechanism between purge flow and mainstream in different turbine rim seal configurations

The rim seal is used to prevent mainstream ingestion to the gap between the vane of a turbine and its blade. In this article, the dolphin lip with a hook configuration and a large seal cavity with hook structures are designed based on the high-pressure turbine datum single shark lip rim seal configuration. The sealing effect and parameters of the flow field are measured by an experiment method and a numerical simulation is used to explain the mechanism. For three configurations, the effect of the leakage slot vortex on the efficiency of the seal and the influence of leakage vortex, generated by the interaction between purge flow and mainstream flow, are discussed in depth. The result shows that the reverse vortex formed by the dolphin lip rim seal with hook structure will increase the sealing efficiency. The seal configuration with a large cavity improves sealing efficiency to a greater extent than the datum structure. At different purge flow rates and with unequal seal structures, the purge flow produces three types of leakage vortices in the passage. Besides, the seal configuration with dolphin lip produces a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the interface of the purge and the mainstream flows at a low purge flow rate to induce new leakage vortex branches in the passage of the blade.     

Effect of rotor-mounted protrusion on sealing performance and flow structure in rotor-stator cavity

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of protrusion radial position and height on the sealing performance and flow structure in the rotor-stator cavity. The rotor-mounted protrusions are assembled at three radial positions and are set to three heights. The cavity is equipped with three rim seals: a radial seal, an axial seal and a seal with double fins on the stator. The annulus Reynolds number is set at $4.39\times {10}^5$ and the rotational Reynolds number ranges from $7.51\times {10}^5$ to $1.20\times {10}^6$. Heat and mass transfer analogy is applied. Pressure and ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_2$ concentration are measured. The experimental results show that in cavities with different rim seals, radial distributions of the sealing efficiency, pressure and swirl ratio are basically the same. The sealing performance is improved by protrusions compared with the cavity without protrusion and improves with the increase of protrusion radial position and height. The effect of protrusion increases with the increase of the rotational Reynolds number. The windage loss and the flow resistance introduced by protrusions are investigated. It is found that induced windage loss and flow resistance decrease with the increase of protrusion radial position but increase with the protrusion height.     

典型阶梯篦齿高转速密封性能试验

在高转速密封试验设备上，进行了实际尺寸阶梯篦齿压比(1.05～28)、相对密封间隙(齿尖密封间隙和齿宽比)(24～40)、泄漏流雷诺数(1900～28000)及旋转速度(0～12000r/min)等对密封性能影响的试验。结果显示:篦齿流量系数随压比变大而上升，随相对密封间隙变大而降低；转速低于5000r/min时，旋转对篦齿流量系数影响不明显，高转速、小压比时，篦齿流量系数随转速的升高而降低，降幅超过301%；较小雷诺数下，篦齿流量系数随雷诺数的减小快速降低，雷诺数超过6000以后，篦齿流量系数受雷诺数的影响不明显；气流通过阶梯篦齿第一道齿的压力损失最小，通过最后一道齿的压力损失最大，通过中间各齿的压力损失相当。基于试验测试数据，修正了典型阶梯篦齿流量系数的求解关系式，修正后的关系式计算值与实测值吻合良好。      

典型参数对盘缘封严性能综合影响机制

为了掌握典型参数对盘缘封严燃气入侵的综合影响机制,采用数值方法研究并揭示了燃气入侵形式与封严间隙涡系结构的内在联系,在此基础上设计了一种内环型盘缘封严结构。结果表明:增加转速和增加主流流量都会导致封严效率降低,但是二者的作用却是相互羁绊的;与传统孔口模型相比,内环型盘缘封严结构能够有效将回流区涡限制在封严间隙内,利用羁绊效应拓宽了高封严效率区域的工况范围,提高了盘缘封严性能。