Effect of protrusion amount on gas ingestion of radial rim seal

In this paper, the effect of different amount of protrusion on various parameters in rotor–stator system was experimentally studied by measuring CO₂ concentration and pressure, in order to obtain the optimal protrusion amount. The parameters of different dimensionless sealing flow were measured under the condition that the annulus Reynolds number was 4.39 × 10⁵ and the rotating Reynolds number was 1.05 × 10⁶. The results show that the change of the amount of protrusions has little effect on the static pressure in the cavity, and the static pressure change near the sealing ring is almost negligible. But the total pressure and sealing efficiency increase first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of protrusion. The variation of power consumption is the same. A complex vortex structure will appear at the high radius region when the protrusion is installed. On the other hand, the protrusion can effectively reduce the minimum sealing flow of the rotor–stator cavity. Furthermore, considering the sealing efficiency and power consumption, the best range of the protrusion amount is about 36. The ratio near this range can optimally balance the alleviation of the gas ingestion and the reduction of the power consumption.     

凸起数对各封严结构封严效率影响的实验

实验用二氧化碳体积分数测量法研究了凸起数目的变化对盘腔内各参数（静压、总压、封严效率）的影响,目的是获得不同封严结构的封严效率和最小封严流量随凸起数目的变化规律。实验在主流雷诺数和旋转雷诺数为一定范围内,测量了不同封严流量下的参数。结果表明:在实验工况范围内,凸起的数目变化对腔内的静压影响较小,靠近封严环的静压变化几乎可以忽略;而总压和封严效率都和凸起数目成正比,但不同封严结构的变化程度有所不同。从整体上看,径向封严结构效率的提升最明显,轴向封严和静盘双齿封严改善较小。平均每增加一个凸起,三种结构所需的最小封严流量分别可以减少0.96%、0.30%、0.28%。此外,安装了凸起后,旋转雷诺数对封严效率的影响也会更加明显。      

封严间隙对盘缘密封性能影响的数值研究

通过对真实工况下高压涡轮的盘缘封严进行三维数值模拟,研究了3种不同轴向间隙和径向间隙对封严效率和盘腔内流场变化特性的影响规律,结果表明:针对复合封严结构及研究参数范围,由于静盘封严环将盘腔划分为封严外容腔和封严内容腔,而封严外容腔可以有效地将主流燃气阻隔在内,因此封严内容腔具有较高的封严效率。当轴向间隙增大时,封严环轴向重合度会逐渐减小,同时冷气出流阻力降低,盘腔的封严效率因而提高。当轴向间隙一定径向间隙逐渐减小时,封严外容腔径向距离减小,此时盘腔低半径处封严效率升高。     

涡轮盘腔轴向封严流动的数值研究

利用数值方法研究了轴向封严结构内的燃气入侵与封严流动.研究表明:由于封严间隙处流场参数梯度较大,封严面非匹配网格影响了数值传递从而造成封严效率数值结果偏高.定常数值模拟结果低估了导叶下游静压的周向不均匀性,同时没有考虑转静干涉,所得到的封严效率较非定常结果要高.非定常计算得到的导叶下游静压周向分布与试验结果符合较好,在盘腔子午面内形成3个涡核结构,引导静盘壁面流体流向动盘以补充动盘泵效应所需流量.封严间隙内存在旋转的燃气入侵与出流结构,燃气入侵伴随较大的切向速度,封严间隙内的封严间隙涡对封严效率有积极影响,封严面上径向速度的瞬时值为时均值的3倍以上.燃气入侵受到导叶尾缘周向静压分布和转子旋转的共同影响.      

Effect of rotor-mounted protrusion on sealing performance and flow structure in rotor-stator cavity

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of protrusion radial position and height on the sealing performance and flow structure in the rotor-stator cavity. The rotor-mounted protrusions are assembled at three radial positions and are set to three heights. The cavity is equipped with three rim seals: a radial seal, an axial seal and a seal with double fins on the stator. The annulus Reynolds number is set at $4.39\times {10}^5$ and the rotational Reynolds number ranges from $7.51\times {10}^5$ to $1.20\times {10}^6$. Heat and mass transfer analogy is applied. Pressure and ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_2$ concentration are measured. The experimental results show that in cavities with different rim seals, radial distributions of the sealing efficiency, pressure and swirl ratio are basically the same. The sealing performance is improved by protrusions compared with the cavity without protrusion and improves with the increase of protrusion radial position and height. The effect of protrusion increases with the increase of the rotational Reynolds number. The windage loss and the flow resistance introduced by protrusions are investigated. It is found that induced windage loss and flow resistance decrease with the increase of protrusion radial position but increase with the protrusion height.     

篦齿封严泄漏特性的实验

为了研究工程实际尺寸下篦齿封严泄漏特性,设计并搭建了篦齿封严实验台.在进出口压比为1.1~2.0的条件下,探究了节流间隙、齿数、齿腔深度和宽度等对篦齿封严泄漏量和密封腔内压力分布的影响.结果表明:泄漏系数随着压比和节流间隙的提高而增加,但压比达到1.6后,增加趋势逐渐变缓;增加齿数能显著提高篦齿的封严性能,但随着齿数变多,效果逐渐减弱;较浅和较宽的齿腔对于提高篦齿的封严性能更有利;进出口压比、节流间隙和齿腔深度对于篦齿腔内压力系数的分布几乎没有影响;篦齿腔内沿程压力不断降低,但在各齿腔内降低的程度逐渐减小;在篦齿封严中,越接近入口的齿腔对密封性能提高的贡献越大,对封严性能的优劣起着决定性作用.      

受轮缘密封结构影响的1.5级涡轮封严流与主流的相互作用以及轮缘密封间流动干扰

为探究动叶上游不同轮缘密封结构封严出流对1.5级涡轮端区流场及轮缘密封间流动干扰的影响区别,通过Shear Stress Transport （SST）湍流模型对无密封腔室,上游密封结构分别为简单斜向、简单径向,下游密封腔室为简单轴向的1.5级涡轮进行了非定常数值模拟。结果表明：轮缘密封间干扰使带径向密封结构模型的下游轮缘腔室内封严效率偏低,并增强了固有的非定常不稳定特性。上游密封结构变化对动叶和第2级静叶流动的影响差异分别位于35%、65%叶高范围内;径向密封结构增加了上游静叶的堵塞效应、动叶入口气流的欠偏转程度、叶根吸力面负荷与14%叶高以上的轮毂通道涡强度,并在第2级静叶入口处产生更多低频压力波动,使其尾缘脱落涡尺度增大但13%叶高以上的轮毂通道涡强度较弱。与无密封腔室相比,通入封严气体总量为主流流量的0.8%时,带斜向密封结构的1.5级涡轮气动效率降低了0.94%,且带径向密封结构的1.5级涡轮气动损失额外增加了0.17%。     

涡轮径向轮缘密封非定常燃气入侵和封严效率的数值研究

为防止燃气入侵涡轮盘腔,提高运行安全性,对盘腔和轮缘密封间隙内非定常流动机理进行了深入研究。采用数值求解三维URANS（Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes）和SST湍流模型的方法,研究了涡轮径向轮缘密封的非定常燃气入侵和封严效率。数值计算的径向轮缘密封的封严效率和环量比与实验数据吻合一致,验证了数值方法的可靠性。分析了6种冷气流量下径向轮缘密封的非定常压力分布、封严效率和燃气入侵与冷气出流特性。研究表明：冷气流量的增加阻止了径向轮缘密封处的燃气入侵和强化了冷气出流,径向轮缘密封盘腔内的封严效率随着冷气流量的增加而增加;动盘附近的封严效率高于静盘;入侵燃气基本被限制在径向轮缘密封的间隙区域。径向轮缘密封间隙出口处的主流周向时均压力随着冷气流量的增加而增加,周向时均压力最大值与最小值的差值随着冷气流量的增加而减小。当动叶前缘与静叶尾缘距离较近且不断靠近的过程,主流周向压力最大值与最小值的差值增大,动静叶相分离的过程周向压力最大值和最小值的差值减小。在静叶和动叶间非定常干涉作用下,轮缘密封间隙出口区域主流周向压力最大值与最小值差值较大时刻的主流低压区域具有优良的封严效率,同时高压区域的燃气入侵导致封严效率降低。     

形状记忆合金梁式管接头密封性能数值研究

针对一种阴接头密封梁具有椭圆弧凹槽的形状记忆合金梁式管接头,利用ABAQUS软件建立考虑管内流体压力和温度的弹塑性有限元热力耦合模型,数值模拟得到阴、阳接头间的接触带宽和接触应力分布。基于逾渗理论与微观粗糙密封界面有限元接触分析,计算得到形状记忆合金材料密封界面泄漏概率为零的临界接触应力。结合第一道密封的接触应力分布,以S指数作为形状记忆合金梁式管接头密封性能的评价指标,数值模拟了预紧力、管内流体压力和温度对形状记忆合金梁式管接头密封性能影响。结果表明：在装配拧紧力矩范围内形状记忆合金梁式管接头密封性能随着预紧力增大而增强;密封性能随着管内流体压力的升高会提高,具有良好的自封性;在-50～200℃的管内流体温度范围内密封性能基本稳定,满足密封要求。数值分析表明在相同工作条件下形状记忆合金梁式管接头相比于不锈钢和钛合金梁式管接头具有更优的密封性能。     

指尖密封轴向布局的变尺度结构研究

采用有限元技术研究了在不同压差条件下,指尖密封轴向布局中密封件轴向尺度配置对指尖密封装置的迟滞特性、密封靴与转子接触封严区接触压力的影响。研究结果表明:不同工况条件和轴向布局结构对迟滞率和接触压力的影响较为复杂,而夹心状指尖密封轴向布局结构能够具有相对较优良的迟滞特性和接触特性的匹配关系。研究工作同时表明有必要进行指尖密封轴向布局结构及尺寸的优化研究。      

直通式封严篦齿内部流动和换热的实验研究

为了研究外界因素对高推动比航空发动机中密封装置性能的影响,介绍了在吸气式内流传热风洞实验台测量了不同雷诺数和不同齿顶厚和齿隙比的工况下对篦齿腔内部流动的影响规律, 并利用该实验台对篦齿顶板表面的换热特性进行了研究． 测量结果说明了在篦齿腔中旋涡的分布及雷诺数变化对旋涡分布的影响．并得出了在不同雷诺数和Ｔ／Ｃ工况下对篦齿顶板表面换热特性的影响     

Flow mechanism between purge flow and mainstream in different turbine rim seal configurations

The rim seal is used to prevent mainstream ingestion to the gap between the vane of a turbine and its blade. In this article, the dolphin lip with a hook configuration and a large seal cavity with hook structures are designed based on the high-pressure turbine datum single shark lip rim seal configuration. The sealing effect and parameters of the flow field are measured by an experiment method and a numerical simulation is used to explain the mechanism. For three configurations, the effect of the leakage slot vortex on the efficiency of the seal and the influence of leakage vortex, generated by the interaction between purge flow and mainstream flow, are discussed in depth. The result shows that the reverse vortex formed by the dolphin lip rim seal with hook structure will increase the sealing efficiency. The seal configuration with a large cavity improves sealing efficiency to a greater extent than the datum structure. At different purge flow rates and with unequal seal structures, the purge flow produces three types of leakage vortices in the passage. Besides, the seal configuration with dolphin lip produces a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the interface of the purge and the mainstream flows at a low purge flow rate to induce new leakage vortex branches in the passage of the blade.     

旋转诱导燃气入侵的数值模拟

在航空发动机涡轮级中,动盘的旋转会导致主流高温燃气从盘缘封严侵入转静盘腔系统.通过计算流体动力学方法对轴向封严结构下旋转诱导燃气入侵进行了研究,得到了在不同封严冷气流量下盘腔压力和封严间隙处径向速度的变化规律.分别计算基于质量和基于浓度定义的封严效率分布,并得到了相应最小封严流量.在不同旋转雷诺数下,用压力参数法估算了最小封严流量,所得结果与公开发表的经验关系式计算得出的一致.      

典型参数对盘缘封严性能综合影响机制

为了掌握典型参数对盘缘封严燃气入侵的综合影响机制,采用数值方法研究并揭示了燃气入侵形式与封严间隙涡系结构的内在联系,在此基础上设计了一种内环型盘缘封严结构。结果表明:增加转速和增加主流流量都会导致封严效率降低,但是二者的作用却是相互羁绊的;与传统孔口模型相比,内环型盘缘封严结构能够有效将回流区涡限制在封严间隙内,利用羁绊效应拓宽了高封严效率区域的工况范围,提高了盘缘封严性能。     

O型密封圈在氮气瓶主阀上的应用

氮气瓶作为一种高压储气装置,氮气瓶上的主阀密封性能尤为关键,主阀引起的氮气瓶漏气故障较为常见,针对主阀用两种密封圈规格,分析密封原理,给出了最优密封圈选型,对该型主阀密封结构的应用和推广具有很大的指导意义。     

Modelling internal air systems ingas turbine engines

Rotating-disc systems can be used to model,experimentally and computationally,the flow and heat transfer that occur inside the internal cooling-air systems of gas turbine engines.These rotating-disc systems have been used successfully to simplify and understand some of the complex flows that occur in internal-air systems,and designers have used this insight to improve the cooling effectiveness,thereby increasing the engine efficiency and reducing the emissions.In this review paper,three important cases are considered:hot-gas ingress;the pre-swirl system;and buoyancy-induced flow.Ingress,or ingestion,occurs when hot gas from the mainstream gas path is ingested into the wheel-space between the turbine disc and its adjacent casing.Rim seals are fitted at the periphery of the system,and sealing flow is used to reduce or prevent ingress.However,too much sealing air reduces the engine efficiency,and too little can cause serious overheating,resulting in damage to the turbine rim and blade roots.Although the flow is three-dimensional and unsteady,there are encouraging signs that simple ‘orifice models’ could be used to estimate the amount of ingress into the wheel-space.In a pre-swirl system,the cooling air for the gas-turbine blades is swirled by stationary nozzles,and the air is delivered to the blades via receiver holes in the rotating turbine disc.Swirling the air reduces its temperature relative to the rotating blades,and the designer needs to calculate the air temperature and pressure drop in the system.The designer also needs to calculate the effect of this swirling flow on the heat transfer from the turbine disc to the air,as this has a significant effect on the temperature distribution and stresses in the disc.Recent experimental and computational studies have given a better understanding of the flow and heat transfer in these systems.Buoyancy-induced flow occurs in the cavity between two co-rotating compressor discs when the temperature of the discs is higher than that of the air in the cavity.Coriolis forces create cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation inside the cavity and,as such flows are three-dimensional and unsteady,the heat transfer from the discs to the air is difficult either to compute or to measure.The flow also tends to be unstable and one flow structure can change quasi-randomly to another,which makes it hard for designers of aero-engines to calculate the transient temperature changes and thermal stresses in the discs during take-off,cruise and landing conditions.Although recent CFD research has been successful in computing these flows,it will be many years before the designer can rely on computations unless they have been validated on reliable experimental data.      

基于逆向射流抑制封严篦齿泄漏流动的数值及实验研究

针对一直通型篦齿通道进行了二维数值模拟，建立了9种封严结构模型，重点研究了位置和角度变化时逆向射流对篦齿内部流场的影响，探讨了不同模型下篦齿前后压比与泄漏系数的关系，发现各工况下的逆向射流在一定程度上都能够增强篦齿的封严效果，并且射流角度越小，密封性能越佳，射流位置在第一节齿腔中间时，抑制泄漏的效果最佳，当射流角为45°，射流位置在第一齿腔中间时，泄漏系数相对不带逆向射流时能够降低11.5%。在此基础上，进行了带逆向射流的二维直通型封严篦齿实验，在不同的压比下，用PIV分别测量了3种射流角度和3种射流位置下的篦齿通道内部流场，实验结果与数值计算变化规律一致。      

转静态封严篦齿流场的数值分析和封严特性的试验

采用标准k-ε模型及RNGk-ε模型验证了前人的试验结果,最大误差分别为2.5%,15.9%。对4道、7道环型直通式篦齿,在转静状态下采用非结构化网格和SIMPLE算法,求解了不同转速的速度场和压力场;并试验研究了不同转速、齿数工况的封严效果,探讨了篦齿前后压比与泄漏系数的变化关系。表明转速对篦齿封严的影响不明显,变化幅度在3.6%;低压比情况下,随着压比增大,在相同泰勒数变化范围内,泄漏系数略有增大。      

蜂窝密封封严特性的实验研究

实验研究了3种规格的蜂窝密封在不同转速、不同密封间隙下的封严特性，并与梳齿密封进行了比较。蜂窝密封在转子转速为6 000 r/min时的漏气量比转子静止时的漏气量减少约4.8%。半径间隙为0.12mm时，芯格尺寸为1.6mm的蜂窝密封封严效果最好，半径间隙为0.06mm时，梳齿密封的漏气量比蜂窝密封少。     

航空发动机W形封严环封严效果影响因素分析

在一定气压差和封严面的机械表面形态下,W 形封严环的封严效果和其与法兰之间的封严面积密切 相关,合理选择封严环结构参数并提升封严环与法兰之间的封严面积,可以达到提升封严性的目的。使用有限 元分析软件ABAQUS模拟在预紧工况下,封严环主要结构参数、预压紧量对W 形封严环与法兰之间封严面积 的影响规律。结果表明:选取较大的外半径,预压紧量和壁厚可使零件与法兰封严面积增大,壁厚与外半径对 封严环与法兰接触面积影响较大,在设计过程中应综合考虑封严效果和刚度弹性,合理选择壁厚和外半径的 大小。