CUTTING TEMPERATURE OF CBN TOOLS WHEN MACHINING STEEL OF MEDIUM HARDNESS

ＣＵＴＴＩＮＧＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＯＦＣＢＮＴＯＯＬＳＷＨＥＮＭＡＣＨＩＮＩＮＧＳＴＥＥＬＯＦＭＥＤＩＵＭＨＡＲＤＮＥＳＳＣｈｅｎＷｕｙｉ１（陈五一），ＤａｖｉｄＫ．Ａｓｐｉｎｗａｌ２，ＨａｎＳｈｕｗｅｎ３（韩书文）１ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉ...     

钛合金铣削刀具/工件接触区域温度预测

钛合金（Ti-6Al-4V）因其优良的综合性能广泛应用于航空航天领域中,然而由于其导热系数低、弹性模量低等特性,铣削加工过程中刀具/工件接触区域温度过高,从而导致刀具磨损严重,影响已加工表面质量。因此研究切削过程中刀具/工件接触区域温度具有重要意义。从切削机理出发,将切削区域的3个热源等效为螺旋线热源,其中热流密度计算类比铣削力预测模型中铣削力计算方法,提出包含铣削热系数的热流密度计算模型,并通过实验标定铣削热系数,结果表明热流密度随切削厚度增加接近于线性增加。建立刀具/工件接触区域温度预测模型,通过半人工热电偶测温实验对模型的可行性与准确性进行了验证,实验值与预测值的相对误差在10%之内。提高了刀具/工件接触区域温度的计算精度,并为切削参数的合理选择提供理论基础。     

切削Ni基高温合金适用的可转位硬质合金刀具的试验研究

Ni基高温合金的应用日益增多,但其加工困难、效率低,为此进行了高效车削适用的硬质合金可转位车刀的涂层、几何角度与刀片形状的切削试验。结果表明,TiAlN涂层、主偏角为45°、前角为3°～9°、刀片为圆形的车刀效果较好。     

An improved analytical model of cutting temperature in orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V

Cutting heat has significant effects on the machined surface integrity of titanium alloys in the aerospace field. Many unwanted problems such as surface burning, work hardening, and tool wear can be induced by high cutting temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately predict the cutting temperature of titanium alloys. In this paper, an improved analytical model of the cutting temperature in orthogonal cutting of titanium alloys is proposed based on the Komanduri-Hou model and the Huang-Liang model. The temperatures at points in a cutting tool, chip, and workpiece are calculated by using the moving heat source method. The tool relief angle is introduced into the proposed model, and imaginary mirrored heat sources of the shear plane heat source and the frictional heat source are applied to calculate the temperature rise in a semi-infinite medium. The heat partition ratio along the tool-chip interface is determined by the discretization method. For validation purpose, orthogonal cutting of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is performed on a lathe by using a sharp tool. Experimental results show to be consistent well with those of the proposed model,yielding a relative difference of predicted temperature from 0.49% to 9.00%. The model demonstrates its ability of predicting cutting temperature in orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V.     

球头铣刀铣削力仿真技术研究

建立了适合任意进给方向的球头铣刀铣削力模型,并将铣削力仿真与几何仿真有机地结合起来,提出了快速准确地提取参与切削的切削微元的方法,并通过切削实验验证了铣削力模型。     

单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模

螺旋铣削加工工艺具有降低轴向力,改善排屑、散热条件等优点,螺旋铣削力是其重要过程指标之一。对单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模方法展开研究,预测给定加工参数下的螺旋铣削力。首先,通过对螺旋铣削过程进行运动学分析和切屑几何分析,建立了螺旋铣削过程中侧刃、底刃动态切屑层模型,纤维切削方向角度模型和动态切削力计算模型。然后,分别通过侧刃直线槽铣实验和底刃半齿插铣实验,对各个切削方向角度下侧刃、底刃切削力系数进行了标定,并利用人工神经网络对切削力系数进行拟合。最后,将标定所得的切削力系数代入动态切削力计算模型中,建立了单向CFRP螺旋铣削过程动态切削力预测模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性。与现有模型相比,该模型不仅能够预测刀具螺旋运动周期内的切削力变化情况,还可以对每个刀具自转周期内的细节进行预测,通过考虑纤维切削方向角度对切削力系数的影响,反映了单向CFRP材料的各向异性,较为准确地预测了螺旋铣削力。     

Cutting tool temperature prediction method using analytical model for end milling

Dramatic tool temperature variation in end milling can cause excessive tool wear and shorten its life, especially in machining of difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, a new analyt-ical model-based method for the prediction of cutting tool temperature in end milling is presented. The cutting cycle is divided into temperature increase and decrease phases. For the temperature increase phase, a temperature prediction model considering real friction state between the chip and tool is proposed, and the heat flux and tool-chip contact length are then obtained through finite element simulation. In the temperature decrease phase, a temperature decrease model based on the one-dimension plate heat convection is proposed. A single wire thermocouple is employed to mea-sure the tool temperature in the conducted milling experiments. Both of the theoretical and experi-mental results are obtained with cutting conditions of the cutting speed ranging from 60 m/min to 100 m/min, feed per tooth from 0.12 mm/z to 0.20 mm/z, and the radial and axial depth of cut respec-tively being 4 mm and 0.5 mm. The comparison results show high agreement between the physical cutting experiments and the proposed cutting tool temperature prediction method.     

基于环面刀具的叶片过渡区域宽行加工技术

基于“最短距离线对”(SDCP)刀位误差分布计算原理,提出了一种利用圆环面刀具来进行叶片过渡区域的宽行加工的刀位优化数学模型.以圆环面刀具的环心圆前沿上的各点到被加工曲面等距面的误差在控制范围内,后沿上的各点到被加工曲面等距面的误差大于零,以及环心圆上的各点到相邻曲面等距面的误差大于零作为刀位计算的约束条件,以行宽作为...     

损伤演化对Ti6Al4V高速切削仿真结果的影响

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了Ti6Al4V二维切削仿真模型，在模型其他参数（本构参数、初始损伤参数等）固定不变时，得到了不同损伤演化特征参数（断裂能）取值下的切削力、切削温度和切屑形貌，以此来研究损伤演化过程对仿真结果的影响。研究发现随着断裂能取值的减小，仿真的切削力、切削温度会降低，切屑的锯齿化程度会变得严重。在切削速度为180 m/min，进给量为0.1 mm/r的条件下进行了Ti6Al4V正交切削实验，测量了切削力，将仿真得到的主切削力和切屑锯齿化程度与实验结果进行对比，确定了适合本研究建立的仿真模型的合理断裂能值。结果表明，在使用此断裂能取值时，仿真得到的切削力和切屑形态与实验值有很好的一致性。在消除了能量密度对仿真模型的影响后，进行了4组验证实验，仿真结果与验证实验的结果相吻合，证明了断裂能取值的准确性。     

旋转固体火箭发动机喷管热结构分析

以某固体火箭发动机喷管为例,研究其旋转情况下的流动、传热及热结构响应性能。利用雷诺应力湍流模型,结合增强型壁面函数,求解N-S方程。以喷管内壁面温度分布为边界条件,求解二维轴对称瞬态热传导方程。将瞬态温度场按时间步长加载,进行瞬态静力学分析,得到不同转速下的流场、温度场及应力场。结果表明,喷管在旋转情况下,喷管内壁面尤其是喉部及扩张段温度分布在转速为100 r/min及600 r/min左右时变化剧烈;旋转内流场与喷管结构的耦合作用加剧了喷管的传热,尤其是喉衬的烧蚀,特征点温度值随转速增大而升高;最大热应力位于喷管最外层尾端,整体热应力在转速低于100 r/min时得到释放,随着转速的不断增大,喷管整体最大热应力及扩张段特征点应力随之增大,而喉衬特征点由于旋转导致了温度梯度降低,其应力值随之减小。     

SiCp/Al复合材料切削仿真研究

文摘针对SiC_p/Al复合材料的难加工性,建立了二维有限元切削模型,利用ABAQUS完成复合材料正交切削的动态物理仿真。通过仿真与实验结果的比较,验证模型的准确性。同时,利用该切削模型分析颗粒分布形式、直径及刀尖圆弧半径对切削力的影响。结果表明,SiC颗粒的分布形式对切屑形态和切削力具有明显的影响,颗粒形成团簇不利于复合材料加工。切削力随颗粒直径的增大而减小,随刀尖圆弧半径的增大而增大。     

航空铝合金铣削加工中切削力的数值模拟研究

为了弥补当前斜角切削数值模拟多采用直线刀刃的不足,结合立铣加工的实际情况,提出了适合立铣加工的螺旋齿单刃斜角切削有限元模型,进而对航空铝合金7050-T7451进行了铣削加工切削力的数值模拟研究,得到了切削力值。通过铣削力实验测得了同样切削条件下的铣削力值,数值模拟结果与实验值比较吻合,从而证明所建立的有限元模型是正确的,可用于预报铣削力值。铣削加工切削力的数值模拟研究为航空铝合金切削加工的工艺参数优化、刀具的合理选择及其优化设计奠定了基础,同时也为进一步有效控制整体结构件的加工变形提供了新的研究手段。     

Electrochemical cutting of mortise-tenon joint structure by rotary tube electrode with helically distributed jet-flow holes

In aero-engines, mortise-tenon joint structures are often used to connect the blades to the turbine disk. The disadvantages associated with conventional manufacturing techniques mean that a low-cost, high-efficiency, and high-quality nickel-based mortise–tenon joint structure is an urgent requirement in the field of aviation engineering. Electrochemical cutting is a potential machining method for manufacturing these parts, as there is no tool degradation in the cutting process and high-quality s...     

微结构表面超精密加工中切削条件的影响分析

介绍了微结构功能表面加工中的问题,以同轴调制锯齿波微结构的金刚石超精密加工为例阐述了其加工原理,结合试验对刀具刀尖圆弧半径、被加工材料和切削液等切削条件与金刚石超精密切削加工后的微结构功能表面之间的关系进行了分析与讨论,并对主轴转速和刀具进给速度等切削用量与金刚石超精密切削出的微结构功能表面之间的关系进行了分析与讨论.     

基于流-固耦合传热的热气防冰系统干空气飞行蒙皮温度场计算研究

以机翼热气防冰系统为研究对象,建立了包含热气防冰系统防冰腔内外流场对流换热和固体结构导热的三维稳态流-固耦合传热物理模型,对整个计算区域生成混合网格,边界条件为第三类边界条件,采用计算流体力学方法以 FLUENT 软件为工具,对干空气飞行状态下流-固耦合传热模型进行了求解,获得防冰腔蒙皮内外表面对流换热系数分布和温度场结果,并对计算结果进行了分析。结果表明：防冰腔铝合金蒙皮沿展向和厚度方向导热显著,温度分布较均匀,防冰引气温度为200℃时,防冰腔蒙皮内外表面上最高温度为101℃,最低温度为21℃,3 mm厚的蒙皮同一点处内外表面最大温差仅为4℃,防冰腔排气口处气体的平均温度为63℃。热气防冰系统蒙皮温度场计算方法和计算结果,能够为热气防冰系统干空气飞行试验设计和测试中温度传感器的选型与布置提供依据。     

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace, national defense, energy and precision physical experiments. However, the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools. In this paper, an elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) with active cutting edge shift (ACES) based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool. Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge, the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed. Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted. The evolutions of the surface roughness, surface topography, and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed. The reasonable parameters of ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined. It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography. The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge, so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed. A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter ∅240 mm, height 122 mm, and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method, and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2 μm and Ra less than 50 nm, respectively.     

透波性Si3N4陶瓷铣削加工表面边缘破损实验研究

针对透波性Si_3N_4陶瓷铣削加工过程中易出现边缘破损现象,通过不同铣削深度实验研究了边缘破损类型、产生位置以及切深对边缘破损影响,并分析了边缘破损产生机理,最后提出了边缘破损控制方法。结果表明:当切深为0.4~0.8 mm时,边缘破损主要集中于出口棱边和入刀侧边;且脆性域加工过程中随着切深的增加,边缘破损程度呈现增大趋势;降低切深至≤0.3 mm且采用跟随周边走刀方式,并保证入刀处刀尖线速度方向与进给方向夹角不小于90°,可以有效控制边缘破损。研究为提高透波性Si_3N_4陶瓷铣削加工表面质量提供了技术支撑。     

Weakening of the anisotropy of surface roughness in ultra-precision turning of single-crystal silicon

Ultra-precision machining causes materials to undergo a greatly strained deformation process in a short period of time.The effect of shear strain rates on machining quality, in particular on surface anisotropy, is a topic deserving of research that has thus far been overlooked.This study analyzes the impact of the strain rate during the ultra-precision turning of single-crystal silicon on the anisotropy of surface roughness.Focusing on the establishment of cutting models considering the tool rake angle and the edge radius, this is the first research that takes into account the strain rate dislocation emission criteria in studying the effects of the edge radius, the cutting speed, and the cutting thickness on the plastic deformation of single-crystal silicon.The results of this study show that the uses of a smaller edge radius, faster cutting speeds, and a reduced cutting thickness can result in optimally uniform surface roughness, while the use of a very sharp cutting tool is essential when operating with smaller cutting thicknesses.A further finding is that insufficient plastic deformation is the major cause of increased surface roughness in the ultra-precision turning of brittle materials.On this basis, we propose that the capacity of single-crystal silicon to emit dislocations be improved as much as possible before brittle fracture occurs, thereby promoting plastic deformation and minimizing the anisotropy of surface roughness in the machined workpiece.     

铣削加工透波性Si3N4陶瓷表面质量研究

为了探索透波性Si3N4陶瓷铣削中加工表面创成机理及加工工艺参数对其影响规律,对加工表面形貌和边缘破损特征,以及加工参数与切削力、表面粗糙度、边缘破损的映射关系等开展了试验研究。首先对加工表面形貌进行了分析,由于存在陶瓷粉末去除和破碎性颗粒去除两种形式,造成加工表面形貌结构一种体现为变化平缓,而另一种包含微裂纹、层状结构体等,且存在凹坑、沟槽等缺陷。其次研究了边缘破损形式及产生机理,当刀具运动到出口棱边处,刀尖应力集中处将产生微裂纹,并向工件侧面扩展,从而在加工表面和加工侧面诱导形成边缘破损。最后基于均匀设计试验,分析了工艺条件对加工性能的影响。结果表明:随着切削深度从0. 2增加到0. 5 mm和切削宽度从1增加到4 mm时,x轴切削力呈耦合增长,y轴切削力呈二次方增长;当切削深度和切削宽度分别为0. 2 mm和1 mm、进给速度为500 mm/min时,加工表面粗糙度值最小;转速为2 000 r/min、切削深度和切削宽度最小时,边缘破损幅值最小。此结果可为提高透波性Si3N4陶瓷铣削加工质量提供技术支撑。     

Simulation of temperature distribution and discharge crater of SiCp/Al composites in a single-pulsed arc discharge

SiC_p/Al composites are difficult-to-cut materials. In recent years, electrical arc discharge machining has been developed to improve the machinability of these materials. However, there is a big challenge to build a satisfactory heat transfer model of SiC_p/Al composites in the arc machining. This is not only because of the material property difference between the reinforcement and matrix material but also because of the micro-dimension SiC reinforcements. This paper established a new heat conduction simulation model considering the SiC particle-Al matrix interface and the phase change effects in a single-pulsed arc discharge of SiC_p/Al composites. A novel SiC particle-Al matrix cell geometric model was designed firstly. Then, the temperature distribution at a different depth from the workpiece surface was analyzed, the influence of sic volume fraction on temperature field was studied, and the contribution of the interface thermal resistance and latent heat were explained. To demonstrate the validity of the new numerical model, comparisons and verifications were employed. Finally, the method of improving the model was proposed and the machining mechanism of arc discharge of SiC_p/Al matrix materials was discussed. It was found that high temperature is prone to concentrate on the surface layers of the workpiece especially when the SiC fraction is high, also, the temperature fluctuates respectively at the evaporation point of aluminum and SiC, and the SiC-Al resistance has less influence on temperature distribution compared to latent heat, etc. The model build in this work improves the simulation accuracy observably compared to the previous model, and the simulation work will help to acquire a detailed mechanism of material removal of SiC_p/Al composites in the arc discharge machining.