An FV-EE model to predict lean blowout limits for gas turbine combustors with different structures and sprays

The occurrence of Lean Blowout(LBO) is a disadvantage that endangers a stable operation of gas turbines. A determination of LBO limits is essential in the design of gas turbine combustors. A semiempirical model is one of the most widely used methods to predict LBO limits.Among the existing semiempirical models for predicting LBO limits, Lefebvre’s LBO model and the Flame Volume(FV) model are particularly suitable for gas turbine combustors. On the basis of Lefebvre’s and FV models, the concept o...     

CFD predictions of LBO limits for aero-engine combustors using fuel iterative approximation

Lean blow-out (LBO) is critical to operational performance of combustion systems in propulsion and power generation. Current predictive tools for LBO limits are based on decadesold empirical correlations that have limited applicability for modern combustor designs. According to the Lefebvre’s model for LBO and classical perfect stirred reactor (PSR) concept, a load parameter (LP) is proposed for LBO analysis of aero-engine combustors in this paper. The parameters contained in load parameter are all estimated from the non-reacting flow field of a combustor that is obtained by numerical simulation. Additionally, based on the load parameter, a method of fuel iterative approximation (FIA) is proposed to predict the LBO limit of the combustor. Compared with experimental data for 19 combustors, it is found that load parameter can represent the actual combustion load of the combustor near LBO and have good relativity with LBO fuel/air ratio (FAR). The LBO FAR obtained by FIA shows good agreement with experimental data, the maximum prediction uncertainty of FIA is about ±17.5%. Because only the non-reacting flow is simulated, the time cost of the LBO limit prediction using FIA is relatively low (about 6 h for one combustor with computer equipment of CPU 2.66 GHz · 4 and 4 GB memory), showing that FIA is reliable and efficient to be used for practical applications.     

航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火极限预测方法综述

航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火极限的预测方法研究对于全面掌握燃烧室性能和有效工作范围,进而对提高燃烧室设计水平,完善中国航空发动机设计体系,有着重要的理论和工程意义。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,对适合于工程应用的预测方法进行了归纳总结,其中包括半经验模型、火焰体积法、基于数值计算的Lefebvre经验公式、等效反应器网络图法、火焰前锋法和RANS燃烧流场特征法。针对每种方法,详细阐述了其特点,并对存在的问题进行了分析。最后,提出了完善贫油熄火预测方法的一些建议。     

基于冷态数值模拟的航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火预测

在经典均匀搅拌反应器理论(Perfect Stirred Reactor)的基础上,对Lefebvre贫熄模型中的燃烧体积和燃烧空气量进行改进,建立起燃烧室冷态流场与热态贫熄性能的对应关系,进而达到从冷态流场预测热态贫熄性能的目的。采用商业软件Fluent对燃烧室的冷态速度场和燃料浓度场进行数值模拟,通过燃料的可燃边界定义出理论的可燃区体积(Vf)和进入可燃区的回流空气量(mr)两项关键参数组成燃烧负荷参数Vf.mr,并通过油量迭代逼近(Fuel Iterative Approximation)的方法达到对燃烧室贫熄边界的预测。通过与实验结果的对比表明:燃烧室的冷态流场与其热态贫熄性能是相互关联的,燃烧负荷参数与熄火油气比近似成线性关系;采用油量迭代逼近的方法对燃烧室的贫熄边界进行预测,预测精度控制在±8.4%。     

Flame features and oscillation characteristics in near-blowout swirl-stabilized flames using high-speed OH-PLIF and mode decomposition methods

Flame features and dynamics are important to the explanation and prediction of a lean blowout (LBO) phenomenon. In this paper, recognition of near-LBO flame features and oscillation characterization methods were proposed based on flame spectroscopic images. High-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of OH were used to capture unique dynamic features such as the local extinction and reignition feature and entrained reactant pockets. The Zernike moment demonstrated a good performance in recognition of stability and near-LBO conditions, though the geometric moment had more advantages to characterize frequency characteristics. Low-frequency oscillations, especially at the obvious self-excited oscillation frequency around 200 Hz, were found when approaching an LBO condition, which can be expected to be used as a novel prediction characteristic parameter of the flameout limit. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) were used to conduct dynamic analysis of near-LBO flames. POD modes spectra showed the unique frequency characteristics of stable and near-LBO flames, which were basically in line with those at the heat-release frequency. The primary POD modes demonstrated that the radial vibration mode dominated in a stable flame, while the rotation mode was found to exist in a near-LBO flame. Analysis of modal decomposition showed that flame shedding and agminated entrained reactant pockets were responsible for generating self-excited flame oscillations.     

Predicting lean blow-off of bluffbody stabilized flames based on Damköhler number

Lean Blow-Off(LBO) prediction is important to propulsion system design. In this paper,a hybrid method combining numerical simulation and Da(Damk?hler) model is proposed based on bluffbody stabilized flames. In the simulated reacting flow, Practical Reaction Zone(PRZ) is built based on OH radical concentration, and it is considered to be the critical zone that controls LBO.Da number is obtained based on the volume-averaged parameters of PRZ. The flow time scale(s_f)indicates the residence time of the fresh mixture flowing through the PRZ. It is obtained based on the characteristic length and volume-averaged axial velocity of the PRZ. The chemical time scale(s_c) indicates the shortest time needed to trigger the reaction of the mixture. It is obtained by commercial software CHEMKIN through monitoring the transient variation of the reactor temperature. The result shows that the average Da number under different LBO conditions is 1.135(the Da number under each LBO condition ranges from 0.673 to 1.351). This indicates that the flow time scale and chemical time scale are comparable. The combustion is in a critical state where LBO is easy to occur. With the increase of the fuel mass flow rate(the global fuel/air ratio increases from 0.004761 to 0.01095), s_f increases from 0.001268 s to 0.007249 s, and s_c decreases from 0.00124 s to0.00089 s. Accordingly, Da number increases from 1.023 to 8.145, which shows that the combustion becomes more stable. The above results show that the method proposed in the present study can properly predict the LBO limits of combustors, which provides important technical supports for combustor design and optimization.     

替代燃料贫油熄火边界影响因素

为了研究燃油以及入口空气压力对于贫油熄火(LBO)边界的影响大小及规律,采用航空煤油(RP-3)、高沸点费托油(FT)和柴油进行了三种不同燃烧室入口压力工况下的贫油熄火实验并进行规律分析。分析结果表明:入口压力对贫油熄火边界的影响(19.17%)要大于燃油性质造成的影响(6.26%)。导致熄火油气比变化的主要因素包括入口空气压力,火焰体积,燃烧室温度,燃油雾化直径以及燃油的热值和密度,其中火焰体积和燃油雾化直径主要受燃油性质影响,而燃烧室温度则与入口压力有很大关系。入口压力影响的贫油熄火油气比变化会受其影响的火焰体积和燃烧室温度变化而削弱。碳数高支链烷烃含量少的燃油可能会提高火焰体积对熄火油气比的影响,使其在低入口压力下有更好的贫油熄火边界。      

基于深度学习的混合翼型前缘压力分布预测

提出了一种基于深度学习的混合翼型前缘压力分布预测方法，通过对翼型几何特征提取、压力分布曲线的参数化，建立了卷积神经网络模型（CNN），并利用计算流体力学（CFD）的计算结果作为其训练样本，实现对混合翼型前缘压力分布的预测。结果表明:两种方法计算结果的拟合优度大于0.98，基于深度学习的计算方法耗时1.7 s，CFD方法耗时大于50 s，计算时间大大缩短。该方法能够在满足计算精度的条件下提高计算效率并可应用于其他的翼型设计过程。      

贫预混燃烧室化学反应器网络模型建模及不确定性分析

基于CFD三维数值模拟结果的化学反应器(CRN)网络模型方法具有快速预估燃烧室NOx排放的特点。研究通过CFD数值模拟手段获得了贫预混燃烧室流场、温度场等特征分布,基于燃料空气掺混特性、速度场、温度场、OH分布以及达姆科勒数,燃烧室被离散划分为预热区、火焰锋面区、火焰过渡区、后火焰区、中心回流区以及角回流区,建立了复杂的CRN模型表征燃烧室内部的流动特征和火焰结构。以贫预混燃烧器为对象,与实验结果进行了对比验证。通过敏感性和不确定性分析获得了反应区域停留时间和烟气回流比例等关键参数对NOx排放的影响规律。结果表明:CFD-CRN混合方法更适用于在高当量比条件下贫预混燃烧室NOx排放的快速有效预测。在相同扰动强度的条件下,反应预热区域和火焰锋面区域的停留时间扰动对CRN模型预测NOx的生成量和稳定性影响更显著。CFD-CRN混合方法应明确在较高的绝热火焰温度条件下烟气回流比的准确性计算及其对NOx生成的显著影响。      

矩形/非结构混合网格技术及在二维/三维复杂无粘流场数值模拟中的应用

建立了一套模拟复杂无粘流场的矩形／非结构混合网格技术,其中非结构网格仅限于物面附近,发挥非结构网格的几何灵活性,以少量的网格模拟复杂外形;同时在以外的区域采用矩形结构网格,发挥矩形网格计算简单快速的优势,有效地克服全非结构网格计算方法需要较大内存量和较长ＣＰＵ时间的不足。混合网格系统由修正的四分树（２Ｄ）／八分树（３Ｄ）方法生成。本文将ＮＮＤ有限差分与ＮＮＤ有限体积格式有机地融合于混合网格计算,消除了全矩形网格模拟曲面边界的台阶效应,同时保证了网格间的通量守恒。该算法被成功地运用于ＮＡＣＡ００１２翼型的跨、低超声速绕流,二维弯管内运动激波的非定常流,以及三维捆绑火箭的超声速绕流的数值模拟。计算结果表明本方法在模拟复杂无粘流场方面的灵活性和高效性。     

基于全连接神经网络的分层旋流火焰燃烧振荡预报

燃气轮机贫油预混低排放燃烧室容易发生燃烧振荡,在宽工况极端条件下燃烧主动控制有潜力成为抑制燃烧振荡的有效方法。然而主动控制系统依赖于对燃烧振荡的快速监测和准确预报,因此有必要针对不同的燃烧振荡预报手段开展研究和验证。本文以甲烷预混同心分层旋流火焰的图像为基础,采用降低图像分辨率和提取火焰结构特征参数这两种不同的方式对火焰图像信息进行简化处理,并使用全连接神经网络对燃烧振荡进行预报研究。结果发现,两种方式都可以较为准确地预报燃烧振荡,精度均达到90%以上。预报精度随着图像分辨率的增加而升高,在极低的图像分辨率(3*3)下,预报精度也能达到90%以上。此外,对根据火焰平均图像提取的结构特征参数进行了敏感性分析,捕捉到了系统稳定性的转变,但参数变化范围受训练集限制。本文提出的基于数据驱动方法对燃烧振荡的预报时间小于2 ms,为实现燃烧振荡实时在线预报提供了支持。     

复合固体推进剂燃速模拟计算数值方法研究

本文以改进的BDP燃烧模型为基础,叙述了燃烧速度计算的多种数值方法.对扩散火焰的模拟采用了精确求解与简化公式.结果表明,精确计算的程序对燃烧压力范围和氧化剂粒径大小可任一选取,并可以提高计算精度,而用简化近似计算仅对较大粒径的氧化剂和较高燃烧压力才是有效的.     

Downwash modelling for three-lifting-surface aircraft configuration design

This paper introduces a semi-empirical model to predict the downwash gradient at the horizontal tail of a three-lifting-surface aircraft. The superposition principle applied to well established formulations valid for two lifting surfaces is not a reasonable approach to calculate the downwash of a canard-wing-tail layout, and this paper demonstrates that such a basic technique leads to incorrect results. Therefore, an ad hoc prediction model is proposed that considers the combined nonlinear effec...     

非结构变形网格和离散几何守恒律

数值模拟流固耦合问题或多体分离问题的非定常流动时,常采用基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）方程的有限体积法,涉及到变形网格和离散几何守恒律。在对变形网格算法进行综述时,按照构造思想分为物理比拟、椭圆光顺、插值、运动子网格（MSA）及其混合法共5类,分别介绍了基本原理、研究现状和适用范围,通过算例比较表明,径向基函数（RBFs）和运动子网格相结合的混合方法既有很好的变形能力,也有较高的计算效率,值得进一步发展和推广。在介绍了离散几何守恒律（DGCL）概念之后,采用二维几何模型进行分析,指出其机理是离散过程中体积增量与网格面元扫过的体积不相等造成的,把目前国内外应用的算法分为面积修正法、给定速度的面积修正法、速度修正法和体积修正法共4类,对其应用范围和存在的问题进行讨论,认为提出的体积修正算法既可以保证流固界面条件,也可以用于时间多层格式。     

喷嘴匹配方案及火焰筒开孔对燃烧室性能影响的试验研究

基于航空发动机主燃烧室扇形试验,针对点火喷嘴特性以及火焰筒大孔射流的改变对主燃烧室性能的改善情况进行了研究。试验中进行了点火用喷嘴匹配方案对燃烧室熄火性能,以及火焰筒大孔面积变化对燃烧室贫油熄火、燃烧效率和出口温度场性能影响的研究。研究结果表明：在供油系统设计中采用放大型点火喷嘴可改善主燃烧室贫油熄火性能;增大火焰筒主燃孔的面积可提高燃烧室的燃烧效率,改善出口温度场分布,而贫油熄火特性将变差;增大掺混孔的面积可提高燃烧室的燃烧效率,改善出口温度场分布,拓宽燃烧室的熄火动界．     

面向混合网格高精度阻力预测的熵修正方法

Roe通量差分分裂格式具有耗散小、分辨率高等特点,在亚跨超声速流场模拟中得到广泛应用,但空间离散时需要对Roe平均矩阵的特征值进行熵修正,使用熵修正会增大耗散,影响阻力的求解精度。本文针对非结构混合网格中Roe格式熵修正的特点,通过改进传统的Roe格式Harten-Yee熵修正方法,提出了一种可提高非结构混合网格黏性计算精度的Harten-Yee熵修正改进方法。利用改进后的方法,完成了DLR-F4翼身组合体算例的计算和对比分析,改进后的熵修正方法残差收敛特性与原始Harten-Yee熵修正一致,计算精度提高,计算结果和无熵修正时基本一致,说明改进后的熵修正方法既保留了使用熵修正带来的程序鲁棒性等优点,同时把熵修正对阻力预测精度的影响降到了最低,验证了方法的有效性。采用改进后方法对第3届AIAA阻力会议的计算模型DLR-F6翼身组合体进行了详细的模拟,分析了网格收敛性和雷诺数的影响。结果表明：改进的Harten-Yee熵修正,更加适用于非结构混合网格的黏性计算,计算精准度达到国际同类CFD软件水平,进一步验证了改进方法的可靠性。     

月球探测器加速度响应预测的时域子结构方法

航天器结构的日益复杂和庞大为全系统级的动力学仿真带来了更大的困难和挑战,目前主要采用动态子结构法来提高分析求解效率,并解决不同设计部门之间的模型共享和技术保护问题。月球探测器软着陆阶段的冲击力学环境一般由加速度冲击响应谱描述,由于高阶振型对结构加速度响应的影响要比对位移响应的影响大得多,所以在小阻尼情况下,经典的基于模态的子结构方法在相同截断频率下对加速度响应的预测精度远低于位移响应。为解决这一问题,引进基于脉冲响应函数的时域子结构(IBS)方法,提出了一种适用于预测加速度响应的降阶形式的迭代求解格式。利用探测器着陆数值模拟试验中测得的缓冲机构作用力作为激励,分别采用固定界面模态综合(CB)法和IBS方法分析了月球探测器的加速度响应。数值算例表明,后者在计算精度和求解效率方面均高于前者,并说明基于脉冲响应函数的子结构方法适于对月球探测器加速度响应进行高精度快速预测。     

CFD Study of NO_x Emissions in a Model Commercial Aircraft Engine Combustor

Air worthiness requirements of the aircraft engine emission bring new challenges to the combustor research and design. With the motivation to design high performance and clean combustor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized as the powerful design approach. In this paper, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of reactive two-phase flow in an experimental low emission combustor is performed. The numerical approach uses an implicit compressible gas solver together with a Lagrangian liquid-phase tracking method and the extended coherent flamelet model for turbulence-combustion interaction. The NOx formation is modeled by the concept of post-processing, which resolves the NOx transport equation with the assumption of frozen temperature distribution. Both turbulence-combustion interaction model and NOx formation model are firstly evaluated by the comparison of experimental data published in open literature of a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor. The test rig studied in this paper is called low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor, which is a two-stage model combustor, fueled with liquid kerosene (RP-3) and designed by Beihang University (BUAA). The main stage of LESS combustor employs the principle of lean prevaporized and premixed (LPP) concept to reduce pollutant, and the pilot stage depends on a diffusion flame for flame stabili-zation. Detailed numerical results including species distribution, turbulence performance and burning performance are qualita-tively and quantitatively evaluated. Numerical prediction of NOx emission shows a good agreement with test data at both idle condition and full power condition of LESS combustor. Preliminary results of the flame structure are shown in this paper. The flame stabilization mechanism and NOx reduction effort are also discussed with in-depth analysis.     

一种解决经验模态分解端点效应的边界延拓法

用于电子设备或系统辐射发射趋势预测的数据大多呈现非线性、样本量小的特点,这大大增加了预测建模的难度,而经验模态分解(EMD)可以将非线性、非平稳的数据分解成若干个呈现一定周期性的本征模态函数(IMF),并且EMD具有完备性和正交性,可通过分别对分解得到的IMF分量建模,从而完成对原始数据的建模。但EMD被端点效应问题所困扰,为了提高EMD的分解精度,针对分解过程中的端点效应问题,以及辐射发射趋势预测的时间序列数据样本量小的特点,利用建立灰色均值GM(1,1)预测模型所需数据量小的优点,提出了一种基于灰色均值GM(1,1)预测模型的边界延拓方法,在原始数据两端各拓展一个极大值和一个极小值,对原始数据进行边界延拓,从而抑制EMD的端点效应。仿真对比结果表明:该方法在分解层数和平均相对误差方面均优于未经延拓处理的EMD,且对数据样本量要求不高。     

NNW-HyFLOW高超声速流动模拟软件框架设计

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