主燃孔对模型燃烧室流场的影响

为了深入了解主燃孔参数变化对双级轴向旋流器模型环形燃烧室内气流组织与气动性能的影响,采用PIV测速仪对该燃烧室内冷态和液雾燃烧流场进行测量,试验研究在冷、热态情况下不同主燃孔参数对模型燃烧室内回流区的形成、轴向平均速度u,轴向脉动速度Urms,雷诺剪切应力u′v′分布的影响。研究结果表明:主燃孔参数变化对燃烧室内冷、热态流场有着重要的影响;燃烧室在燃烧情况下所得的中心回流区长度要比冷态短,但回流负速度、脉动速度和雷诺应力都明显大于冷态,所得的研究结果可为燃烧室优化设计提供有用的依据。     

气量分配对轴径向旋流杯燃烧室贫熄边界的影响

针对轴径向旋流杯燃烧室,研究了头部进气面积及主燃孔布局对此类燃烧室贫熄特性的影响.实验结果表明:减小一级轴向旋流器进气面积和增加主燃孔个数对燃烧室贫熄性能有较大影响.一级进气面积减小20%可拓宽贫熄边界9.7%;增加主燃孔为4个时,燃烧室贫熄边界变宽约7.6%.此外,增加一级进气面积20%,改变二级进气面积20%及改变主燃孔个数为2个等情况对燃烧室贫熄边界影响较小.      

部分覆盖构型对凹腔冷态和燃烧流场的影响

为了研究凹腔部分覆盖构型对燃烧室流场的影响,采用SST k-ε湍流模型和有限化学速率/涡破碎模型,对部分覆盖型凹腔的冷态和燃烧的二维流场进行了数值仿真。比较了贫燃和富燃条件下,覆盖板对凹腔燃料分布、流场温度和燃烧效率的影响。研究发现贫燃下,覆盖板有利于凹腔内燃料的积累,提高了凹腔的火焰稳定性,同时由于点火适宜的当量比区域位于凹腔内低速区,增强了凹腔点火能力;富燃下,覆盖板使凹腔内富燃环境进一步恶化,降低了凹腔的火焰稳定性和燃烧效率,主要燃烧区部分向下游转移。     

贫油预混预蒸发低污染燃烧室流场特性试验

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术测量带双环旋流多点燃油直接喷射(TAMI)头部的贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室流场特性,试验相同进口条件下冷态及喷雾燃烧时流场结构,通过分析平均流场涡量、湍流强度及切应变率等特性参数来详细说明喷雾燃烧对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室流场的影响,并且研究了不同进口参数对其燃烧流场的影响.试验结果表明:①装有此头部的LPP低污染燃烧室喷雾燃烧流场回流区比冷态流场要小,并且平均流场特性参数在燃烧前后变化比较大;②随着进口油气比增加,中心回流区变短变胖;③随着进口空气量增加,回流区变窄变长.本试验所获得的流场特性结果可为低污染燃烧室的设计提供了一定的参考.      

主燃孔轴向位置对低压点火性能的影响

对回流燃烧室设计了两种主燃孔结构(交错射流和对齐射流),在不同压力条件下对不同主燃孔方案的回流燃烧室的点火性能进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:随着回流燃烧室进口空气压力的降低,点火边界的油气比先减小后升高,而对齐主燃孔的火焰筒方案的低压点火性能优于交错主燃孔.结合火焰筒冷态流场数值模拟和试验中观察到的点火现象进行对比分析,对齐主燃孔方案存在更大范围的回流区,其火焰筒头部参考速度较低.此方案有利于减弱火焰核心的淬熄概率,同时增强头部火焰燃烧的稳定性,从而改善了回流燃烧室的点火性能.      

分级燃烧室预燃级旋流组织对点熄火性能影响的试验研究

为了有效拓宽多级旋流分级燃烧室的稳定工作边界,在模型燃烧室上开展了分级燃烧室点火和熄火特性试验研究,采用平面激光测量技术获得了燃烧室冷态流场结构和燃油浓度分布,分析了双级旋流预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计参数(两级旋流旋向、旋流强度)对流场结构、燃油浓度分布和燃烧稳定性的影响,并阐明了燃烧室点火和熄火特性与流场结构和燃油浓度分布的内在关联机制。结果表明,预燃级两级旋流反旋、适当减小内级旋流强度和增大外级旋流强度有利于改善这类分级燃烧室的点火和熄火特性。相关研究结论能够应用于分级燃烧室预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计。     

富油燃烧/快速淬熄/贫油燃烧(RQL)工作模式下驻涡燃烧室排放性能试验

针对使用液态燃料(航空煤油)的富油燃烧/快速淬熄/贫油燃烧(RQL)工作模式驻涡燃烧室排放性能开展了系统的试验研究,分析总结了驻涡区余气系数、进口空气流量和进口空气温度等参数影响RQL工作模式驻涡燃烧室排放性能的变化规律.结果表明:随着驻涡区余气系数增大(a=0.61～1.53),CO和UHC(未燃碳氢化合物)体积分数...     

尾缘吹气式稳定器后体角对燃烧性能影响的试验

通过数值模拟了后体角为60°,120°和180°三种尾缘吹气稳定器的回流区,试验测试了后两种稳定器的冷态雾化场、贫熄边界和燃烧效率,从而研究了尾缘后体角改变对其燃烧性能的影响.试验结果表明由于后体角直接影响回流区大小和雾化质量,从而影响稳定器的燃烧性能.燃烧试验表明120°尾缘吹气稳定器贫熄边界和燃烧效率优于后体角为180°的稳定器和槽宽大50%的V型稳定器.      

基于气化煤油喷注的RBCC燃烧室亚燃模态燃烧组织研究

针对RBCC发动机亚燃模态进行主动冷却的情况下,煤油发生气化后喷入燃烧室的燃烧组织开展研究。在亚燃模态低来流总温条件下,使用小流量富燃一次火箭高温射流作为引导火焰可以实现支板喷注二次燃料的可靠点火和稳定燃烧,当煤油喷注前加热到气化/超临界态时,燃烧室最高压力相比于室温液态煤油提高约10%左右。当关闭一次火箭后,利用凹腔成功实现火焰稳定,而使用室温液态煤油喷注时,凹腔内无法实现火焰稳定。通过数值模拟获得了不同喷注方案的燃烧室燃烧流场特征和燃烧组织过程,为进一步优化燃烧室的性能提供依据。结果分析表明通过合理布置燃料支板喷注位置,由燃料支板下游集中的燃料热释放使得气流在扩张燃烧室构型中实现"热力壅塞",通过燃料分配实现燃烧室内合理的燃烧释热分布,使RBCC发动机亚燃模态完成高效燃烧组织。     

双旋流燃烧室主燃区流动特性PIV测量和分析

针对采用斜切径向双级旋流器的环形燃烧室单头部矩形模型,利用非接触式测量方法粒子成像测速仪(PIV)测量了主燃区的300K冷态速度场。采用Realizableκ-?湍流模型和稳态层流火焰面燃烧模型对燃烧室的冷流和燃烧流场进行数值模拟,得到燃烧室流场的速度分布和流场结构,并与试验测量数据进行对比验证。结果表明:瞬态流场结构变化剧烈,旋流和主燃射流的边界形成大量小尺度漩涡结构,回流区具有强烈的搅拌作用,回流区下游滞止点位置是随机变化的;反向旋流器比同向旋流器产生的回流区尺寸更小,燃烧状态的回流区尺寸比冷流的小,但主要受火焰筒壁面和主燃射流的约束;外旋流在距离头部5mm距离内控制内旋流,保持旋向相同;燃烧增大主燃射流穿透深度,改变流场的对称性。     

CFD predictions of LBO limits for aero-engine combustors using fuel iterative approximation

Lean blow-out (LBO) is critical to operational performance of combustion systems in propulsion and power generation. Current predictive tools for LBO limits are based on decadesold empirical correlations that have limited applicability for modern combustor designs. According to the Lefebvre’s model for LBO and classical perfect stirred reactor (PSR) concept, a load parameter (LP) is proposed for LBO analysis of aero-engine combustors in this paper. The parameters contained in load parameter are all estimated from the non-reacting flow field of a combustor that is obtained by numerical simulation. Additionally, based on the load parameter, a method of fuel iterative approximation (FIA) is proposed to predict the LBO limit of the combustor. Compared with experimental data for 19 combustors, it is found that load parameter can represent the actual combustion load of the combustor near LBO and have good relativity with LBO fuel/air ratio (FAR). The LBO FAR obtained by FIA shows good agreement with experimental data, the maximum prediction uncertainty of FIA is about ±17.5%. Because only the non-reacting flow is simulated, the time cost of the LBO limit prediction using FIA is relatively low (about 6 h for one combustor with computer equipment of CPU 2.66 GHz · 4 and 4 GB memory), showing that FIA is reliable and efficient to be used for practical applications.     

某小型发动机环形回流燃烧室流场的数值计算

采用数值模拟方法对某小型发动机回流燃烧室流场进行了计算和分析,用双方程k-ε模型描述紊流特性,用二步化学反应模型模拟化学反应,并对复杂的边界条件进行了特殊处理。计算结果表明火焰筒主燃区形成了强烈的单涡回流,沿圆周方向主燃区速度场比较相似;在油雾场和速度场之间有较好的匹配,燃烧室有较好的性能。      

Development of a micro gas turbine combustor with T-type vaporizers

The study includes the experimental investigation of the evaporation performance of T-type vaporizer,mainly studied the relationship of the inlet air temperature and vaporizer wall temperature with the evaporation ratio.Then,it studied the LBO(lean blow out) and combustion efficiency of the micro aero-engine combustor with T-type vaporizer on the normal pressure test rig.The inlet air condition is environmental pressure and temperature.The gas analysis method is used to study the combustion efficiency,and the inlet air temperature is 300 K,400 K and 500 K.It could be concluded that the evaporation performance is improved with the increasing of the inlet air temperature and vaporizer wall temperature;the average LBO is 0.003;the combustion efficiency rises with the inlet air temperature,and it remain constant when the fuel/air ratio changed in the range from 0.008 to 0.02.The vaporization ratio is the key factor to determine the combustion performance.      

驻涡区进口结构参数影响TVC燃烧性能的试验

驻涡区的空气、燃油供给位置和两者之间的匹配关系是影响驻涡燃烧室性能最重要的参数之一.研究中把4种驻涡区油气进入位置和3种掺混空气孔位置组合成7组油气参数,在不同进口温度和进口流量下开展了相应的燃烧性能试验,获得了点火性能、贫油熄火特性和燃烧效率与7组油气参数之间的关系,并分析得出了第7组组合参数是综合性能最好的驻涡区油气进口参数.      

LPP低污染燃烧室单头部燃烧性能试验

对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室单头部三级旋流器进行燃烧性能试验,研究不同的油气比、进口空气流量和进口空气温度以及值班级喷嘴安装位置对燃烧室出口截面燃烧性能的影响,获得了燃烧室出口截面温度分布、燃烧效率以及污染物排放的规律.试验结果表明:①油气比增加,NOx排放相应增加;头部A燃烧性能稍优于头部B;②同一油气比下进口空气温度越高,其燃烧污染物排放越多;进口空气流量越大,污染物排放越少;③值班级喷嘴安装位置对LPP低污染燃烧室燃烧性能有一定影响.      

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

Predicting lean blow-off of bluffbody stabilized flames based on Damköhler number

Lean Blow-Off(LBO) prediction is important to propulsion system design. In this paper,a hybrid method combining numerical simulation and Da(Damk?hler) model is proposed based on bluffbody stabilized flames. In the simulated reacting flow, Practical Reaction Zone(PRZ) is built based on OH radical concentration, and it is considered to be the critical zone that controls LBO.Da number is obtained based on the volume-averaged parameters of PRZ. The flow time scale(s_f)indicates the residence time of the fresh mixture flowing through the PRZ. It is obtained based on the characteristic length and volume-averaged axial velocity of the PRZ. The chemical time scale(s_c) indicates the shortest time needed to trigger the reaction of the mixture. It is obtained by commercial software CHEMKIN through monitoring the transient variation of the reactor temperature. The result shows that the average Da number under different LBO conditions is 1.135(the Da number under each LBO condition ranges from 0.673 to 1.351). This indicates that the flow time scale and chemical time scale are comparable. The combustion is in a critical state where LBO is easy to occur. With the increase of the fuel mass flow rate(the global fuel/air ratio increases from 0.004761 to 0.01095), s_f increases from 0.001268 s to 0.007249 s, and s_c decreases from 0.00124 s to0.00089 s. Accordingly, Da number increases from 1.023 to 8.145, which shows that the combustion becomes more stable. The above results show that the method proposed in the present study can properly predict the LBO limits of combustors, which provides important technical supports for combustor design and optimization.     

中心分级燃烧室预燃级贫油熄火性能试验

对一种单环腔的中心分级LESS（low emissions stirred swirl）燃烧室进行了常压状态下的贫油熄火性能试验研究.采用单头部试验件,研究了预燃级离心喷嘴流量数、进口温度及燃料类型对贫油熄火性能的影响.结果表明:预燃级采用小流量数的离心喷嘴能够降低贫油熄火当量比.进口温度低于150℃的范围内,随着进口温度的增加,贫油熄火当量比迅速降低;进口温度高于150℃时,温度对贫油熄火当量比的影响作用不明显.气态燃料与液态燃料的贫油熄火当量比随火焰筒压降的变化趋势是不同的,但都趋于相同的值,且在5%的火焰筒压降范围内,气态燃料的贫油熄火当量比低于液态燃料.      

替代燃料贫油熄火边界影响因素

为了研究燃油以及入口空气压力对于贫油熄火(LBO)边界的影响大小及规律,采用航空煤油(RP-3)、高沸点费托油(FT)和柴油进行了三种不同燃烧室入口压力工况下的贫油熄火实验并进行规律分析。分析结果表明:入口压力对贫油熄火边界的影响(19.17%)要大于燃油性质造成的影响(6.26%)。导致熄火油气比变化的主要因素包括入口空气压力,火焰体积,燃烧室温度,燃油雾化直径以及燃油的热值和密度,其中火焰体积和燃油雾化直径主要受燃油性质影响,而燃烧室温度则与入口压力有很大关系。入口压力影响的贫油熄火油气比变化会受其影响的火焰体积和燃烧室温度变化而削弱。碳数高支链烷烃含量少的燃油可能会提高火焰体积对熄火油气比的影响,使其在低入口压力下有更好的贫油熄火边界。