Hybrid method based on flame volume concept for lean blowout limits prediction of aero engine combustors

The Lean Blowout (LBO) limit is crucial for the aircraft engines. The semi-empirical (such as Lefebvre’s LBO model and Flame Volume (FV) model), numerical and hybrid methods are widely utilized for the LBO limit quick prediction. An innovative hybrid method based on the FV concept is proposed. This method can be classified as a semi-empirical/physical based hybrid prediction method. In this hybrid method, it is assumed that the flame volume varies nearly linearly with the fuel/air ratio near the LBO. The flame volume is obtained directly by the numerical simulation using the threshold value of the visible flame boundary as 900 K. Then the final LBO limits is determined by the FV model. On the premise of keeping the good generality of prediction, the hybrid method based on the FV concept can further improve the prediction accuracy. The comparison with the prediction of the existing available methods on fifteen combustors shows that the hybrid method based on the FV concept achieves better prediction accuracy. The prediction uncertainties between the experimental results and the predicted values by the hybrid method based on the FV concept are within about ±10%.     

基于半经验耦合的贫熄边界预测方法

提出了一种根据FV(flame volume)模型与燃烧室热态仿真相结合的贫油熄火边界耦合预测方法。利用两种不同构型五个不同方案燃烧室的贫熄试验数据对此方法进行验证，结果表明:对于直流型燃烧室与回流型燃烧室，FV模型中的经验常数K分别取1.35和0.55时，能够保证各方案燃烧室的贫油熄火边界预测精度均在±20%以内。相比于Lefebvre模型，此方法的计算精度更高、适用范围更广。      

基于冷态数值模拟的航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火预测

在经典均匀搅拌反应器理论(Perfect Stirred Reactor)的基础上,对Lefebvre贫熄模型中的燃烧体积和燃烧空气量进行改进,建立起燃烧室冷态流场与热态贫熄性能的对应关系,进而达到从冷态流场预测热态贫熄性能的目的。采用商业软件Fluent对燃烧室的冷态速度场和燃料浓度场进行数值模拟,通过燃料的可燃边界定义出理论的可燃区体积(Vf)和进入可燃区的回流空气量(mr)两项关键参数组成燃烧负荷参数Vf.mr,并通过油量迭代逼近(Fuel Iterative Approximation)的方法达到对燃烧室贫熄边界的预测。通过与实验结果的对比表明:燃烧室的冷态流场与其热态贫熄性能是相互关联的,燃烧负荷参数与熄火油气比近似成线性关系;采用油量迭代逼近的方法对燃烧室的贫熄边界进行预测,预测精度控制在±8.4%。     

基于驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火经验关系式初探

 驻涡燃烧室（TVC）与传统旋流燃烧室相比采用不同稳焰方式。在前期试验研究的基础上对其贫油熄火(LBO)性能进行归纳总结,参考并与Lefebvre基于化学反应的贫油熄火经验关系式相比较,提出适用于采用煤油为燃料、蒸发管方式供油的驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火经验关系式。针对驻涡燃烧室提出的贫油熄火经验关系式包含了蒸发管雾化性能、主流气流量和凹腔卷吸气流量等因素,对比经验关系式的预测结果与试验结果,最大误差在15%以内。     

CFD predictions of LBO limits for aero-engine combustors using fuel iterative approximation

Lean blow-out (LBO) is critical to operational performance of combustion systems in propulsion and power generation. Current predictive tools for LBO limits are based on decadesold empirical correlations that have limited applicability for modern combustor designs. According to the Lefebvre’s model for LBO and classical perfect stirred reactor (PSR) concept, a load parameter (LP) is proposed for LBO analysis of aero-engine combustors in this paper. The parameters contained in load parameter are all estimated from the non-reacting flow field of a combustor that is obtained by numerical simulation. Additionally, based on the load parameter, a method of fuel iterative approximation (FIA) is proposed to predict the LBO limit of the combustor. Compared with experimental data for 19 combustors, it is found that load parameter can represent the actual combustion load of the combustor near LBO and have good relativity with LBO fuel/air ratio (FAR). The LBO FAR obtained by FIA shows good agreement with experimental data, the maximum prediction uncertainty of FIA is about ±17.5%. Because only the non-reacting flow is simulated, the time cost of the LBO limit prediction using FIA is relatively low (about 6 h for one combustor with computer equipment of CPU 2.66 GHz · 4 and 4 GB memory), showing that FIA is reliable and efficient to be used for practical applications.     

Lean blowout characteristics of spray flame in a multi-swirl staged combustor under different fuel decreasing rates

Lean Blow Out (LBO) poses a significant safety hazard when occurring in aero-engines. Understanding the lower stability limits of gas turbine combustors and the characteristics of spray flame close to LBO are imperative for safe operation. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector on LBO performances in a multi-swirl staged combustor equipped with an airblast injector. A set of hardware and control system was developed to realize a user-defined fuel supply law. High-speed imaging was applied to record complete LBO processes under the conditions of linear fuel reduction and stable airflow. Partical Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Mie (PMie) scattering were used to acquire the flow fields and spray fields under non-reacting conditions. Experimental results have shown that LBO limits extend to leaner conditions as the pressure drop of the injector increases. With an increase of the fuel decreasing rate, the exhaust temperature before flame extinction increases, and the LBO Fuel-to-Air-Ratio (FAR) decreases. The time evolution of the integral CH* intensity conforms to a linear function during the LBO process. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of lean-burn flames. Under different fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector, flames close to LBO present similar modal spatial distributions, alternately appearing axial, radial, high-order axial, and high-order radial oscillations.     

气量分配对轴径向旋流杯燃烧室贫熄边界的影响

针对轴径向旋流杯燃烧室,研究了头部进气面积及主燃孔布局对此类燃烧室贫熄特性的影响.实验结果表明:减小一级轴向旋流器进气面积和增加主燃孔个数对燃烧室贫熄性能有较大影响.一级进气面积减小20%可拓宽贫熄边界9.7%;增加主燃孔为4个时,燃烧室贫熄边界变宽约7.6%.此外,增加一级进气面积20%,改变二级进气面积20%及改变主燃孔个数为2个等情况对燃烧室贫熄边界影响较小.      

用数值计算方法对出口温度与压力指数关系的研究

通过对两种不同类型的燃气轮机燃烧室的数值计算 ,研究了不同燃烧类型对燃气轮机燃烧效率模化试验中压力指数选取的影响 ,结果表明压力指数除受到燃料、余气系数等影响之外 ,燃烧类型对其也有很大影响。对于以碳氢化合物为燃料 ,化学动力学控制类型燃烧室模化中n值相对较大 ,范围为 1 .6～ 2 .0。当燃烧过程受扩散火焰控制时 ,n值相对较小 ,范围为 1 .0～ 1 .4      

低热值煤气燃烧稳定性的试验研究

本文在两种火焰管、两种空气旋流器和两种煤气供给结构的燃烧室上, 试验研究了这些结构因素对于低热值煤气燃烧稳定特性的影响, 得出了一系列对工业设计有指导意义的结果。      

Experimental study on NOx emission correlation of fuel staged combustion in a LPP combustor at high pressure based on NO-chemiluminescence

Experimental investigations on NO_x emissions of a single-cup, Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP), module combustor were carried out at elevated inlet temperature and pressure up to 810 K and 2.0 MPa, close to the real operating conditions of aero-engine combustors. This LPP combustor adopts centrally staged fuel injections which could produce separated stratified swirling spray flame. In the NO_x emissions measurements, the ranges of dome equivalence ratio and fuel stage ratio were from 0.55 to 0.58 and 8% to 24%, respectively. The optical diagnosis on separated stratified swirling spray flame were carried out with fuel stage ratio changing from 15% to 30%. Therefore, NO* and OH* chemiluminescence images were obtained. The results show that NO_x emissions increase with the increase of the fuel stage ratio. And from the chemiluminescence images, the main flame and pilot flame are found weakly coupled. The pilot flame plays a significant role in NO_x emission production because of its higher adiabatic flame temperature. Based on the results of chemiluminescence optical tests, a new NO_x emission prediction model is proposed based on the Lefebvre’s single flame model. The estimate of local equivalence ratio of the pilot stage’s non-premixed flame is modified considering the characteristics of spray combustion, and a “PLUS” emission prediction model suitable for separated stratified swirling spray flame is obtained. Compared to the experimental data, the “PLUS” model exhibits a good prediction in a range of ±13% of deviation.     

Predicting lean blow-off of bluffbody stabilized flames based on Damköhler number

Lean Blow-Off(LBO) prediction is important to propulsion system design. In this paper,a hybrid method combining numerical simulation and Da(Damk?hler) model is proposed based on bluffbody stabilized flames. In the simulated reacting flow, Practical Reaction Zone(PRZ) is built based on OH radical concentration, and it is considered to be the critical zone that controls LBO.Da number is obtained based on the volume-averaged parameters of PRZ. The flow time scale(s_f)indicates the residence time of the fresh mixture flowing through the PRZ. It is obtained based on the characteristic length and volume-averaged axial velocity of the PRZ. The chemical time scale(s_c) indicates the shortest time needed to trigger the reaction of the mixture. It is obtained by commercial software CHEMKIN through monitoring the transient variation of the reactor temperature. The result shows that the average Da number under different LBO conditions is 1.135(the Da number under each LBO condition ranges from 0.673 to 1.351). This indicates that the flow time scale and chemical time scale are comparable. The combustion is in a critical state where LBO is easy to occur. With the increase of the fuel mass flow rate(the global fuel/air ratio increases from 0.004761 to 0.01095), s_f increases from 0.001268 s to 0.007249 s, and s_c decreases from 0.00124 s to0.00089 s. Accordingly, Da number increases from 1.023 to 8.145, which shows that the combustion becomes more stable. The above results show that the method proposed in the present study can properly predict the LBO limits of combustors, which provides important technical supports for combustor design and optimization.     

Study of flame stabilization in a model gas turbine combustor

The paper reports the results of experimental studies and numerical calculations of the flame stabilization process in the model gas turbine combustor. The mathematical model of the process in the combustor is presented. Using this model, the main parameters of combustors with different ratios of total area of the holes in the combustion zone to total area of all holes, are determined.     

模型燃气轮机燃烧室中三维气相反应流的数值计算

 本文给出一种模型燃气轮机燃烧室中三维气相反应流流场的数值计算结果。计算中采用了著名的SIMPLE算法,改进的κ-ε双方程湍流模型及湍流扩散燃烧模型。研究了燃烧过程对流动图形的影响。计算结果经过实验验证,两者符合较好。     

航空燃气涡轮发动机燃烧室的NOx控制及预测

:概述了燃气涡轮发动机中NOx的生成机理以及影响因素,简要综述了当前国内外航空燃气涡轮发动机燃烧室NOx发散量的控制措施以及预测方法。介绍了几个预测NOx发散量的数值模型,并对其预测结果进行了分析。     

燃气轮机模型燃烧室的大涡模拟

燃烧室内的燃油雾化、蒸发以及和空气进行混合过程对燃烧过程有重要影响。提出1种基于大涡模拟的数学模型来模拟燃烧室内燃料喷射、蒸发和混合过程。被空间滤波掉的亚网格尺度涡对大尺度涡的影响由求单方程SGS湍流模型进行模拟。采用拉格朗日法和蒙特卡洛技术对流场中的喷雾粒子进行采样跟踪,采样喷雾粒子在流场中作为点源项与气相进行质量、动量和能量的双向耦合。提出1个基于SGS湍流动能的双向耦合模型来模拟SGS脉动速度对喷雾粒子运动的影响以及喷雾相对SGS湍流动能的影响。通过对1个同轴模型燃烧室中的喷雾蒸发及混合过程的大涡模拟,将预测结果和试验值进行了比较,预测值和试验值吻合良好,验证了模型的可靠性。     

脉冲爆震涡轮发动机研究进展

介绍了脉冲爆震涡轮发动机的基本概念、主要结构形式以及基本特点.详细介绍了国内外研究状况及课题组的最新研究进展,对脉冲爆震涡轮发动机需要突破的关键技术、主要研究内容以及发展途径进行了探讨.研究表明:相比于传统的涡轮喷气发动机,脉冲爆震涡轮发动机的耗油率能降低5%~15%;在相同的燃烧室入口条件下,与等压燃烧驱动涡轮相比,用脉冲爆震燃烧驱动涡轮时的涡轮的单位输出功率要高;实现了由脉冲爆震燃烧室驱动涡轮,涡轮带动压气机给脉冲爆震燃烧室供气的自吸气模式,表明用脉冲爆震燃烧室代替传统等压燃烧室是完全可行的.     

高精度测量燃气轮机叶片前缘的三维轮廓

为了解决高精度测量燃气轮机叶片前缘三维轮廓的难题,提出了一种基于球阵列标定检验方法,直接对金属表面的叶片前缘三维轮廓进行高精度测量的相位轮廓测量系统.通过多角度数据融合算法和非线性最小二乘的递归算法,最后高精度测量出叶片前缘三维轮廓,对叶片前缘16个剖面进行拟合,得出了叶片前缘半径和前缘圆心.结果显示:叶片前缘测量系统、方法和算法的综合误差为±0.03mm.此实验装置和方法测量效率高、精度高,将叶片测量和模型化技术推进了一步.      

Design and optimization of supersonic turbines for detonation combustors

Detonation-based engines offer a potential surge in efficiency for compact thermal power systems. However, these cycles require ad-hoc components adapted to the high outlet velocity from the detonation combustors. This paper presents the design methodology of turbine stages suitable for supersonic inlet conditions and provides a detailed analysis of optimized turbine geometries. A reduced-order solver examines the supersonic blade rows’ functional design space, quantifies the turbine’s non-isentropic performance, and budgets the turbine loss for different optimized leading-edge designs and chord to pitch ratios. The shock-wave interactions were identified as the predominant contributor to turbine losses, and optimal pitch-chord ratios were determined for various inlet Mach numbers. Finally, with this tool, the specific-power output for a wide range of design configurations was computed; and the metal angle that ensures flow starting and maximizes power extraction was calculated. The detailed numerical study describes the flow interactions in a supersonic turbine and offers new correlations to guide the design of future supersonic turbines.     

驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能试验

开展了空气进口温度、流量和余气系数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,获得了燃烧性能参数的变化规律:总压损失系数在3%～6%之间,流阻系数变化不大;点火和贫油熄火性能随流量变化很小,随进口温度的提高而改善,研究中最大点火和贫熄余气系数分别为6.03和14.41;仅驻涡区供油时,燃烧效率在90%～95%之间,驻涡区和主流同时供油时,燃烧效率为84%～99.5%,并随余气系数和进口流量的变小而上升.      

关于低热值煤气在航机改型中的应用问题

目前,我国已经面临了航机改烧低热值煤气的现实条件。本文概述了航机在改烧低热值煤气时会遇到的各种问题及其对策,力图为航机的改型工作提供参考素材。