Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

采用智能材料的变弯扭机翼实验研究

以飞翼布局为研究对象,对常规和智能两种后缘襟翼模型进行了对比试验,在风洞中探索用智能材料植入机翼代替常规铰接式后缘襟翼的气动效益。本文给出了在北航D1风洞1/20半模模型对比风洞试验的结果,结果表明:在与常规襟翼相同偏角情况下,智能襟翼具有更大的增升效益;在常规襟翼失效的偏角情况下,智能襟翼仍能提供额外升力;在实验攻角范围内智能襟翼比常规襟翼平均增升20%以上。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

伸缩机翼变形技术研究

变体飞机可以根据需要改变气动外形,以便在不同的飞行状态都能获得最佳的气动性能,提高飞机的任务适应能力。伸缩机翼变形技术在国外已经过几十年的研究和探索,是变体飞机技术的主要发展方向之一。本文综述了伸缩机翼技术的发展历史及国内外研究情况,阐述了伸缩机翼变形原理及其优缺点,提炼了设计伸缩机翼所涉及的关键技术,展望了伸缩机翼技术在飞机、导弹、地效翼飞行器以及飞行汽车等方面的应用前景。     

智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望简

 变体飞行器可以根据不同的飞行条件改变自身形状以获得最优的气动性能,大大提高飞行器的综合性能,是未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一。新型智能材料和结构具有驱动、变形、承载、传感等特点,为变体飞行器的设计提供了新的技术途径。本文根据不同可变形机翼结构分类,详细阐述了智能材料和结构在自适应结构、智能驱动器和变形蒙皮等方面的研究现状。变体飞行器的实现亟需解决变形/承载一体化蒙皮技术、轻质大输出力驱动器技术和自适应结构技术等关键技术,本文还对智能材料和结构未来在变体飞行器上的应用前景进行了展望。     

智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望

变体飞行器可以根据不同的飞行条件改变自身形状以获得最优的气动性能,大大提高飞行器的综合性能,是未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一。新型智能材料和结构具有驱动、变形、承载、传感等特点,为变体飞行器的设计提供了新的技术途径。本文根据不同可变形机翼结构分类,详细阐述了智能材料和结构在自适应结构、智能驱动器和变形蒙皮等方面的研究现状。变体飞行器的实现亟需解决变形/承载一体化蒙皮技术、轻质大输出力驱动器技术和自适应结构技术等关键技术,本文还对智能材料和结构未来在变体飞行器上的应用前景进行了展望。     

基于Kalman滤波的变体飞行器T-S模糊控制

针对变体飞行器的跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于Kalman滤波的T-S模糊控制方法。考虑飞行器系统状态不可测,引入惯导数据作为辅助信息,利用Kalman滤波算法融合飞控信息与惯导信息实现状态估计。由于变体飞行器在不同变形结构下气动特性变化较大,为便于控制器设计,采用小扰动线性化方法得到飞行器在不同平衡点处的局部线性模型,并通过状态反馈方法设计局部控制器,局部线性模型和局部控制器通过模糊集和模糊规则聚合成一个连续光滑的全局T-S模糊模型和T-S模糊控制器。通过综合Kalman滤波器与T-S模糊控制器得到一个基于Kalman滤波的T-S模糊控制器。仿真结果表明,该控制器在变形过程中能够实现状态估计,保证飞机的跟踪性能。     

变后掠变展长翼身组合体系统设计与特性分析

为了探索可变形飞行器气动、结构和控制关键技术,在可变后掠角及展长的翼身组合体风洞试验模型系统设计与特性分析方面开展了研究。系统设计包括总体方案设计、近似理论分析与计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟、结构与控制技术集成;特性分析包括结构特性、控制特性、定常与非定常气动特性的测试及其分析。结果表明:大尺度变形能显著改变飞行器的升力、阻力和升阻比等气动特性,进而使可变形飞行器能适应多种环境和任务,因而在全飞行周期中比传统固定外形飞行器具有更优的性能。     

高超声速可变形双翼气动特性

为研究高超声速可变形双翼在不同迎角和不同马赫数条件下的气动特性,并针对在给定的迎角和马赫数条件下可变形双翼的舵面偏转角选取困难的问题,通过结合二分法、遗传算法和高斯牛顿算法对处于不同迎角和不同马赫数条件下的可变形双翼的舵面偏转角进行了选取确定,分析了可变形双翼的气动特性和舵面偏转角对其气动特性产生影响的机理。研究表明:当来流马赫数为5,迎角从1°~8°变化时,可变形双翼的升阻比明显大于Busemann双翼的升阻比,最大可达4.2倍;当迎角为3°,来流马赫数从0.5~5变化时,可变形双翼的升阻比最大可达Busemann双翼升阻比的3.4倍。结果表明可变形双翼在大迎角和大速度范围内均能保持高升阻比,在高超声速飞行中将具有更好的应用价值和前景。     

多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器设计

多段柔性变体扑翼模仿海鸥翅膀的复杂运动.观察海鸥翅膀的运动周期,设计了包含慢频率扑动、展向折弯、弦向扭转和结构柔性变形的扑翼模型,并应用准定常方法计算气动力,为该扑翼飞行器设计提供依据.在CATIA和3DMAX中设计多段柔性变体扑翼机的三维模型和运动模拟,制作样机进行飞行试验,研究其平飞、爬升、偏航等飞行姿态,结果表明升力和推力与数值计算结果吻合.相较于原有扑翼飞行器,多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器可以慢频率扑动飞行,调整扑翼形状.      

变体翼梢小翼的减阻机理数值模拟

总结了对翼梢小翼减阻效果影响最大的几何参数,在此基础上采用数值模拟方法研究了这些几何参数的最佳变化范围,为变体翼梢小翼设计提供理论依据.并从气动性能、气动载荷分布和翼尖涡的角度探讨了变体翼梢小翼相对传统翼梢小翼的优缺点.结果表明:在飞机的起飞阶段,变体翼梢小翼的减阻效率比传统翼梢小翼高2.2%,同时将翼尖涡强度降低了15%,有利于提高飞机的燃油效率和机场空域安全;但也会增大机翼的翼根弯矩,因此必须权衡变体翼梢小翼带来的气动收益与结构强度不利因素.     

变体无人机动力学模型及切换控制研究

针对能够在飞行过程中进行结构变形的变体无人机,考虑由变形引起的气动力与力矩,惯性力与力矩的非线性变化,建立其在质点系假设条件下的多体动力学模型。根据切换系统理论,将变体无人机视为一类线性切换系统,选择设计点,采用极点配置方法针对各设计点处的线性子系统设计控制器,再制定以变形量为决策变量的控制切换方案,构成切换控制系统。通过建立公共Lyapunov函数,推导了能够保证闭环切换系统在结构变形过程中一致有界的充分条件。以变体无人机Fire-Bee为例,验证了方案的有效性,仿真结果表明闭环系统无论在固定结构下还是变形过程中都具有良好的动态特性。     

可连续光滑偏转后缘的变弯度翼型气动特性分析

以变弯度翼型为研究对象,计算了其六种外形的绕流流场,分析了不同的连续光滑变形翼型与传统偏转翼型的气动特性,讨论了变形参数对气动特性的影响,研究了气动特性的产生机理;与此同时,以形状记忆聚合物柔性蒙皮和机械结构实现了可连续光滑偏转后缘的变弯度翼型,并在风洞实验中测试了其气动特性。计算和实验结果表明:可连续光滑偏转后缘的变弯度翼型能改进传统主翼-简单襟翼翼型的气动特性和流场分离特性;可变形段范围、转轴位置、后缘偏转角度、后缘高度等变形参数对气动特性具有显著影响。     

Optimization of aerodynamic efficiency for twist morphing MAV wing

Twist morphing(TM) is a practical control technique in micro air vehicle(MAV) flight.However, TM wing has a lower aerodynamic efficiency(CL/CD) compared to membrane and rigid wing. This is due to massive drag penalty created on TM wing, which had overwhelmed the successive increase in its lift generation. Therefore, further CL/CDmaxoptimization on TM wing is needed to obtain the optimal condition for the morphing wing configuration. In this paper, two-way fluid–structure interaction(FSI) simulation and wind tunnel testing method are used to solve and study the basic wing aerodynamic performance over(non-optimal) TM, membrane and rigid wings. Then,a multifidelity data metamodel based design optimization(MBDO) process is adopted based on the Ansys-DesignXplorer frameworks. In the adaptive MBDO process, Kriging metamodel is used to construct the final multifidelity CL/CDresponses by utilizing 23 multi-fidelity sample points from the FSI simulation and experimental data. The optimization results show that the optimal TM wing configuration is able to produce better CL/CDmaxmagnitude by at least 2% than the non-optimal TM wings. The flow structure formation reveals that low TV strength on the optimal TM wing induces low CDgeneration which in turn improves its overall CL/CDmaxperformance.     

变体飞机的研究进展及其关键技术

简述了变体飞机的发展过程及研究现状,分析了几种典型的变体机翼及其变体方式,提出了发展变体飞机亟待解决的若干关键技术问题,并给出了一些解决问题的方法和途径,最后对变体飞机的未来发展和应用进行了展望.     

折叠机翼变体飞机非对称变形控制效率分析

折叠机翼变体飞机变形量大,变形引起的气动参数变化显著,提出一种将非对称变形作为操纵输入的控制方案,研究非对称变形的控制效率和有效区间。首先建立能够完整描述变形过程的非线性动力学方程和气动力模型;然后基于非对称变形控制方法建立一种非对称变形操纵模型;最后通过与常规操纵面效率对比和仿真的动态响应总结出非对称变形操纵的最大变形操纵有效区间。结果表明:在较低飞行速度下非对称变形操纵效率高,非对称变形操纵能够在基准折叠角度90°附近提供最高的滚转操纵效率。     

Experimental validation of a new morphing trailing edge system using Price – Païdoussis wind tunnel tests

This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a new morphing wing system carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics and AeroServoElasticity(LARCASE) at the ETS in Montréal. This first version of a morphing wing allows the deformation of its trailing edge, denote by Morphing Trailing Edge(MTE). In order to characterize the technical impact of this deformation, we compare its performance with that of a rigid aileron by testing in the LARCASE's price-Pa?doussis subsonic wind tunnel. The first set of results shows that it is possible to replace an aileron by a MTE on a wing, as an improvement was observed for the MTE aerodynamic performances with respect to the aileron aerodynamic performances.The improvement consisted in the fact that the drag coefficient was smaller, and the lift-to-drag ratio was higher for the same lift coefficient.     

滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机非定常气动特性研究

为了探索飞机变形过程中的非定常气动特性及其机理,基于滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机这一可变形飞行器大尺度全局变形研究平台,通过风洞实验对其进行了非定常气动特性研究。结果表明:无人机变后掠过程中非定常气动特性曲线在相应的准定常曲线周围形成滞回环;无人机变后掠速率越快,滞回效应越显著;无人机以约7.5°/s的速率变后掠,会使非定常气动特性数值偏离相应的准定常数值5%以上;变后掠无人机非定常气动特性产生的主要原因可能在于流场结构迟滞和机翼附加速度。