北斗卫星导航( 区域) 系统星座对中国载人航天器的服务能力仿真分析

载人航天器可以利用北斗卫星导航系统实现自主导航定位和相对测量以支持轨道确定和交会对接任务。为了评估当前星座条件下北斗卫星导航(区域)系统对中国载人航天器的服务能力,建立了当前北斗卫星导航(区域)系统的星座仿真场景。利用载人航天器轨道参数,对其轨道处北斗区域星座的覆盖特性和服务能力进行了仿真,分析了可以用于载人航天器绝对定位和相对定位的时间长度、可见卫星情况、位置精度因子等特性。分析结果表明,在载人航天轨道的一些持续时间段内,航天器可以利用北斗(区域)系统完成绝对和相对定位功能。     

航天器自主导航状态估计方法研究综述

自主导航是航天器自主运行的核心关键技术。状态估计是实现航天器自主导航的核心手段,是指实时确定航天器在轨位置、速度和姿态等导航参数,是航天器自主导航技术的重点发展方向之一。首先,针对航天器自主导航的实际需求,阐述了研究航天器自主导航状态估计方法的必要性,具体从导航系统可观测性分析、导航滤波算法、导航系统误差补偿3个方面介绍了航天器自主导航状态估计方法的研究现状;然后,分析并总结状态估计方法在航天器自主导航系统中的实际应用;最后,结合理论研究和实际应用,给出了状态估计方法目前存在的主要问题并对其后续发展进行了展望。     

卫星自主导航——现状与历史

最近5—10年中,地球轨道卫星的自主操作已愈来愈受到人们的关注。星上计算系统的进展促进了这种设想的某些方面付诸实施。本文着重论述自主的一个方面——卫星导航。在卫星设计中实现这种功能就意味着星上能够实时测定航天器的位置和速度。自主导航就其本意而言,应不靠外部信号源而独立进行孚航;然而,这种严格定义可以有兼些变化,这样可能更现实。本文介绍了卫星导航的概念,着重阐述了该项技术发展过程中所做的一些重要工作。此外还讨论了通过各种飞行方案已经或正在研究的多种并存设计方案,并给出了各自的性能。对各种全自主导航系统进行了估价。全自主导航系统的定位精度为几公里,而采用部分自主导航的 GPS 系统却可达到几十米或更高的导航精度。还讨论了战略防御创新计划(SDI)这样的计划,被认为是需要未来自主导航的推动力,依此规划了一些能在近期内推进自主导航的研究活动。贯穿整个介绍和阐述,我们从公开文狱中引了一些参考文献,可供有志于深入研究和了解这一重要领域内前人所作贡献的人参考。     

基于双视线测量的相对导航方法

对非合作目标自主交会中的中远程相对导航问题进行研究.首先,给出二阶近似的航天器相对轨道动力学方程,并对视线(LOS)导航方法的可观测性进行了分析.然后,提出基于双视线测量的相对导航方案.该导航方案中,系统过程噪声模型采用适用于航天器远距离相对运动的轨道动力学方程;量测量包括目标对两个追踪航天器的视线角和追踪航天器之间的...     

基于卫星轨道软件平台的自主导航计算方法

为了增强卫星的自主生存能力,研究了基于卫星轨道软件平台的自主导航计算方法.通过星载导航部件获取导航参数,应用数值或解析方法进行自主导航计算,以实时获得精确的轨道参数.分析表明,本方法正确可行,具有较高的工程应用价值.     

磁强计在航天器上的应用与前景

随着科学的进步,磁强计已被广泛地应用于航天器.本文首先根据磁强计测量原理的不同,对其进行分类.分别介绍各类磁强计的物理测量原理,描述其特性、精度、适用范围.同时概括目前在航天器得到较广泛应用的磁强计.在此基础上,进一步具体分析磁强计作为卫星载荷、姿态测量和控制以及自主导航轨道计算的方法、作用和特点.然后,针对这三个方面应用指出其在航天器上应用存在主要问题和关键技术.最后,对磁强计在航天器上的应用进行总结.同时对其未来的发展进行展望,磁强计在航天器上仍有着良好发展前景.     

一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法

利用卫星导航系统对高轨航天器进行自主导航与高精度定轨,对接收机的捕获灵敏度要求极高,双块补零(DBZP)算法是无辅助下卫星导航弱信号捕获的理想方案,然而受限于数据处理量大,DBZP实际应用难度大。在深入分析双块补零机理的基础上,结合矩阵重构的思想,提出了一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法。该方法对参与块内相关运算的基带信号和本地测距码分别进行重构,解决了块内点数与快速傅里叶变换输入点数之间的矛盾,提高了北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获性能。仿真实验结果分析表明,改进双块补零算法对信噪比没有损失,可以保证对低至15dB·Hz的弱信号进行有效捕获,能够满足高轨航天器定轨、室内外无缝导航等对接收机高灵敏度的需求。本方法是在块内运算层面对DBZP进行优化,具备良好的通用性和可移植性,与优化相干积分策略的各种改进DBZP算法可以无缝对接,进一步提高北斗导航接收机信号处理的效能。同时,重构的思想也适用于其他采用码分多址信号的卫星导航系统的弱信号检测和捕获,对提升多星座卫星导航系统的基带信号处理性能具有参考意义。     

低轨微纳卫星全磁自主导航算法研究

针对低轨微纳卫星体积小、功耗低的设计约束,提出了基于低轨地磁的定轨/定姿全磁自主导航算法.该算法仅利用三轴磁强计测量值和卫星动力学方程建立Kalman滤波器,实现了低轨微纳卫星的全自主轨道确定和姿态测量,理论仿真结果表明,该全磁导航算法精度能够满足低轨微纳卫星的一般要求.利用高精度地磁模拟器搭建了微纳卫星全磁自主导航地面仿真验证系统,对算法进行了全物理仿真测试和实验误差分析,进一步验证了全磁自主导航算法的可行性,为低轨微纳卫星提供了一种低成本、高自主、高可靠性的导航方法.     

导航星座自主导航技术--自主星历更新

自主星历更新是导航星座自主导航的关键技术之一,包括卫星轨道精密确定和轨道短时预报两个方面的内容。本文在系统地论述导航星座自主导航的信息处理流程的基础上,重点提出星座卫星轨道精密确定的自适应Kalman滤波算法。系统仿真结果表明：通过星间双向测量数据的滤波处理,能够获得高精度的卫星星历和较小的用户测距误差（URE）,满足高精度导航定位需求,初步证明导航星座自主导航信息处理流程及其星历更新算法的合理性和可行性。     

航天器利用跟踪与数据中继卫星系统导航的评述

NASA将利用跟踪与数据中继卫星系统(TDRSS)对地球卫星进行跟踪和通信。本文评述了利用TDRSS为航天器导航的能力。用加权最小二乘批处理技术拟合跟踪测量值,得到东TDRS卫星和几个用户航天器的轨道解。所研究的用户航天器有太阳峰年卫星(SMM),陆地卫星-5,地球辐射预算卫星(ERBS)和太阳散逸层探测器(SME)。以相继轨道解的一致性作为度量,评定了东TDRS卫星的轨道精度。将TDRSS跟踪获得的用户航天器轨道与同一时间由地面跟踪获得的结果进行比较,确定了用户航天器的轨道精度。研究了跟踪测量值特性和摄动力模型计算对轨道解的影响。介绍了东TDRS卫星和用户航天器的轨道确定结果,对这些结果进行的分析和评价以及由此得出的一些重要结论。     

Spacecraft orbit determination using GPS navigation solutions

The orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions for the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft has been studied. The Cowell method of special perturbation theories was employed to develop a precision orbit propagation, and the perturbations due to geopotential, the gravity of the Sun and the Moon, solid Earth tides, ocean tides, the Earth's dynamic polar motion, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag were modeled. Specifically, the satellite box-wing macro model was applied to minimize the drag errors at low altitude. The estimation scheme consisted of an extended Kalman filter and Bayesian least square method. To investigate the applicability of the method to the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft, the orbit determination was accomplished using the GPS navigation solutions for the TOPEX/POSEIDON and TAOS satellites. The orbit determination results were compared with NASA POE generated by global laser tracking. The position and velocity accuracy was estimated about 16∼7 m and 0.0157∼0.0074 m·s⁻¹ RMS, respectively, for the two satellites in the presence of SA. These results verify that an orbit determination scheme using GPS navigation solutions can provide the static orbit information and reduce conspicuously the position and velocity errors of navigation solutions. It can be suggested that the sequential and batch orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions be the most appropriate method in the KOMPSAT-1 type mission.     

基于地基CEI技术的空间飞行器相对位置测量技术研究

讨论了差分CEI的基本原理,分析了差分CEI的相对位置确定的误差。通过分析得出结论：在CEI基线长度为1000m时,相对角度测量精度可以达到16urad,如果增加基线距离或者结合SBI技术,测量精度会进一步提高,测量精度能够满足交会过程中相对导航、编队卫星相对位置测量、高轨卫星共位等要求。     

INMARSAT integrity channels for global navigation satellite systems

The transmission of integrity information using a signal format compatible with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and relayed through a geostationary satellite repeater, which will be critical in achieving high integrity and availability of global navigation by satellite is discussed. The inclusion of navigation repeaters designed to fulfil this function, the next generation of INMARSAT spacecraft, INMARSAT-3 is examined. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) integrity channel (GIC) will employ pseudorandom codes in the same family as, but distinct from, the codes reserved by GPS. The data format of the basic integrity channel is designed to convey user range error information for 24 to 40 satellites. A closed-loop timing compensation technique will be used at the uplinking Earth station, to make the signal's clock and carrier Doppler variations identical to those that would result from an onboard signal source. Therefore, the INMARSAT-3 satellites will increase the number of useful navigation satellites available to any user, and can also function as sources of precise timing. There is also a possibility that wide area differential corrections can be carried on the same signal     

光纤陀螺在宇航领域中的应用及发展趋势

光纤陀螺作为全固态惯性仪表,具有长寿命、高可靠和空间环境适应性好等显著优点,已广泛应用于国外各类宇航飞行器上。我国光纤陀螺的宇航应用起步于21世纪初,现已应用于导航卫星、通信卫星、遥感卫星、载人飞船、月球探测器等多种宇航飞行器上,对我国宇航飞行器性能的快速提升起到了重要的促进作用。主要介绍了国内外光纤陀螺宇航应用的情况,重点说明了目前几种主流光纤陀螺的技术方案,并对几种新型光纤陀螺(如光子晶体光纤陀螺)的宇航应用特点进行了分析。最后,从宇航应用的技术需求出发,指出了光纤陀螺宇航应用的几类关键技术和发展趋势。     

Pulsar Timing and Its Application for Navigation and Gravitational Wave Detection

Pulsars are natural cosmic clocks. On long timescales they rival the precision of terrestrial atomic clocks. Using a technique called pulsar timing, the exact measurement of pulse arrival times allows a number of applications, ranging from testing theories of gravity to detecting gravitational waves. Also an external reference system suitable for autonomous space navigation can be defined by pulsars, using them as natural navigation beacons, not unlike the use of GPS satellites for navigation on Earth. By comparing pulse arrival times measured on-board a spacecraft with predicted pulse arrivals at a reference location (e.g. the solar system barycenter), the spacecraft position can be determined autonomously and with high accuracy everywhere in the solar system and beyond. We describe the unique properties of pulsars that suggest that such a navigation system will certainly have its application in future astronautics. We also describe the on-going experiments to use the clock-like nature of pulsars to “construct” a galactic-sized gravitational wave detector for low-frequency (\(f_{GW}\sim 10^{-9} \text{--} 10^{-7}\) Hz) gravitational waves. We present the current status and provide an outlook for the future.     

The Juno Gravity Science Instrument

The Juno mission’s primary science objectives include the investigation of Jupiter interior structure via the determination of its gravitational field. Juno will provide more accurate determination of Jupiter’s gravity harmonics that will provide new constraints on interior structure models. Juno will also measure the gravitational response from tides raised on Jupiter by Galilean satellites. This is accomplished by utilizing Gravity Science instrumentation to support measurements of the Doppler shift of the Juno radio signal by NASA’s Deep Space Network at two radio frequencies. The Doppler data measure the changes in the spacecraft velocity in the direction to Earth caused by the Jupiter gravity field. Doppler measurements at X-band (\(\sim 8\) GHz) are supported by the spacecraft telecommunications subsystem for command and telemetry and are used for spacecraft navigation as well as Gravity Science. The spacecraft also includes a Ka-band (\(\sim 32\) GHz) translator and amplifier specifically for the Gravity Science investigation contributed by the Italian Space Agency. The use of two radio frequencies allows for improved accuracy by removal of noise due to charged particles along the radio signal path.