混合作动系统的工作模式研究

具有非相似余度的混合作动系统(HAS)由功率电传作动器和传统的阀控液压伺服作动器(SHA)所组成,是未来多电飞机作动系统的发展趋势。阐述混合作动系统的结构组成及工作原理,建立其数学模型。对工作于两种传统模式——主动/主动模式和主动/被动模式时的混合作动系统进行了建模和理论分析。在此基础上,论述在一种全新的工作模式——主动/无载模式下,混合作动系统的结构组成和工作原理,并对其进行建模和理论分析。最后,对混合作动系统工作于每种模式下的优缺点进行了对比分析。分析结果对确定不同情况下混合作动系统的具体工作模式提供了依据。     

宽体客机飞控电作动系统设计

为研究飞控电作动(EPA)系统技术,分析目前服役的国外多电客机空客A380、A350XWB飞控电作动系统、波音Boeing 787飞控电作动系统能源配置、作动器配置及技术特点,提出了国外多电客机飞控电作动系统发展趋势。结合中国电作动研制技术情况,提出中国宽体客机飞控电作动系统2H/2E能源配置方案及电作动系统配置方案,对电作动系统安全性、作动系统电功率、质量进行分析,为中国宽体客机飞控电作动系统研制提供有益参考。     

飞机机电作动系统故障模式分析与故障诊断方法

飞机机电作动系统是多电飞机的典型系统,为达到飞机的高可靠性要求,需要对机电作动器的故障模式进行分析。本文对基于无刷直流电动机的机电作动系统的故障模式进行了分析,在此基础上,提出了采用直流母线电流进行在线故障诊断,并分析了故障预测方法。     

一体化电动静液作动器(EHA)的设计与仿真分析

一体化电动静液作动系统兼备传统液压作动系统和直接驱动的机电作动系统的优点,也就是同时具备高转距和大功率密度,并且易于模块化。本文阐述了一种一体化电动静液作动器(EHA)的总体结构和工作原理,对电机、泵和液压缸的选用以及系统设计提出了明确的要求,并对其各个模块进行了建模和仿真分析。结果表明,EHA的性能能够满足现代飞机对作动系统的要求,在未来功率电传(PBW)的飞控系统中具有很好的应用前景。     

机载电静液作动系统的发展现状与关键技术研究

总结了新型机载作动系统的发展背景与研究意义,介绍了用于功率电传的电静液作动器和机电作动器的发展现状,综述了机载电静液作动系统设计、开发和取得的技术成果,论述了机载电静液作动系统发展中有待于进一步研究的问题,提出了开展该项研究的建议和措施。     

飞行控制用的三种作动系统

飞机操纵和控制采用液压、电动静液、电动作动等三种作动系统,其中电力作动系统,包括电动静液作动系统具有较大的优越性。     

F-35采用创新飞行控制系统

洛克希德·马丁航空公司(LMAC)正在开展F-35联合攻击机(JSF)基于电力的新式飞控系统试验,为F-35A的2006年8月首飞做准备。F-35A飞行控制系统将采用电静液作动系统(EHAS)和机翼前缘襟翼作动系统(LEFAS),这是美国战斗机首次使用这样的系统。这些作动器要比F-15等战斗机的传统作动器重很多,但从整个系统来看EHAS将使飞机重量减轻300磅(136千克)。EHAS省去了许多基于液体的飞控系统中的泵、电动机、液压作动筒和液压管路。机体中去掉的金属管道减轻了飞机重量、降低了战场损坏的风险。EHAS将驱动飞机水平尾翼操纵面、机翼后缘襟副…     

某型飞机副翼作动系统静刚度与自然频率设计研究

民用FBW系统飞机提高舵面抗振性的主要措施有:操纵舵面质量平衡法;利用作动器阻抗,包括提高作动系统静刚度和自然频率,改善作动系统阻尼特性;气动平衡法;主动颤振抑制(闭环控制).民机作动系统设计中一般从以上4个方向同时着手,提高作动系统抗振性.从提高作动系统静刚度和自然频率着手,研究了某型飞机法兰式安装下等效刚度计算方法,得出了副翼作动系统自然频率范围.计算结果表明,主机所与供应商共同确定的静态刚度参数满足作动系统颤振抑制的最小自然频率要求,供应商可采用这些参数进入作动器静态刚度详细设计阶段.     

一种民用飞机电作动舱门集中式控制方案研究

在未来飞机多/全电化和机电综合管理的发展趋势下,舱门作动器逐渐由机电作动取代了传统的液压、机械作动。针对目前民用飞机舱门分散式独立控制杂、乱、散的局面,提出一种用于电作动舱门的集中式控制方案。对该集中式控制方案下如何实现电机的伺服控制、舱门的并行控制以及接近传感器感应距离值的修改进行设计,并搭建舱门作动系统模拟装置及电...     

多电飞机容错作动系统拓扑结构分析

针对多电飞机电力作动系统,提出永磁容错电机及其容错驱动控制的拓扑结构,探讨系统的电气故障模式,研究防止故障传播的电、磁、热隔离设计,在理论上给出了容错电机相数的选取方法,采用独立的同轴电机组件实现高冗余系统。研究结果表明:电机、功率变换器和供电通道均采用以相为基本单位的模块化拓扑结构可实现多电飞机对作动系统的高容错要求。     

Reliable electro-mechanical actuators in aircraft

There is a general trend in the aerospace industry toward increasing the use of electrically-powered equipment. This trend is usually referred to as "Power-by-Wire" in the "More Electric Aircraft" (MEA) concept and it leads, among others, to the substitution of hydraulic actuators by Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA). Its benefits are a decrease in maintenance effort and weight, and an increase in efficiency. However, jamming case obstacles stop the massive use of EMAs in flight-control actuators. The aim herein is to introduce the safety needs of electro-mechanical actuators in aircraft applications, and Its major goal is to present the suitability and reliability of such actuator systems, including electric motors and power converters.     

Moving towards a more electric aircraft

The latest advances in electric and electronic aircraft technologies from the point of view of an "all-electric" aircraft are presented herein. Specifically, we describe the concept of a "more electric aircraft" (MEA), which involves removing the need for on-engine hydraulic power generation and bleed air off-takes, and the increasing use of power electronics in the starter/generation system of the main engine. Removal of the engine hydraulic pumps requires fully-operative electrical power actuators and mastery of the flight control architecture. The paper presents a general overview of the electrical power generation system and electric drives for the MEA, with special regard to the flight controls. Some discussion regarding the interconnection of nodes and safety of buses and protocols in distributed systems is also presented     

A novel integrated self-powered brake system for more electric aircraft

Traditional hydraulic brake systems require a complex system of pipelines between an aircraft engine driven pump (EDP) and brake actuators, which increases the weight of the aircraft and may even cause serious vibration and leakage problems. In order to improve the reliability and safety of more electric aircraft (MEA), this paper proposes a new integrated self-powered brake system (ISBS) for MEA. It uses a hydraulic pump geared to the main wheel to recover a small part of the kinetic energy of a landing aircraft. The recovered energy then serves as the hydraulic power supply for brake actuators. It does not require additional hydraulic source, thus removing the pipelines between an EDP and brake actuators. In addition, its self-powered characteristic makes it possible to brake as usual even in an emergency situation when the airborne power is lost. This paper introduces the working principle of the ISBS and presents a prototype. The mathematical models of a taxiing aircraft and the ISBS are established. A feedback linearization control algorithm is designed to fulfill the anti-skid control. Simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the ISBS, and experiments are conducted on a ground inertia brake test bench. The ISBS presents a good performance and provides a new potential solution in the field of brake systems for MEA.     

Design and experimental testing of a control system for a morphing wing model actuated with miniature BLDC motors

The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model. The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron. The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators, positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines. Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current (BLDC) electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements. The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system: (A) Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator; (B) Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control (IMC) methodology; (C) Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel. The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level, with no airflow, to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning, but also in the wind tunnel, in the presence of airflow, to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.     

Notes on `The electric control of large aeroplanes'

The author examines a proposal published by D.T. Glass-Hooper (see Flight, Dec. 21, 1916) for controlling an aircraft using solenoids. He than discusses the control systems used almost universally in aircraft through the end of WWII, and the gradual evolution to almost all-electrical flight control (the hydraulic actuator is the last major nonelectrical element). Laboratory testing of electric actuators is considered and the C-141 Aileron electric actuation system is presented. The High Technology Test Bed program, which was implemented to provide a research aircraft for the development and evaluation of aerodynamic, avionic, and flight control system concepts, is described     

多电飞机电气系统关键技术研究

介绍了多电飞机电气系统关键技术的研究现状和发展趋势,阐述了电源系统结构,PSP和ELMC的结构与功能,电源系统BIT技术与容错技术以及电力作动技术等关键技术,并探讨了上述关键技术的设计方案。     

Electromechanical Actuation Technology for the All-Electric Aircraft

Electromechanical actuation is a critical element that must be developed and verified to make the all-electric aircraft a viable concept. For several years the Flight Control Division of the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories has sponsored activities to demonstrate the credibility of electromechanical actuation systems (EMAS) for primary flight control actuation functions. The foundation for these EMAS activities and several electromechanical actuation development programs are described here. One involves the design, fabrication, and laboratory test of a rotary, hingeline electromechanical actuator. Another involves the development and flight test demonstration of a linear electromechanical actuator for controlling an aileron of a C-141 aircraft. A third involves the design and development of a linear electromechanical actuator for missiles having severe performance, temperature, and volumetric requirements. In addition, a brief summary of the results from two aircraft actuation trade studies compare the baseline (conventional) hydraulic flight control system with an all-electric airplane concept including quantitative comparisons of weight, reliability and maintainability, and life cycle costs.     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

The All-Electric Fighter Airplane Flight Control Issues, Capabilities, and Projections

The prime issues raised in any all-electric airplane discussion are (1) is the electric power system as reliable and trustworthy as a hydraulic power system; (2) can electromechanical flight control actuators perform satisfactorily, i.e., can the performance match that of hydraulic actuators; (3) can redundant electromechanical actuation systems (EMAS) be designed to equal the flight safety reliability of dual tandem hydraulic actuators; and (4) can satisfactory solutions be found or developed for dissipating the heat generated in actuators and power controllers. The first question should be inconsequential since it is assumed that the all-electric aircraft will be equipped with a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FCS) which is already dependent upon an uninterrupted supply of electrical power. Design studies and hardware already developed show that the answer to question (2) is that EMAS outperform hydraulic actuators, particularly under load. The answer to question (3) is not as clear primarily because the issue has not been addressed in any depth. As posed the answer must be yes, but with the proviso that the weight might be greater than currently predicted. Studies have shown that we can cope with the heat dissipation issue addressed in question (4) in the case of motors and inverter/power controllers. The projections regarding usage of EMAS and the future of the all-electric airplane must be based on the type of vehicle (small subsonic transport, large transport, or military tighter) and the economics involved.