部分气动执行机构及其应用

介绍了气动舵机和射流执行机构的分类和工作原理,分析了不同气动舵机和射流执行机构的特点和应用情况,根据射流执行机构的工作特性,认为其将在防空反导导弹中得到广泛应用。     

合成射流激励器对射流矢量的影响

合成射流激励器全流场计算模型—X L模型,实现了将激励器腔体及外部受控流场作为单连域的计算处理。对合成射流激励器在不同工作状态下控制宏观低速流流动进行了数值分析和机理探讨。结果显示:应用合成射流激励器可以有效控制宏观低速流流动方向,通过改变激励器的工作参数和布置位置可以控制主流的偏转角度;激励器处于"拉"模式对主流的控制效果更明显,且激励器与受控主流之间存在一个最佳距离,使得对主流的矢量控制效果最大;合成激励器工作形成的漩涡对强度受合成射流频率和速度幅值影响。压强梯度的存在和旋涡的卷吸作用是合成射流激励器控制宏观低速流流动方向的主要因素。     

基于DSP和CAN的航空发动机分布式控制系统设计

航空发动机控制系统发展趋势是分布式控制系统,本文提出了基于DSP和CAN总线的航空发动机分布式控制系统设计.设计中,用工控机模拟航空发动机电子控制器(EEC);智能传感器和执行机构的控制核心采用DSP芯片;通讯总线选用CAN总线.论文阐述了航空发动机电子控制器与各智能传感器和执行机构的软硬件设计、CAN总线通讯的实现方法.在实验室条件下实现了整个发动机控制系统的物理仿真,仿真系统初步满足了分布式系统控制要求,为航空发动机分布式控制系统的研究奠定了基础.     

Moving towards a more electric aircraft

The latest advances in electric and electronic aircraft technologies from the point of view of an "all-electric" aircraft are presented herein. Specifically, we describe the concept of a "more electric aircraft" (MEA), which involves removing the need for on-engine hydraulic power generation and bleed air off-takes, and the increasing use of power electronics in the starter/generation system of the main engine. Removal of the engine hydraulic pumps requires fully-operative electrical power actuators and mastery of the flight control architecture. The paper presents a general overview of the electrical power generation system and electric drives for the MEA, with special regard to the flight controls. Some discussion regarding the interconnection of nodes and safety of buses and protocols in distributed systems is also presented     

余度飞行控制系统的可控性与余度伺服器的力均衡

本文对余度飞行控制系统的控制特性进行了研究,分析了系统的可控性,系统可控与不可控变量对偏置的动态响应。并对余度伺服器的压力均衡问题进行了引伸,设计了比例积分式数字均衡回路,经过实验验证,获得了良好的均衡效果。     

抑制飞控系统舵机间隙影响的非线性补偿器设计

通过对舵机间隙非线性特性的分析和极限环的定义及产生条件的讨论,在飞控系统中采用非线性补偿的方法,设计了间隙补偿器,并介绍了其工程实现方法,进行了相应的数字仿真和半物理仿真试验以及试验结果的对比分析。结果表明,此方法有效地解决了飞控系统由于舵机间隙引起的超调与极限环振荡现象,使飞控系统对舵机的频率特性以及间隙各方面要求大大降低,其工程实现方法简单实用、普遍性较强,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

Martian jumping rover equipped with electroactive polymer actuators: A preliminary study

This paper presents results of a preliminary study of feasibility for the application of electroactive polymer (EAP) based actuators to a robotic locomotion system, intended by the European Space Agency (ESA) to operate on the surface of Mars. The system is conceived as an elastic spherical rover, exploiting wind propulsion for surface motion, while adopting an active mechanism for vertical jumping over obstacles. The use of polymeric electromechanical devices is envisaged in order to provide actuation to such a jumping mechanism. Among the available EAP technologies, new contractile linear actuators based on dielectric elastomers arc proposed in this study as suitable devices and two potential solutions concerning their use are designed, modeled, and evaluated via numerical simulations. The best solution reveals interesting simulated performances, enabling jumping of obstacle heights corresponding to more than 7% of the diameter of the rover     

A two-stage approach for managing actuators redundancy and its application to fault tolerant flight control

In safety-critical systems such as transportation aircraft, redundancy of actuators is introduced to improve fault tolerance. How to make the best use of remaining actuators to allow the system to continue achieving a desired operation in the presence of some actuators failures is the main subject of this paper. Considering that many dynamical systems, including flight dynamics of a transportation aircraft, can be expressed as an input affine nonlinear system, a new state representation is adopted here where the output dynamics are related with virtual inputs associated with the intended operation. This representation, as well as the distribution matrix associated with the effectiveness of the remaining operational actuators, allows us to define different levels of fault tolerant governability with respect to actuators’ failures. Then, a two-stage control approach is developed, leading first to the inversion of the output dynamics to get nominal values for the virtual inputs and then to the solution of a linear quadratic(LQ) problem to compute the solicitation of each operational actuator. The proposed approach is applied to the control of a transportation aircraft which performs a stabilized roll maneuver while a partial failure appears. Two fault scenarios are considered and the resulting performance of the proposed approach is displayed and discussed.     

直升机振动主动控制的机身/压电叠层作动器耦合优化法

直升机振动主动控制通常使用惯性作动器,一般惯性作动器的附加重量要占到机体重量的4％～5％才有较好的控制效果.压电叠层作动器(PSA)作为轻质、高效的执行元件用于直升机振动主动控制可有效地降低附加重量、提高控制性能.本文将压电叠层作动器用于直升机振动主动控制,并提出了机身/压电叠层作动器耦合优化法.采用基于频率响应函数的...     

Modelling and simulation of flight control electromechanical actuators with special focus on model architecting,multidisciplinary effects and power flows

In the aerospace field, electromechanical actuators are increasingly being implemented in place of conventional hydraulic actuators. For safety-critical embedded actuation applications like flight controls, the use of electromechanical actuators introduces specific issues related to thermal balance, reflected inertia, parasitic motion due to compliance and response to failure. Unfortu-nately, the physical effects governing the actuator behaviour are multidisciplinary, coupled and nonlinear. Although numerous multi-domain and system-level simulation packages are now avail-able on the market, these effects are rarely addressed as a whole because of a lack of scientific approaches for model architecting, multi-purpose incremental modelling and judicious model implementation. In this publication, virtual prototyping of electromechanical actuators is addressed using the Bond-Graph formalism. New approaches are proposed to enable incremental modelling, thermal balance analysis, response to free-run or jamming faults, impact of compliance on parasitic motion, and influence of temperature. A special focus is placed on friction and compliance of the mechanical transmission with fault injection and temperature dependence. Aileron actuation is used to highlight the proposals for control design, energy consumption and thermal analysis, power net-work pollution analysis and fault response.     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

飞机的控制能力分析方法研究

引入飞机控制能力的概念,以描述飞机在执行器出现故障时,舵面仍能提供控制力和力矩,保证飞机一定飞行品质要求的能力;提出用有限控制量分配的方法进行飞机控制能力分析,给出一种加权序列二次规划的有限控制量分配方法,从而保证在控制量分配时,可以满足设计者限定不同操纵效率器作用的主观要求,实例计算表明所提方法具有可行性。     

Reconfigurable flight control via multiple model adaptive controlmethods

An aircraft flight control system with reconfigurable capabilities is considered. A multiple model adaptive controller (MMAC) is shown to provide effective reconfigurability when subjected to single and double failures of sensors and/or actuators. A command generator tracker/proportional-plus-integral/Kalman filter (CGT/PI/KF) form of controller was chosen for each of the elemental controllers within the MMAC algorithm and each was designed via LQG synthesis to provide desirable vehicle behavior for a particular failure status of sensors and actuators. The MMAC performance is enhanced by an alternate computation of the MMAC hypothesis probabilities, use of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) versus Bayesian form of the MAC (or a modified combination of both), and reduction of identification ambiguities through scalar residual monitoring for the case of sensor failures     

等离子体激励器对微型飞行器横航向气动力矩控制的实验研究

在前期等离子体激励器基本流场特性研究的基础上,将等离子体激励器应用于微型飞行器(MAV)进行气动控制。当来流速度为9.1 m/s时,在微型飞行器机翼吸力面非对称布置不同的单介质阻挡放电(SDBD)等离子体激励器,通过对未施加激励的偏航、滚转力矩曲线和施加激励的偏航、滚转力矩曲线进行对比,发现横航向气动力距发生很大的改变,可以实现对横航向气动力矩的控制。在此基础上,采用图像测速(PIV)技术,对机翼背风面的流场进行研究,分析产生横航向控制力矩的流动机理。通过改变激励器的输入电压、占空比和调制频率,实现对横航向气动力矩的比例控制。     

Optimal positioning of piezoelectric actuators on a smart fin using bio-inspired algorithms

In this paper a novel approach is developed for optimization of piezoelectric actuators in vibration suppression. A scaled model of a vertical tail of F/A-18 is developed in which piezoelectric actuators are bounded to the surface. The frequency response function (FRF) of the system is then recorded and maximization of the FRF peaks is considered as the objective function of the optimization algorithm to enhance the actuator authority on the mode, which assigns the optimal placement of the pair of piezoelectric actuators on the smart fin. Six multi-layer perceptron neural networks are employed to perform surface fitting to the discrete data generated by the finite element method (FEM). Invasive weed optimization (IWO), a novel numerical stochastic optimization algorithm, is then employed to maximize the FRF peak which in due reduces the vibration of the smart fin. Results indicated an accurate surface fitting for the FRF peak data as well as the optimal placement of the piezoelectric actuators for vibration suppression.     

平板压电除冰系统中压电元件排布规律研究

针对压电振动除冰方法在工程上的可用性,以平面铝板为研究对象,采用有限元模型和结构动力学分析的方法,对平板压电除冰系统中压电元件的排布规律进行了研究。以平板长度方向上的截面为研究对象,用有限元分析方法研究了二维压电耦合模型的模态振型,选取了长度方向上三阶模态振型为最佳除冰模态振型,并以此振型为后续三维模型的基础振型。针对压电元件数量、压电元件相对贴片数量和压电元件贴片集中度这三个不同的排布参数,利用三维压电耦合有限元模型,以冰层与平板交界面处的弹性应变作为激励效果的直接体现参数,仿真分析了压电元件在平板宽度方向上的排布规律。仿真结果表明：压电元件在宽度方向上排布在中间位置和边缘位置,对结构均具有较好的激励效果,压电元件的布局要避开宽度方向上弹性应变较小的位置,因此对于分布在平板宽度方向边缘的压电元件,仍然可以在目标结冰区激励出较强的振动效果;在相同的接触面积下,减小压电元件的相对贴片数量,提高压电元件的贴片集中度,均可以提高压电元件对平板的激励效果,因此在实际应用中,在尺寸和粘接结构情况允许的情况下,尽可能选择尺寸较大的压电元件;并且当曲面上压电元件的贴片范围被限制的情况下,适当提升某一方向上压电元件贴片集中度,可以提高对平板结构的激励效果。灵活结合压电元件排布规律,可以设计出可行的压电元件排布方式,为压电除冰系统的工程研究提供借鉴和参考。     

考虑扰动输入/性能输出分布时作动/传感器配置优化

 针对结构振动控制问题，提出了一种考虑扰动输入/性能输出分布信息时作动/传感器的优化配置准则。在降维的模态坐标下建立状态空间形式的结构动力学方程，通过Lyapunov方程求解扰动和作动器的能控性Gramian矩阵，并利用矩阵奇异值分解获得扰动的能控性方向和作动器的能控性方向，通过同时最大化作动器对结构的作动能力以及作动器的能控性方向与扰动的能控性方向的一致性来确定作动器的最优位置。类似思想用于确定传感器的最优位置。以采用压电片为作动器的悬臂梁为例阐述了新准则的应用。     

垂尾抖振主动控制的压电作动器布局优化

为了提高压电作动器垂尾抖振主动控制系统的控制性能,提出一种基于输出可控性的压电作动器优化准则。使用压电驱动载荷等效方法建立压电纤维复合材料（MFC）压电作动器力学模型,并建立了带MFC压电作动器垂尾结构模型的动力学方程。在模态可控性和模态价值理论的基础上,提出考虑剩余模态影响的压电作动器优化目标函数。针对垂尾结构的前5阶模态使用遗传算法优化得到压电作动器的布局方案,使用线性二次高斯（LQG）最优控制方法控制垂尾的抖振响应。仿真结果表明,本文优化得到的布局方案比用其他方法能更好地均衡系统的模态可控性,减小剩余模态的影响,获得更好的垂尾抖振响应控制。     

一种全柔性气泡致动器及其制作工艺

气泡致动器的弹性薄膜厚度不均、高压气体泄露、刚性基底以及缺乏控制依据是制约其实际应用的关键问题。为了解决上述问题,采取了如下措施：对现有成膜工艺进行了改进,提高了弹性薄膜厚度的一致性;开发了一种新的气泡致动器的制作工艺,避免了原制作工艺中的粘接环节,保证了气泡致动器的气密性;使用柔性材料作为基底,器件可弯曲变形,便于安装在翼型表面;采用Mooney-Rivlin超弹性材料模型对气泡致动器弹性薄膜的变形进行分析,确定了不同厚度的薄膜变形高度与压力的理论关系,同时指出,在相同条件下宽度是影响气泡薄膜变形的主要因素,为气泡致动器的控制提供了参考。实验证明：所开发的气泡致动器可以有效地进行延迟分离,降低压差阻力,实现了主动流动控制。     

飞控系统功能重构技术研究

探讨了执行机构在“有效资源永不放弃”原则下所采用的功能重构方法。采用伪逆法针对飞控系统操纵面损坏故障进行了功能重构研究,通过仿真证明该重构方法的有效性。