Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

周向总压畸变进气下叶片前掠对转子稳定性的影响

以跨声速压气机NASA转子11为原型进行前掠改进,对得到的前掠转子与原型转子内流场进行了定常数值模拟,结果表明:在设计转速下前掠转子的性能有所提高,尤其是近失速流量有明显的降低.在周向总压畸变进气条件下,对转子11和前掠转子进行了非定常数值模拟,两者的性能较均匀进气条件下都出现了不同程度的下降,但前掠转子的近失速流量仍明显低于转子11,这是因为转子11叶尖区域处气流较前掠转子更易堵塞.      

Panel/full-span free-wake coupled method for unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blade

A full-span free-wake method is coupled with an unsteady panel method to accurately predict the unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blades in hover and forward flight. The unsteady potential-based panel method is used to consider aerodynamics of finite thickness multi-bladed rotors, and the full-span free-wake method is applied to simulating dynamics of rotor wake. These methods are tightly coupled through trailing-edge Kutta condition and by converting doublet-wake panels to full-span vortex filaments. A velocity-field integration technique is also adopted to overcome singularity problem during the interaction between the rotor wake and blades. Helicopter rotors including Caradonna-Tung, UH-60A, and AH-1G rotors, are simulated in hover and forward flight to validate the accuracy of this approach. The predicted aerodynamic loads of rotor blades agree well with available measured data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, and the unsteady dynamics of rotor wake is also well simulated. Compared to CFD, the present method obtains accurate results more efficiently and is suitable to rotorcraft aeroelastic analysis.     

动叶周向前弯对附面层的影响

本文利用计及旋转和曲率、沿弦长压力梯度影响的三维附面层积分方法, 对前弯动叶片和直动叶片在变工况下的气动性能进行了模拟、比较和分析。得出了叶片周向前弯后, 叶顶部分的附面层减薄, 二次流损失减小的结论, 与实验结果吻合; 验证了前弯叶片相对直叶片提高效率、扩大稳定工作范围的实验结果。      

前掠对高负荷风扇转子叶尖间隙效应的影响

以高负荷两级风扇第一级前掠转子为研究对象,数值模拟了设计转速下多种不同间隙下的特性曲线以评估其性能对间隙的敏感性.结果表明:前掠转子能够显著降低气动性能对叶尖间隙的敏感度,且并不存在工程意义上的最优间隙.这种特性在存在强叶尖泄漏流的大叶尖间隙和近失速工况时更为明显.通过与一个气动性能等效的常规转子进行叶尖区域详细的流场结构对比,对前掠改善间隙敏感度,调整展向气流分布及影响转子叶尖泄漏流动的内在机理做出了解释.      

高速直升机旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性分析

研究双拉力螺旋桨复合式高速直升机的气动特性可以为高速直升机的设计及气动优化提供参考。基 于动量源方法构建针对双拉力螺旋桨复合式高速直升机旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性数值计算及分析方法;对 孤立旋翼、旋翼/机身干扰进行算例验证;应用所构建的方法对双拉力螺旋桨高速复合式直升机悬停及前飞状 态的干扰流场进行数值模拟,分析机身对悬停流场影响及不同前飞速度旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性。结果表 明:悬停时机身对气流的阻塞作用降低了旋翼的升力,螺旋桨对旋翼下洗气流的加速作用使旋翼升力提高;低 速前飞时旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰较大,主要体现在旋翼下洗流造成螺旋桨滑流偏折以及机翼上表面压力分布 增大,高速前飞时这种干扰较小。     

基于C语言实现的数据加DES算法

DES体制是ISO颁布的数据加密标准，通过对DES算法的分析，提出了用C语言实现数据加密标准DES算法，通过循环或迭代，将简单的基本运算(例如左移、右移、模2加法等)和变换(选择函数、置换函数)构造成数据流的非线性变换(加密变换或解密变换)，从而实现对计算机数据进行密码保护。着重介绍了用C语言实现其加密的主要过程。     

新型桨尖抑制旋翼跨声速特性的影响分析

为研究不同形式的新型桨尖在抑制旋翼跨声速特性方面的作用,开展了多种桨尖对旋翼局部流动及气动特性影响的数值分析研究.发展了基于高效嵌套网格方法的旋翼流场高精度CFD求解方法.在此基础上,详细分析了桨尖外形对旋翼桨叶跨声速区域激波强度、激波诱导气流分离、桨尖涡尾迹及气动性能的影响.数值结果表明:桨尖的后掠和上反在缓解旋翼跨声速特性方面的作用相对较小;桨尖前掠和下反能更有效地减少桨尖外端跨声速区域,降低该位置激波强度并缓解激波-附面层干扰诱导的气流分离;后掠桨尖在减小旋翼反扭矩方面的整体效果良好,直线前掠桨尖在大桨盘拉力状态能够更有效降低旋翼扭矩(直线前掠30°时,扭矩降低达12.3%),桨尖下反可以有效抑制桨尖涡强度(抛物下反30°时,桨尖涡强度降低50%),并加快桨尖涡尾迹的耗散.      

旋转机翼飞机旋翼模式前飞状态干扰气动特性

和传统直升机相比,旋转机翼（CRW）飞机在旋翼模式前飞时各部件之间存在更为严重的气动干扰。为了获得旋转机翼/机身/鸭翼/平尾之间的非定常气动干扰规律,基于运动嵌套网格技术,通过求解三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（URANS）方程,建立了旋翼前飞流场数值模拟方法。首先对传统直升机旋翼/机身干扰模型进行了计算,验证了方法的可靠性,然后对某旋转机翼飞机全机在旋翼模式前飞状态下的非定常流场进行了数值模拟,并对各个气动部件上的非定常气动力和力矩的变化进行了分析。结果表明：飞机在旋翼模式前飞时,机身部件对旋转机翼的干扰较弱,在经过机身上方时拉力峰值仅略有增加;旋转机翼对鸭翼和垂尾干扰较弱,对机身和平尾干扰较强,随着前飞速度增大,旋转机翼对平尾的干扰会产生较大的升力损失和抬头力矩,需要引起重视。计算结果为该类飞行器的总体综合设计提供了参考。     

Guidelines for implementing Detached-Eddy Simulation using different models

This paper presents a range of guidelines that the authors have come to formulate during research work related to Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES). In the course of this work, DES has been implemented, calibrated and tested for three different linear and non-linear eddy viscosity turbulence models (EVM) of varying degrees of complexity, thorough literature researches were conducted and the authors participated in two European research projects involving DES. The key steps along the path to implementation of DES in existing Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solvers are outlined, and open questions regarding the DES technique are identified.     

旋翼变体技术对直升机性能的提升

为研究旋翼变体技术对直升机性能的提升作用,先建立旋翼模型,然后耦合机体模型,从而建立直升机需用功率计算模型.主要对比了几种不同旋翼变体技术,包括旋翼变直径、旋翼变转速、桨叶变弦长和桨叶变负扭转角在不同飞行状态时对直升机需用功率的影响.前飞速度为130km/h时,10%旋翼转速减小、10%旋翼直径减小、10%桨叶弦长减小和桨叶负扭转角由-12°变为-6°时,需用功率分别降低了15.7%,14.6%,5.8%和3.1%;前飞速度为250km/h时,10%旋翼转速减小和10%旋翼直径减小可分别降低14.5%和23.9%需用功率.结果表明,旋翼变转速明显优于桨叶变弦长和桨叶变负扭转角所取得的性能提升,高速前飞时旋翼变直径降低的需用功率大于旋翼变转速技术.      

变转速旋翼直升机性能及配平研究

 为研究变转速旋翼直升机性能及配平特性,本文以旋翼动力学综合模型为基础,研究了样例变转速旋翼直升机旋翼需用功率随旋翼转速、前飞速度、起飞质量和飞行高度的变化,以及旋翼总距、纵横向周期变距和桨轴纵横向倾斜角随旋翼转速和前飞速度的变化关系。研究结果表明,降低旋翼转速可明显降低旋翼需用功率,有利于提高直升机航时、航程和升限等性能指标。旋翼转速变化对直升机配平影响明显,配平限制了旋翼工作于过低的转速,另一方面,旋翼转速过低反而有可能增加旋翼的需用功率。旋翼总距和纵横向周期变距随旋翼转速的降低而加大,旋翼桨轴的纵向倾斜角随转速变化不大,横向倾斜角随旋翼转速的降低而减小。     

一种适合于旋翼前飞非定常流场计算的新型运动嵌套网格方法

针对旋翼流场计算中关键的运动嵌套网格技术,提出了一个新的网格单元关系快速判断方法。该方法通过计算特殊网格点在背景网格上的位置来建立桨叶网格在背景网格中所占据范围的关系,并用于嵌套网格洞单元的识别,又进一步将该方法推广用于Inverse Map的建立,在此基础上,建立了一套用于前飞流场计算的运动嵌套方法。通过多种前飞旋翼测试算例,分别评估了背景网格、桨叶网格尺寸改变对计算时间的影响,同时验证了该方法的可靠性,结果表明构建网格嵌套关系所用时间随桨叶网格和背景网格尺寸的变化幅度较小,且具有良好的鲁棒性,能够满足旋翼前飞状态计算的需要。最后,在基于前飞非定常N-S/Euler流场求解器中,采用该方法模拟了UH-60A和7A旋翼悬停/前飞状态的气动特性,通过计算时间的对比体现出该方法的高效性,并且流场计算结果与试验数据对比表明该方法可以有效地用于旋翼前飞非定常流场的计算。     

直升机旋翼功率传递系数确定方法

提出了一种确定直升机平直飞行时旋翼功率传递系数的方法;首先,通过飞行力学中的配平计算得到直升机在不同飞行速度下旋翼和尾桨的需用功率;然后,用试飞实测方法确定除旋翼和尾桨外的功率损耗;最终,得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼功率传递系数。结果表明：由于旋翼、尾桨的需用功率由飞行力学的配平方法得到,能合理地反映飞行状态和直升机尾部构型等影响因素,加上除旋翼和尾桨外的功率由试飞实测得到,因而文中所述的直升机旋翼功率传递系数能更准确地反映直升机的功率传递关系。     

基于涡环尾迹模型的共轴刚性旋翼直升机飞行动力学建模

共轴刚性旋翼直升机上下旋翼间距小,旋翼间气动干扰较为复杂,影响飞行动力学特性。针对这一问题,利用涡环单元动态尾迹方法构建了共轴旋翼气动力模型,通过与风洞试验结果比对说明该模型能够准确地计算存在气动干扰时共轴旋翼的气动力特性。以该共轴旋翼气动力模型为基础,建立了共轴刚性旋翼直升机飞行动力学模型,并以XH-59A直升机为研究对象,计算了前进比为0~0.4时的配平特性。通过与飞行试验数据的比对发现：该飞行动力学模型与飞行试验结果比对良好;且模型计算速度较快。通过对配平结果以及旋翼尾迹运动的分析发现：共轴刚性旋翼直升机旋翼间气动干扰会增加悬停和低速前飞时的配平总距和总距差动;低速前飞时的纵向周期变距负梯度现象是由于旋翼间气动干扰与刚性旋翼挥舞运动特性叠加而造成的。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor by wind tunnel test and numerical calculation

Focusing on aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor of a high-speed helicopter in hover and forward flight, a wind tunnel test is conducted in the 8 m ? 6 m low-speed straightflow wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center. In the experiment,a 4 m diameter composite model rigid coaxial rotor is designed and manufactured, and firstorder flapping frequency ratio of the blade is 1.796 to ensure sufficient stiffness at the blade root.Rotor aerodynamic performance is measured under hovering and high advance ratio conditions.Also, the numerical method is used to calculate aerodynamic characteristics in typical states of the rigid coaxial rotor for analysis purpose. The rotor lift-drag ratio and lateral lift offset in the experiment are emphatically analyzed for the rigid coaxial rotor. The results indicate that in forward flight condition, the rotor lift-drag ratio first increases and then decreases with the increment of advance ratio and lift offset. When advance ratio remains constant, with the increment of lift offset, the lift-drag ratio of rigid coaxial rotor first increases and then decreases.     

转子进动分析的4个定理

建立4个关于转子进动的定理.定理1为转子进动圆的面积定理;定理2为转子进动圆的周长定理;定理3和4则描述了转子上的作用力及其所作的功与转子进动的关系.应用上述定理,对不平衡力、阻尼力和反对称交叉刚度产生的弹性力所做的功进行了分析.所得结论与经典理论一致.但发现,ω_y＜Ω＜ω_x时,由于|r_-|＞r₊|,反对称交叉刚度产生的弹性力做负功,W＜0.这种情况下,反对称交叉刚度为镇定因素,有利于抑制反进动失稳.      

前飞状态直升机旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型

建立了前飞状态的旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型。采用扩展的Pitt/Peters动力入流模型将悬停与前飞状态统一起来;提出了一种适用性很强的隐式多桨叶坐标转换方法,进而取消了量纲分析及桨叶定常挥舞、摆振的小角度假设,结合Floquet传递矩阵法对系统进行了动稳定性分析。应用此分析模型对无铰旋翼直升机地面共振、前飞时孤立旋翼动稳定性进行了计算验证,分析结果与试验值吻合。     

直升机旋翼流场特性PIV试验分析

基于PIV技术对悬停和前飞状态的模型旋翼流场进行了试验研究,对比分析了不同前飞速度、总距、转速、方位等条件下的旋翼速度场和桨尖涡运动,获得了在悬停和前飞条件下旋翼流动特性,为旋翼非定常流动机理研究和桨叶气动设计提供试验支持.     

纵列式双旋翼直升机气动力和流场的数值模拟

纵列式双旋翼直升机的旋翼尾迹受前飞自由流、机身和旋翼之间的干扰影响,旋翼尾迹不仅影响机身的空气动力,也影响旋翼自身的空气动力特性.应用欧拉方程与计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用自适应非结构直角网格技术生成计算域网格,数值模拟纵列式双旋翼直升机全机流场,给出了考虑旋翼影响的机身表面压力分布以及全机流场特性.