基于力约束的空心涡轮叶片陶芯定位方法

精铸蜡型作为空心涡轮叶片精铸过程重要的前期工艺转接件,其壁厚精度主要由蜡型模具型腔与内部陶芯的位置匹配关系决定。由于陶芯在模具内完全依靠定位元件实现空间定位,为减小由定位误差引起的陶芯位姿漂移,提出了一种基于力平衡约束的空心涡轮叶片精铸模具陶芯定位布局优化方法。首先,通过建立陶芯定位误差传递模型,揭示了定位误差与陶芯空间位姿扰动量之间的映射关系;其次,根据力平衡原理构建了基于力约束的陶芯定位布局优化模型;之后,针对陶芯表面定位候选点的离散分布特性,结合遗传算法给出了陶芯定位布局点的详细求解策略。最后,仿真对比证明了利用本文所提方法获得的陶芯定位方案可以在保证陶芯定位稳定性的同时提高陶芯定位精度,此外,按照优化后的定位方案压制实际蜡型,壁厚检测结果也进一步表明所提方法的有效性。     

空心涡轮叶片精铸蜡型陶芯定位元件尺寸计算方法

 针对空心涡轮叶片精铸蜡型陶芯定位元件尺寸难以精确量化的问题,提出了基于模型匹配算法的陶芯定位元件尺寸计算方法。通过将壁厚权值因子引入匹配模型,实现了测量数据与理论模型的精确匹配;基于匹配后的陶芯实测数据,建立了定位元件的尺寸计算方法;最后,将壁厚偏差分布一致的一批陶芯分两组进行实验对比。结果表明该方法计算出的陶芯定位元件尺寸能够有效提高蜡型壁厚精度,对空心涡轮叶片的精确控型有一定的指导意义。     

燃气轮机叶片精铸蜡型陶芯夹紧元件布局优化研究

利用陶芯夹紧元件的布局优化方法可以解决燃气轮机叶片精铸蜡型的壁厚控制问题。首先,对注蜡过程进行模拟,得到陶芯的载荷变化曲线;然后,基于计算力学理论,建立陶芯在夹紧元件不完全约束下的运动模型,计算陶芯漂移量;接着,基于陶芯漂移与夹紧元件布局之间的映射模型,以减小陶芯漂移为优化目标,建立陶芯夹紧元件布局优化模型;最后,采用改进的遗传算法对夹紧元件布局方案进行优化。结果表明:陶芯夹紧元件优化方法可以有效控制陶芯的运动漂移,降低了蜡型壁厚偏差。     

基于力位协同控制的大飞机机身壁板装配调姿方法

为校正中机身壁板由于重力和调姿内力产生的变形，提高中机身壁板装配调姿精度，提出了一种基于力位协同控制的装配调姿方法。通过将调姿机构等效为并联机构，推导了调姿机构的解析正反解模型；根据螺旋理论，建立了力传感器测量值与重力、调姿内力之间的映射关系，实现重力补偿值的动态计算，基于局部刚体-弹性连接假设，通过多元线性回归方法构建了调姿内力转化为位置补偿量的模型；根据Clamped-Free变形协调原理，简化了定位器调姿内力之间的协调关系，在此基础上提出了重力前馈补偿和调姿内力转化为位置补偿的力位协同控制策略，并对其进行了理论分析与设计。最后，对所提出的控制策略进行了仿真分析，结果表明采用力位协同控制方法，调姿定位精度提高35.3%，调姿内力降低77.8%，通过应用实验，说明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

涡轮叶片精铸模具陶芯定位元件逆向调整算法

针对空心涡轮叶片蜡型压制过程中陶芯定位元件补偿量难以量化问题,提出了基于蜡型壁厚测量结果的逆向解析算法.通过建立陶芯定位误差传递模型和逆向调整模型,确定了陶芯壁厚偏差与定位元件补偿量之间的映射关系.运用超声脉冲反射法对一组蜡型进行壁厚测量,根据测量结果逆向调整陶芯定位元件尺寸并重新压制蜡型进行对比分析.结果表明,该方法...     

基于夹具主动定位补偿的飞机柔性件装配偏差优化方法

柔性零件广泛用于航空、汽车等产品中,在柔性件的装配过程中,装配尺寸质量受零件制造、夹具和连接过程中多种偏差源的耦合影响,分析和控制难度大。提出了一种基于夹具主动定位补偿的装配偏差优化方法。首先,基于柔性件装配的受力变形分析,建立了考虑夹具法向定位误差的装配偏差模型。然后,根据上述模型,以夹具法向定位补偿量为优化变量,提出了夹具法向补偿量的优化模型和求解算法。以金属薄板装配和飞机壁板件装配为例,分别利用实验及有限元仿真分析了有无夹具主动定位补偿下的装配偏差。结果表明,夹具法向定位补偿对于减小柔性件的装配偏差具有显著效果,从而验证该优化算法的有效性和准确性。     

双轴惯导轴系非正交误差全空间补偿技术研究

旋转调制技术实现了捷联惯导的高精度长航时导航,但轴系非正交误差的存在影响着导航姿态精度。传统轴系非正交误差补偿方法是针对旋转轴停留在固定位置完成的,提出一种全空间的轴系非正交误差补偿方法,不限定旋转轴的转停位置。试验结果证明该误差补偿方法较传统方法更优,对惯导姿态精度提升明显。     

内切圆弦长法计算空心涡轮叶片蜡模壁厚

针对涡轮叶片精铸蜡模壁厚的快速、低成本测量问题,提出了基于光学测量的内切圆弦长的壁厚计算方法.以陶芯和蜡模外形的光学扫描测量模型为对象,将两测量模型进行配准并提取截面数据,拟合得到蜡模内外截面轮廓线,提出并研究了两种内外截面轮廓线内切圆弦长计算方法,进而在UG平台上进行二次开发计算得到蜡模壁厚.最后,通过实验将算法的实...     

大型壁板自动钻铆定位误差分析与优化

在机翼大型壁板自动钻铆工艺中,由于定位误差较大,壁板实际位姿和理论数模位姿之间难以建立精确的映射关系,而现有补偿工艺流程复杂,导致装配效率较低。着眼于工装设计补偿,针对大型壁板自动钻铆定位误差控制问题展开定位误差溯源分析和定位点布局优化。首先,根据自动钻铆工艺流程进行定位误差溯源,分析其误差的来源及传递机理;其次,将定位误差分为刚性误差和柔性误差两部分,采用Monte-Carlo法模拟刚性定位误差的分布,通过齐次坐标变换分析刚性误差的传递过程,利用有限元虚拟仿真计算关键特征点的柔性变形误差;再次,集成刚性误差与柔性误差,基于统计学思想讨论特定置信度下的定位误差分布规律;然后,基于脚本语言开发Abaqus参数化模型,通过Isight进行后台调用及赋值规划,实现基于带精英策略的非支配解排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)的定位点布局多目标优化;最后,以某型飞机机翼上侧壁板的一号组件为实例,验证了该方法的可行性。     

舵机电位器的反馈位置误差补偿方法研究

舵机因电位器基准电压线性误差以及负载效应非线性误差等因素产生反馈位置误差,易造成导弹在发射、大机动飞行时控制效率降低,甚至影响到控制系统回路的稳定性。在电位器等效电路模型的基础上,对两类误差产生机理展开了深入研究,提出了一种舵机电位器的反馈位置误差补偿方法,实现了舵面偏角的有效修正。实验结果验证了该反馈位置误差补偿方法的正确性和有效性。     

一种适用于曲面结构的机器人制孔误差在线补偿技术

针对工业机器人应用于飞机零部件自动钻孔时各项误差累积造成制孔精度差的问题，提出一种利用单应关系计算机器人驱动坐标三维偏差，以在线补偿机器人制孔精度的方法。首先利用外部测量设备建立机器人制孔系统中各坐标系关系；在标定阶段，通过以一定倾斜角度固联于机器人末端的相机拍摄一幅安装于制孔工作平面上与刀轴正对的平面标定板图像，并据此完成基于单应变换的手-眼关系标定；在实际制孔过程中，机器人在测距传感器及相机的辅助下，从基准孔理论坐标对应的姿态，不断调整至基准孔正上方理想位置，通过手-眼关系计算基准孔实际位置对应的机器人驱动坐标，然后根据一组基准孔的机器人三维驱动误差，计算三维驱动误差变换矩阵，据此获得这组基准孔邻域范围内各待钻孔的机器人驱动坐标补偿量，从而实现待钻孔定位误差补偿。以飞机结构实验件为对象进行了模拟制孔验证，实验结果表明，补偿前待钻孔三维综合定位误差和法向误差测量值范围分别为2.28~2.85 mm和2.09°~3.93°，平均为2.55 mm和3.30°，补偿后制孔最大误差分别不超过0.30 mm和0.21°，满足自动制孔位置精度要求。     

Trajectory Planning Algorithm Based on Quaternion for 6-DOF Aircraft Wing Automatic Position and Pose Adjustment Method

 A 6-degree of freedom (6-DOF) aircraft wing position and pose automatic adjustment method is presented to improve ARJ21 wing-fuselage connection precision and efficiency. Wing position and pose are adjusted by three pillars which are driven by six high-precision servo motors. During the adjustment process, wing is tracked and positioned by laser tracker. Wing initial posi-tion and pose are calibrated by using the measurement coordinates of assembly reference points. Wing target position and pose are calculated according to wing initial, fuselage position and pose, and relative position and pose requirements between wing and fuselage for the connection. Combining Newton-Euler method with quaternion position and pose analyzing method, the inverse kinematics of servo motors, together with the adjustment system dynamics is obtained. Wing quintic polynomial trajec-tory planning algorithm based on quaternion is proposed; the initial, target position and pose need to be solved and the inter-mediate moving path is uncertain. Simulation results show that the adjustment method has good dynamic characteristics and satisfies engineering requirements. Preliminary engineering application indicates that ARJ21 wing adjustment efficiency and precision are improved by using the proposed method.     

基于曲线拟合的飞机方向舵偏角测量误差补偿

在对飞参记录系统的方向舵偏角通道进行标校的过程中,俯仰角变化和其它非线性误差都会影响电子罗盘的测量精度。本文研究了基于曲线拟合原理建立误差补偿公式的方法,以减小方向舵偏角通道的测量误差。实验证明,这种方法可以有效地提高电子罗盘的方向舵偏角测量精度。     

一种管道测绘系统螺旋误差精密补偿方法

针对石油/天然气管道测绘系统的测量精度需求,分析了测量数据中存在的螺旋误差对参数精度的影响,研究了测量过程中产生螺旋误差的机理,推导了螺旋误差的数学模型;在此基础上,提出了一种螺旋误差补偿方法,进而给出了模型参数的标定和补偿方案。实际的管道测量验证试验结果表明,本误差补偿方法,可以基本消除测量数据中的螺旋误差,有效提高管道参数的测量精度。     

机器视觉导引系统中摄像机的标定方法

针对无人机(UAV)自主起飞与着陆机器视觉导引系统中摄像机的标定问题,讨论了标定摄像机内参数的重要意义,选定了包含畸变因素的摄像机透视投影模型。采用改进两步法进行摄像机内参数标定,结果中主要参数相对误差均小于1%,位置误差小于0.2像素,证明了所选择模型和标定方法的合理性。分析并验证了影响标定精度的因素,包括模型选择、图像拍摄质量和标定靶精度。针对机器视觉导引的应用条件,基本解决了准确、快速标定摄像机内参数的实际问题。     

Accurate single-observer passive coherent location estimation based on TDOA and DOA

This paper investigates the problem of target position estimation with a single-observer passive coherent location(PCL) system. An approach that combines angle with time difference of arrival(ATDOA) is used to estimate the location of a target. Compared with the TDOA-only method which needs two steps, the proposed method estimates the target position more directly. The constrained total least squares(CTLS) technique is applied in this approach. It achieves the Cramer–Rao lower bound(CRLB) when the parameter measurements are subject to small Gaussian-distributed errors. Performance analysis and the CRLB of this approach are also studied. Theory verifies that the ATDOA method gets a lower CRLB than the TDOA-only method with the same TDOA measuring error. It can also be seen that the position of the target affects estimating precision.At the same time, the locations of transmitters affect the precision and its gradient direction.Compared with the TDOA, the ATDOA method can obtain more precise target position estimation.Furthermore, the proposed method accomplishes target position estimation with a single transmitter,while the TDOA-only method needs at least four transmitters to get the target position. Furthermore,the transmitters' position errors also affect precision of estimation regularly.     

Application in prestiction friction compensation for angular velocity loop of inertially stabilized platforms

To overcome the influence of the nonlinear friction on the gimbaled servo-system of an inertial stabilized platforms(ISPs) with DC motor direct-drive, the methods of modeling and compensation of the nonlinear friction are proposed. Firstly, the inapplicability of LuGre model when trying to interpret the backward angular displacement in the prestiction regime is observed experimentally and the reason is deduced theoretically. Then, based on the dynamic model of direct-drive ISPs, a modified LuGre model is proposed to describe the characteristic of the friction in the prestiction regime. Furthermore, the state switch condition of the three friction regimes including presliding, gross sliding and prestiction is presented. Finally, a composite compensation controller including a nonlinear friction observer and a feedforward compensator based on the novel LuGre model is designed to restrain the nonlinear friction and to improve the control precision. Experimental results indicate that compared with those of the conventional proportion–integration–differentiation(PID) control method and the PID plus LuGre model-based friction compensation method, the dwell-time has decreased from 0.2 s to almost 0 s, the position error decreased to 86.7%and the peak-to-peak value of position error decreased to 80% after the novel compensation controller is added. It concludes that the composite compensation controller can greatly improve the control precision of the dynamic sealed ISPs.     

压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性自适应混合补偿控制方法

压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞蠕变非线性特性严重影响了控制系统的稳定性及动态跟踪精度。针对其迟滞蠕变非线性补偿控制问题,提出了一种高精度动态补偿压电陶瓷叠层作动器非线性特性的自适应混合补偿控制方法,即迟滞蠕变前馈补偿与自适应滤波反馈补偿结合的前馈-反馈混合控制方法。采用改进的Prandtl-Ishlinskii（Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MPI）模型对压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性特性进行精细化建模,并得到其逆补偿模型进行前馈补偿。根据前馈补偿误差,采用自适应滤波反馈控制对输入信号进行实时调控,实现对压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞非线性及lg（t）型蠕变特性的实时精确补偿控制。数值仿真与实验结果表明,相比于常规前馈迟滞蠕变补偿,所提出的自适应混合补偿控制方法可以有效降低压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞补偿误差,极大提高了迟滞蠕变非线性动态跟踪精度以及自适应性。     

Simulative technology for auxiliary fuel tank separation in a wind tunnel

In this paper,we propose a simulative experimental system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks from an aircraft.The experimental system consists of a simulative release mechanism,a scaled model and a pose measuring system.A new release mechanism was designed to ensure stability of the separation.Scaled models of the auxiliary fuel tank were designed and their moment of inertia was adjusted by installing counterweights inside the model.Pose parameters of the scaled model were measured and calculated by a binocular vision system.Additionally,in order to achieve high brightness and high signal-to-noise ratio of the images in the dark enclosed wind tunnel,a new high-speed image acquisition method based on miniature self-emitting units was presented.Accuracy of the pose measurement system and repeatability of the separation mechanism were verified in the laboratory.Results show that the position precision of the pose measurement system can reach 0.1 mm,the precision of the pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.1° and that of the roll angle can be up to 0.3°.Besides,repeatability errors of models' velocity and angular velocity controlled by the release mechanism remain small,satisfying the measurement requirements.Finally,experiments for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks were conducted in the laboratory.     

混合小推力航天器日心悬浮轨道保持控制

针对太阳帆、太阳电混合推进航天器日心悬浮轨道保持控制问题进行了研究。为解决基于局部线性化模型设计轨道保持控制器时存在的控制精度不高、模型精确性过度依赖等问题,应用自抗扰控制(ADRC)技术设计了轨道保持控制器。首先,采用圆形限制性三体问题(CRTBP)模型推导了混合小推力航天器日心悬浮轨道动力学方程;然后,考虑系统模型不确定性和外部扰动,提出了一种基于扰动估计和补偿的轨道保持控制方法;最后,数值仿真表明存在系统模型不确定性、初始入轨误差及地球轨道偏心率扰动等因素的情况下,所设计的控制器仅需很小的速度增量即可实现高精度的日心悬浮轨道保持控制。