航天器返回地球的气动特性综述

航天器返回地球的飞行过程中,气动特性是实现将宇宙飞行速度减到落地前速度、保证再入飞行得到有效控制以及再入防热安全可靠的关键因素。针对简单旋成体气动外形、半弹道式再入控制、烧蚀防热类返回航天器,综述了返回地球过程中变化的空气流域特性、航天器周围的气体绕流环境、空气与航天器作用产生的动力学与热效应等。系统地给出了该类航天器的再入气动特性参数与飞行性能的共性规律,包括:气动阻力与再入减速、气动升力与再入轨迹控制、配平攻角与飞行稳定性、气动加热与防热,以及再入过程中不同气动特性航天器、气象条件变化等对再入飞行性能的影响规律。为航天器开展返回飞行过程的跨流域气动性能工程研制提供设计参考。     

基于多体动力学的旋翼模型与气弹稳定性

针对无轴承等先进旋翼结构特点,建立了基于柔性多体系统动力学方法的旋翼气弹分析模型.旋翼各构件建模相互独立,便于组成不同构型旋翼,适合于新构型旋翼气弹分析.分析模型集成了适合于旋翼气弹分析的隐式大变形桨叶模型,构件动力学方程增加了铰链动力学方程,统一约束方程形式,改进了角运动约束方程,避免连续旋转引起的奇点问题.应用分析模型计算无铰式旋翼和无轴承旋翼的气弹稳定性,分析结构参数对旋翼气弹稳定性的影响.分析结果表明模型能准确计算结构弹性变形的耦合及非线性,提高旋翼气弹稳定性分析精度.      

Dayside Proton Aurora: Comparisons between Global MHD Simulations and IMAGE Observations

The IMAGE mission provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of current global models of the solar wind interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere. In particular, images of proton auroras from the Far Ultraviolet Instrument (FUV) onboard the IMAGE spacecraft are well suited to support investigations of the response of the Earth's magnetosphere to interplanetary disturbances. Accordingly, we have modeled two events that occurred on June 8 and July 28, 2000, using plasma and magnetic field parameters measured upstream of the bow shock as input to three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. This paper begins with a discussion of images of proton auroras from the FUV SI-12 instrument in comparison with the simulation results. The comparison showed a very good agreement between intensifications in the auroral emissions measured by FUV SI-12 and the enhancement of plasma flows into the dayside ionosphere predicted by the global simulations. Subsequently, the IMAGE observations are analyzed in the context of the dayside magnetosphere's topological changes in magnetic field and plasma flows inferred from the simulation results. Finding include that the global dynamics of the auroral proton precipitation patterns observed by IMAGE are consistent with magnetic field reconnection occurring as a continuous process while the IMF changes in direction and the solar wind dynamic pressure varies. The global simulations also indicate that some of the transient patterns observed by IMAGE are consistent with sporadic reconnection processes. Global merging patterns found in the simulations agree with the antiparallel merging model, though locally component merging might broaden the merging region, especially in the region where shocked solar wind discontinuities first reach the magnetopause. Finally, the simulations predict the accretion of plasma near the bow shock in the regions threaded by newly open field lines on which plasma flows into the dayside ionosphere are enhanced. Overall the results of these initial comparisons between global MHD simulation results and IMAGE observations emphasize the interplay between reconnection and dynamic pressure processes at the dayside magnetopause, as well as the intricate connection between the bow shock and the auroral region.     

用卡尔曼滤波方法确定再入体空气动力系数

本文用广义卡尔曼滤波方法来确定再入体主要的空气动力系数。重点解决在没有轨道观测数据的情况下,如何利用再入飞行中的测量数据进行状态和参数估值。数据包括体轴角速率和过载,由固连于飞行体的速率陀螺和加速计给出。在六自由度运动方程的基础上建立一种数学模型。考虑了弹道式再入和机动再入两种情况。数值模拟和实测换算表明,本文方法得到了较为满意的结果。     

动力效应对民机起飞构型气动特性影响的数值研究

采用在点对点多块结构化网格系统上求解三维可压缩雷诺平均N-S（Navier-Stokes）方程的方法,研究了发动机动力效应对民机起飞构型气动特性的影响.首先,通过涡轮动力模拟器风洞试验模型及民机高升力构型标准模型,对研究方法进行了验证,计算和试验结果的良好吻合说明研究方法用于模拟发动机动力效应及预测民机高升力构型气动特性是可行的.其次,针对分别安装通气短舱和动力短舱的某翼吊涡扇发动机民机起飞构型,研究了发动机动力效应对其气动特性的影响规律.结果表明:在通气短舱基础上预测的起飞最大升力系数、失速迎角以及阻力和力矩,在考虑动力效应后会产生明显的不同.动力效应可使外形最大升力系数增大并延迟机翼失速,但同时也带来了低头力矩增大和升阻比降低的不利影响.建议在对机翼及其高升力装置设计结果的数值校核中使用考虑进排气的动力短舱代替目前常用的通气短舱,这能为设计改进提供更可靠的依据.      

射流管式伺服阀冲蚀磨损特性

射流管式伺服阀是一种典型的两级流量控制电液伺服阀,其喷嘴至接收器部位的流场最复杂,会因液压介质的污染而产生冲蚀磨损。以射流管式伺服阀为研究对象,将计算流体力学(CFD)理论与冲蚀磨损理论相结合,应用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程、标准k-ε两方程模型(液相)、离散相模型(DPM)(固相)和塑性材料冲蚀磨损模型,通过流体动力学软件FLUENT建立射流管式伺服阀喷嘴至接收器部位的可视化仿真模型,并进行了冲蚀磨损率的数值模拟和理论寿命的计算。研究结果表明:液压介质中的固体颗粒对射流管式伺服阀的冲蚀磨损主要集中于左右接收孔所夹中间内壁区域,磨损率最大值随喷嘴偏移量的增加而减小且此趋势左右对称。研究方法和结果对于射流管式伺服阀故障的定性分析、预测和理论寿命的定量计算具有重要参考价值。     

Fluid dynamics of unsteady separated flow. Part II. Lifting surfaces

In the quest for increased maneuverability advanced aircraft have to operate at high angles of attack where the aerodynamics are dominated by the effects of separated flow. Likewise, winged space vehicles, such as the space shuttle orbiter, also fly at high incidence during re-entry in order to restrict heating to the windward side, thereby minimizing heat shield requirements. Thus, the vehicle designer needs to be able to assess what effects the separated flow will have, especially on the vehicle dynamics, as these effects are often adverse and always of large magnitude relative to the attached flow aerodynamics. In spite of rapid development of computational means, purely theoretical methods for prediction of the effect of separated flow on rigid and elastic vehicle dynamics are not presently available, and will not be for some time. To compound the problem for the vehicle designer, dynamic simulation in an experiment requires the testing to be performed at full scale Reynolds number. The present paper shows a practical solution to this dilemma. An analytic method is described that uses static experimental data to predict the separated flow effect on rigid and elastic vehicle dynamics. Key parameters in the analytic relationship between steady and non-steady aerodynamics are the following: (1) The time lag occurring before a change of flow conditions can affect the separation-induced aerodynamic loads. (2) The accelerated flow effect, i.e. the pressure gradient lag relative to the static aerodynamic characteristics. (3) The moving wall effect, i.e. the effect of the non-steady boundary condition at the vehicle surface. Using the existing experimental data base an analytic theory is formulated that can predict the separation-induced unsteady aerodynamics if the static characteristics are known from theory or experiment.     

组合导航技术在可重复使用运载器再入段的应用研究

结合国内外可重复使用运载器的发展现状及各导航方法的特点,根据飞行器再入飞行段动力学方程,建立再入段飞行轨道并提出适用于再入飞行其各段的导航方法。对再入飞行中的末端能量管理段进行全面研究,设计并进行INS和INS/SAR导航滤波计算机仿真,并对仿真结果进行了误差分析。     

Aerodynamics of ducted re-entry vehicles

Ballistic parameter plays a major role in determining the re-entry trajectory. Lower ballistic coefficient offers an optimal re-entry, wherein the vehicle decelerates higher up in the atmosphere thereby decreasing the imposed aerothermal loads. The current computational study proposes an add-on, to the existing Orion-based re-entry vehicle: a duct circumventing the capsule from the shoulder to the base, to improve the aerocapture ability of the re-entry vehicle. The design cases are categorised based on a non-dimensional parameter termed the Annular Area Ratio (AAR). Dragand ballistic coefficient of the Ducted Re-entry Vehicles (DRVs) at various Mach numbers are evaluated and compared with those of the baseline model. The results show that the proposed design increases the drag for all the AARs considered in the subsonic regime. In the supersonic regime, ducted models of higher AAR are more promising with the increase in Mach number. DRVs also exhibit lower ballistic coefficients than their baseline counterparts.     

起落架四点布局无人机地面运动研究

以国内某四轮无人机为研究对象,在考虑摩擦力、侧向力和角速率等各种因素的情况下,全面分析研究了四轮无人机地面滑跑时的运动特点和受力情况,建立了六自由度刚体飞行器地面运动的动力学方程和运动学方程。在此基础上,对全量非线性模型进行了起飞、着陆时地面运动的仿真,该仿真结果表明了系统模型的正确性。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器多学科动力学建模

高超声速飞行器一体化设计中存在气动/热/推进/结构弹性相互耦合的问题,首先根据飞行器的机体/发动机一体化设计思想构造了二维高超声速飞行器模型,并基于激波/膨胀波原理和动量定理建立了气动力模型,采用Chavez和Schmidt建立的超燃冲压发动机推进系统模型;在飞行器结构方面,引入变截面和变质量分布的自由梁结构模型,并采用Eckert参考焓方法分析的气动加热过程中承力梁不同轴向位置温度随时间变化特征,在此基础上运用模态法计算了燃料消耗和气动加热条件下结构的固有频率和振型特征,获得结构弹性变形的模型;最后建立了考虑热气动弹性和推进系统作用的飞行动力学方程。研究结果表明:质量变化对结构弹性特性影响比较显著,而气动加热的影响主要表现在振动频率方面,且会随着加热过程的持续而逐渐增强;结构变形会改变飞行器静配平状态,特别是在机体质量较大的最初飞行阶段,气动加热会强化结构变形对配平特征的影响;线性化系统的动力学特征分析表明,质量减小和结构变形均会增加短周期模态和振荡模态的不稳定特性,而对高度特性的影响不大,气动加热效应会进一步增加飞行力学和气动弹性的耦合特征,并导致弹性模态的稳定性降低。     

考虑J_2摄动影响的零射程线计算方法研究

考虑到地球扁率J_2摄动的影响,在非正交分解法的基础上,利用自由段弹道地心距迭代解析解,给出了一种弹道飞行器零射程线的计算方法。数值仿真结果表明,该方法具有很高的精度,且计算速度较快,在闭路制导能量耗散和多弹头进攻弹道设计中具有较高的应用价值。     

飞行模拟训练器中发动机起动过程模型的建立和仿真

在飞行模拟训练器的研制中 ,发动机的起动过程是需要重点研究和模拟的过程之一。本文根据发动机起动工作过程的具体特点 ,采用三段积分法建立了仿真模型并进行了仿真研究。所得结论基本达到了训练器的要求。     

基于双弹簧振子模型的飞艇起落架载荷研究

FAA-P-8110-2《飞艇设计准则》相关条款明确了飞艇起落架载荷的适航规范要求,为了使飞艇起落架 设计更好地满足适航条款,本文提出基于双弹簧振子模型的飞艇起落架载荷计算方法。根据经典动力学理论, 推导飞艇起落架系统的振动微分方程组;运用 Python语言的科学计算模块对模型进行编程、封装,形成便捷友 好的可视化仿真工具;以某载人飞艇型号为研究对象,分析影响起落架载荷的主要因素,并通过仿真计算起落 架载荷。结果表明:提出的基于双弹簧振子模型的飞艇起落架载荷计算模型满足FAA-P-8110-2条款对起落架 载荷计算的要求;在给定的气囊内外压差下,起落架载荷随着气囊压力的增加而减小。     

再入飞行器高超声速绕流的一步和二步有限元计算

本文针对再入飞行器的空气动力问题，采用一步和二步有限元格式求解可缩守恒型Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程，并结合不同的人工粘性模型来捕捉激波，给出了高超声速二维钝头绕流的结果。     

PID控制器与CFD的耦合模拟技术研究及应用

飞行控制系统（FCS）与计算流体力学（CFD）的耦合求解是一个崭新的研究领域。传统的飞行控制系统的工程仿真方法依靠气动力模型或气动力数据库得到不同飞行姿态的气动力;而当前方法通过耦合求解Navier-Stokes方程和刚体动力学方程（RBD）以获取飞行器运动过程实时流场和非定常气动力。由于充分反映了气动力的非定常、非线性效应,因而从根本上保证了飞行控制系统仿真的精度。以方形截面导弹俯仰姿态控制为例,首先给出了系统的传递函数,并基于系统在单位阶跃舵偏操纵下的开环响应特性,提出了传递函数的修正方法,进而设计了该外形俯仰姿态控制的PID控制器。数值模拟了不同控制参数时,P控制器、PD控制器和PID控制器的控制效果。针对不同的控制指令,根据建立的控制律,数值模拟了飞行器在PID控制器作用下的实时响应过程,最终成功实现了对飞行器的俯仰姿态控制。研究发现,当飞行器作慢速机动时,工程仿真与CFD数值计算的结果吻合很好,两种方法可以互相验证;但快速机动时,两种方法给出的结果差异明显,基于CFD的耦合模拟方法由于模拟了飞行器运动和舵面偏转导致的非定常流动过程,其结果比基于静态气动力的工程方法的可靠性更高。在大攻角和快速机动等非定常效应较强时,采用CFD方法评估和验证飞行控制系统是很有必要的。     

空天飞行器弹道/轨道一体化设计

弹道/轨道一体化设计是解决空天飞行器发射入轨和轨道转移问题的一种全新思路。针对目前存在的空天飞行器弹道/轨道一体化设计问题,通过改进非开普勒轨道方程的方法建立飞行器在连续推力、气动力、引力以及摄动力等多种力作用下的弹道/轨道一体化设计动力学模型;提出基于轨道设计反方法的弹道/轨道一体化设计方法。其创新点主要体现在：通过整合连续推力、气动力、引力以及摄动力等多种作用力达到了统一弹道/轨道模型的目的;提出了基于傅里叶级数形状方法的轨道设计方法,该方法相比于之前的逆多项式法,可以处理带推力约束的轨道设计问题;由于在弹道段采用类似于轨道设计反方法的设计思想设计弹道,使得弹道和轨道两段轨迹的设计方法也达到了统一,致使从模型和设计方法的角度都体现了弹道/轨道设计的统一性,解决了传统分段设计方法是在不同段采用不同的模型和方法,很难体现出一体化设计思想的问题。仿真分析表明本文提出的弹道/轨道一体化设计方法是可行和有效的。     

直升机舰面动力学分析模型

建立了舰船甲板上直升机旋翼,机体耦合动力学分析模型,导出了其运动方程。无铰旋翼采用当量铰、刚硬桨叶模型,采用准定常理论计算桨叶气动力并计人旋翼动力人流的影响;假设机体是刚性体并在弹性起落架上作六自由度运动。舰船具有6个运动自由度,并考虑直升机在甲板上的不同位置及舰面流场等因素。     

高超声速飞行器非线性纵向运动稳定性研究

针对研究高超声速飞行器飞行动力学稳定性时忽略方程非线性影响的问题,建立了保留非线性特征的六自由度动力学方程组和非线性活塞理论耦合模型。研究了初始迎角和活塞理论非线性项对高超声速飞行器纵向稳定性的影响,并在稳定巡航中施加瞬时扰动,分析其姿态响应。仿真结果表明:高超声速飞行器姿态收敛速度比常规低速飞行器慢很多;对迎角施加扰动后,飞行器姿态变化主要影响短周期模态,且偏离平衡位置越远,收敛越快;改变气动力非线性项时,其姿态变化主要影响长周期模态,且收敛较慢;两种扰动均对振荡周期无明显影响。     

Numerical Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Modeling of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

The Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is arguably the most important discovery of solar eruptive phenomena in the 20th century. It is now also recognized that CMEs have great impact on the Earth's environment by inducing geomagnetic storms. Thus, development of simulation models to understand the physical mechanisms of CME initiation and propagation has become a challenge in the solar MHD community. In this paper we shall summarize chronologically the development of the theoretical analyses, and the successes and failures of the numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) during the past two decades. The chronological development of numerical simulation models and the evolution of the numerical methods to treat this class of problems are presented. The most appropriate way to model CMEs is to have (i) a realistic pre-event coronal atmosphere, and (ii) realistic driving mechanisms. Details of the progress and assessment of the theoretical and modeling efforts for the understanding of the physics of the CME initiation and propagation will be presented, and the numerical methods to construct these simulation models will be discussed.