基于NURBS曲线的多段翼成形方法与验证

随着民机市场对大型客机的要求不断提高,增升装置的重要性日渐凸显。增升装置可以有效地提高飞机起降阶段的升阻性能。传统增升装置主要包括前缘下垂、前缘缝翼、后缘襟翼等。增升装置外形复杂,设计难度大,设计过程中不仅需要考虑多种增升装置之间的相互影响,还要考虑如何在不破坏干净构型气动外形的基础上实现增升装置的设计,并且增升装置外形精度对气动性能的影响极大,因此需要对其气动外形参数化设计方法进行研究。一套有效的增升装置气动外形参数化设计方法可以极大提高设计效率,缩减研发成本。基于NURBS曲线的可塑性和可控性,提出一种多段翼切割曲线参数化设计方法,实现了对多种干净构型增升装置的成形设计,并验证了该方法的可行性和通用性。     

单通道窄体客机气动力设计技术分析

气动力设计是单通道窄体客机的重大关键技术,对飞机性能影响重大。初步梳理和简要分析窄体客机的气动力设计技术,主要方法是典型机型的实例研究和相关数据统计分析和对比,内容包括机翼气动力设计、增升装置、翼梢小翼、CFD技术应用等。机翼气动力设计分析部分首先概述设计重要性和要求;之后给出典型飞机机翼气动力设计实例及主要参数统计数据,包括翼型、平面形状、飞机性能参数等;列出机翼内段-翼根区域气动设计、短舱-吊挂-机翼一体化设计等设计研究课题并简析。增升装置部分首先分析设计难点和问题,之后统计分析波音737和A320各代机型的增升装置设计,包括前缘后缘增升装置类型和主要参数等。翼梢小翼部分给出融合式小翼、双羽小翼减阻数据和展向升力分布改善图。最后简要介绍了波音公司、空中客车公司和我国CFD技术发展应用情况。     

超临界层流机翼边界层及气动特性分析

高空长航时无人机设计巡航状态的雷诺数较小,黏性边界层对气动特性的影响较大。详细分析了雷诺数对机翼边界层和气动力的影响,用数值方法对超临界层流机翼三维层流-转捩-湍流混合边界层特性进行了研究,分析比较了高空小雷诺数和中空大雷诺数情况下机翼三维边界层的特性,尤其是边界层转捩点位置、表面摩阻和气动特性的雷诺数效应。研究表明雷诺数对于高空无人机机翼边界层厚度、摩擦阻力和升阻比影响较大;对层流机翼的转捩点位置和升力系数影响较小;自然层流机翼技术可以应用于高空无人机设计。     

民用飞机二维增升装置设计

为满足民机市场对飞机高效、经济的需求,飞机在巡航飞行阶段必须具有飞行速度高、阻力小等特性,具体到气动设计方面,就要求飞机的机翼具有较大的翼载荷,即减小机翼面积以减小阻力,这给飞机起飞着陆阶段使用的增升装置的设计提出更高的要求。运用计算流体力学的方法进行了民用飞机二维增升装置,即多段翼型的设计,得到了良好的设计结果,并验证了在二维增升装置设计过程中采用前缘缝翼外形设计——带前缘缝翼进行后缘襟翼外形设计——前后缘增升装置缝道参数优化——起飞、着陆构型协调的设计路线图的可行性与有效性。     

通航飞机高升力层流机翼优化设计

为了扩展机翼优化设计的工程应用范围,在传统气动优化约束的基础上,考虑结构布置的几何约束,对通用飞机层流机翼进行了设计。首先,采用自由变形(FFD)技术作外形参数化处理;然后,采用NSGA-Ⅱ多目标优化算法,基于Kriging代理模型对某型通用飞机机翼进行了优化设计。设计过程考虑自然转捩工况,采用Menter k-ωSST两方程湍流模型和γ-Re_(θt)转捩模型对设计进行评估。计算结果表明,优化后机翼的巡航和爬升升阻比均有所提高、层流区延长、低头力矩变小,但最大升力系数减小了0.141,失速特性略有变差。     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标，层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言，超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力，提升气动性能，减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先，基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统，实现超临界自然层流翼型设计；经过合理的翼型配置，形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明，超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后，以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验，使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后，通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果，探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律，总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外，该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

跨声速自然层流短舱气动设计和风洞试验研究

层流控制技术是一个降低摩擦阻力的有效手段,为了设计出更经济、更环保的民用客机,需要开展层流技术的应用探索。随着飞机发动机技术的不断进步,涡扇发动机涵道比在不断增大,因此,短舱尺寸也在跟着加大,如果短舱上能够实现大面积的层流,就可以为全机带来较明显的经济性收益。本文总结了针对宽体客机开展的自然层流(NLF)短舱气动设计、数值计算和风洞试验验证工作。首先针对层流短舱外形进行气动设计,保证巡航点有一定的顺压梯度,随后采用带有γ-Reθ转捩模型的计算流体力学(CFD)工具对设计方案层流区域进行评估,最后开展风洞试验对设计方案和转捩预测工具进行校核验证。该试验在德国ETW跨声速风洞进行,对层流短舱高速气动性能进行校核,采用TSP进行转捩位置测量,结果表明层流区域长度占短舱外表面弦长的30%～55%。     

大型运输机机翼气动外形设计研究

以大型运输机机翼为研究对象,针对其机翼高低速气动外形设计目标,采用改进的Takanashi正反迭代、余量修正方法,进行超临界翼型的大型运输机机翼气动外形反设计.采用优化方法进行三维机翼低速增升装置的优化设计,通过将气动外形优化设计方法与反设计方法相结合以及分布式并行计算等手段来提高设计效率.结果表明,该设计方法是合理可行的.     

民机自然层流机翼研究进展

新世纪航空市场对能耗、噪音等限制性要求继续加强,新一代民用飞机需要在气动减阻方面取得重大突破,自然层流机翼技术成为研究热点.总结了层流技术类别,回顾了自然层流机翼的主要研究历程,介绍了当前正在开展的欧洲TELFONA计划和美国ERA计划中的自然层流机翼的研究进展,概述了自然层流机翼应用情况和自然层流短舱,分析了自然层流机翼的实际应用难题,展望了自然层流技术在新一代民用飞机中的应用.     

超临界机翼飞行验证机的增升装置设计

为进行超临界机翼气动设计技术的飞行验证,将某教练机改装为飞行验证机,为此必须进行增升装置的重新设计。在保持原型机襟翼平面参数和运动机构不变的条件下,完成了验证机增升装置的气动力设计工作。风洞试验表明,改装成功的验证机增升装置具有良好的气动特性。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ technique to a wing with simple high-lift device is able to generate more lift, reduce drag and enlarge stall margin with lower energy expenditure due to the super-circulation effect. Increasing the jet intensity can reduce the drag significantly, which is mainly contributed by the reaction jet force. The Oswald efficiency factor is, in some circumstances, larger than one, which indicates the potential of CFJ in reducing induced drag. Compared with clean wing configuration, using CFJ technique allows the aerodynamic force variation less sensitive to the swept angle, and such phenomenon is better observed for small swept angle region. Eventually, it is interesting to know that the discrete slotted CFJ configuration demonstrates a promising enhancement in aerodynamic performance in terms of high lift, low drag and efficiency.     

后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

大型飞机增升装置气动噪声研究进展

对于现代大型商用飞机而言,在飞机进场和降落阶段,由于飞机发动机处于低功率状态而起落架和增升装置全部打开,此时的机体噪声十分明显,在飞机总的噪声中所占的比重不容忽视。近几十年的大量研究,已经对增升装置的气动噪声特性和机理有相当程度的认识,并在流动控制和降噪技术方面取得丰硕成果。本文主要介绍国内外在大型飞机增升装置气动噪声领域所取得的研究成果和最新进展。增升装置的噪声主要是由前缘缝翼凹槽产生的低频离散噪声、襟翼侧缘的中频宽带噪声和前缘缝翼尾缘涡脱落的高频离散噪声三部分组成。目前,降噪技术主要分成被动流动控制降噪技术和主动流动控制降噪技术两类,被动降噪技术有前缘凹槽遮挡、前缘凹槽填充、前缘下垂等;主动流动控制手段有吹吸气、等离子体激励器等。     

Aerodynamic design of the high-lift-wing for a Megaliner aircraft

A ‘Megaliner’ aircraft configuration like the Airbus A380 will become a civil transport aircraft lager than all existing designs. Its wing had to be designed not only to give the required cruise performance but also to be compatible with the given airport infrastructure. The aerodynamic design of the high-lift system has to fulfil the resulting targets for the take-off and landing configuration but is also required to have the minimum possible mechanical and structural system complexity, i.e. resulting in a minimum possible weight and cost. After an introduction to constraints of a Megaliner configuration a summary of high-lift wing solutions and the constraints driving the high-lift wing design is given. The experiences in high-lift design on previous Airbus aircraft and the major tools (computational fluid dynamics and windtunnel testing) for the design work and its verification are presented. Also a side view is given to the importance of research programs for the development of new high-lift concepts for future aircraft. The described development work for the Megaliner high-lift wing was driven by the strong requirement for an optimised overall design. Various interactions with the cruise wing design and the design of the support and actuation system are highlighted, which were leading to the best possible balanced solution.     

高雷诺数下机翼表面层流段长度对减阻量的影响

层流减阻技术是提高飞机经济性的重要手段,开展可应用于工程实践的层流减阻研究具有重要的意义。针对某民用飞机翼身组合体构型,采用数值模拟法分别研究雷诺数为1.0×107和1.8×107时全湍流以及机翼弦向保持7%、15%、20%、30%、40%层流段长度范围的减阻特性。结果表明:与全湍流情况相比,层流段长度的增加可以有效减小飞机阻力,增加升阻比;当层流段长度保持在40%时,飞机的减阻量可以达到11.0%左右,而升阻比可增加12.3%左右,且在较小雷诺数下有着更大的减阻收益;层流范围增加可有效减小摩擦阻力系数。     

大型客机先进翼尖装置综合特性研究

 翼尖装置由于其良好的气动特性在航空界得到了广泛应用,然而它也使飞机的颤振及结构重量特性发生了变化。为了探求翼尖装置的综合特性,利用数值模拟方法对大型客机上最先进的3种翼尖装置(融合式、鲨鱼鳍式和阶梯式)进行了气动、颤振及重量3个方面的综合研究。3种翼尖装置减阻效果明显,但同时结构重量亦增加。翼尖装置均降低了机翼颤振速度。研究结果表明:加装翼尖装置后机翼颤振形态取决于翼尖装置的形式。相对于机翼颤振速度,翼尖装置形式对机翼颤振速度的影响是小量(1%~7%),且翼尖装置减阻和机翼压心外移的综合重量增益,为机翼结构设计提供了一定的设计空间。     

Supersonic drag reduction technology in the scaled supersonic experimental airplane project by JAXA

Anticipating the international cooperative development of a next generation supersonic transport (SST), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed an advanced drag reduction technique as one of the key technologies that will be required. JAXA's technique is based on an aerodynamically optimum combination of well-known pressure drag reduction concepts and a new friction drag reduction concept. The pressure drag reduction concepts are mainly grounded in supersonic linear theory and involve the application of an arrow planform, a warped wing with optimum camber and twist, and an area-ruled body. The friction drag reduction concept is a world-first technical approach that obtains a natural laminar flow wing with a subsonic leading edge at supersonic speed. An ideal pressure distribution is first designed to delay boundary layer transition even on a highly swept wing, then an original CFD-based inverse design method is applied to obtain a wing shape that realizes the pressure distribution. An unmanned and scaled supersonic experimental airplane was flown at the Woomera test field in Australia in October 2005 to prove those concepts. Flight data analysis and comparison of flight data with CFD design data validated the drag reduction technique both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

Laminar flow control research at TsAGI: Past and present

This paper presents a brief review of activities in laminar flow control being performed at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). These efforts are focused on the improvement of the existing laminar flow control methods and on the development of new ones. The investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of aircraft surface laminarization applications with the aim of friction drag reduction. The opportunity of considerable delaying of laminar-turbulent transition due to special wing profile geometry and using boundary layer suction and surface cooling has been verified at sub- and supersonic speeds through various wind tunnel testing at TsAGI and during flying laboratory experiments at the Flight Research Institute (LII). The investigations on using hybrid laminar flow control systems for friction drag reduction were also carried out. New techniques of laminar flow control were proposed, in particular, the method of local heating of the wing leading edge, boundary layer laminarization by means of receptivity control, and electrohydrodynamic methods of boundary layer stability control.