船用GPS技术应用研究

本文概要叙述了ＧＰＳ技术在船只方面的应用，介绍了船用ＧＰＳ系统的组成、导航计算机的原理、系统数据处理中的格式转换、以及ＧＰＳ－６１５型船用ＧＰＳ导航仪的研制工作。     

差分GPS在塔康系统试飞中的应用

塔康系统是采用极坐标定位原理的军用无线电近程导航系统。本文阐述了差分ＧＰＳ（ＧＤＰＳ）在塔康系统试飞中应用的有关问题,介绍了利用ＧＰＳ鉴定其方位和距离精度的方法。     

对建立中国民航广域增强系统（WAAS）的技术探讨

预计到９０年代末，广域增强的ＧＰＳ能提供Ⅰ类精密进近着陆，经过增强的ＧＰＳ的标准定位服务最终成为一种独立的适用于各飞行阶段的导航系统。本文旨在介绍广域增强系统的发展背景，阐述了ＷＡＡＳ的技术原理和实现方法。并提出我国采用卫星导技术和建设广域增强系统的技术方案。     

飞行试验用的GPS／IRS定位基准系统

本文介绍了一种用于飞行试验中的ＧＰＳ／ＩＲＳ组合定位基准系统。该系统按照ＧＰＳ的三种不同工作方式，即单台ＧＰＳ定位，码相位差分ＧＰＳ定位，载波相位差分ＧＰＳ定位，输出精度分三个等级。本文对三种工作方式下的系统误差进行了较为详细的分析，并提出了一种验证该系统性能的有效试验方法。     

基于GPS跟踪技术的TDRS星测轨

本文评述了利用ＧＰＳ和ＧＰＳ有关技术ＴＤＲＳ星轨道的二种不同方法。第一种ＴＤＲＳ昨下装ＧＰＳ接收机，直接测得到ＧＰＳ卫星的距离，以此确定ＴＤＲＳ星历，不需要地面测控网；第二种ＴＤＲＳ星发一适当的信标信号，地面多台接收机同时跟踪ＧＰＳ和ＴＤＲＳ卫星。     

确定飞行目标姿态的GPS载波相位法

本文首先建立ＧＰＳ载波相位的测量模型，通过三次差分逐一给出差分的效果。然后对进一步导出的姿态坐标观测方程，采用最小二乘原理和更准确的最佳弹道估计，分别给出两种解法。     

C／A码差分GPS着陆系统用于I类着陆的试飞评估

所完成的飞行试验是为了评估Ｃ／Ａ码差分ＧＰＳ在Ｉ类条件下，提供精密进近操作的能力。机载ＤＧＰＳ接收设备，具有预置ＤＧＰＳ下滑着陆航道，计算航线偏差，并将偏差信息转换成驱动机载显示仪表信号的能力，地面配有相同的ＤＧＰＳ接收机和用于传送ＤＧＰＳ差分信号和ＶＨＦ发信机，在地面，以无线电经纬仪或激光跟踪器为基准，分析８２个手动操作的进近飞行数据，其结果表明，用窄相关ＧＰＳ接收机时，系统的垂直精度满足Ｉ类要     

GPS载波相位测量在高动态飞行器姿态确定中的应用

利用ＧＰＳ载波相位测量值确定高动态飞行器的姿态，由于受处理速度限制，一般难以实百完成，为此本文提出了利用空间几何约束原理来实现高动态飞行器的姿态快速测定，并进行了大量的仿真计算。     

未来空中导引系统GPS／MLS

本文简略地分析了比较了ＧＰＳ和ＭＬＳ在经导飞机进的着陆的技术性能和差异，表明ＧＰＳ目前在精密进近着陆方面有诸多技术问题尚未解决；还不能完全取代ＭＬＳ，同时也指出美国政府的现行ＧＰＳ政策是包括中国在内的发展中国家使用ＧＰＳ的最大障碍。     

GPS完善性监测研究

ＲＴＣＡＳＣ－１５９完善性工作小组提出了实现ＧＰＳ完善性监测的技术可以分成两类：一类为内部法，如处理接收机内部的冗余信息或来自其它传感器的辅助信息；另一类为外部法，如ＧＩＣ或ＤＧＰＳ。本文将主要讨论内部方法中ＧＰＳ／ＩＮＳ组合系统，ＡＲＰ方法及ＧＰＳ／气压高芳表组合在我国ＧＰＳ完善性监测中的应用。     

Differential GPS/inertial navigation approach/landing flight testresults

In November 1990, a differential GPS/inertial flight test was conducted to acquire a system performance database and demonstrate automatic landing using an integrated differential GPS/INS with barometric and radar altimeters. Flight test results obtained from postflight data analysis are presented. These results include characteristics of DGPS/inertial error, using a laser tracker as a reference. In addition, data are provided on the magnitude of the differential correlations and vertical channel performance with and without radar altimeter augmentation. Flight test results show one sigma DGPS/inertial horizontal errors of 9 ft and one sigma DGPS inertial vertical errors of 15 ft. Without selective availability effects, the differential corrections are less than 10 ft and are dominated by receiver unique errors over the time period of an approach. Therefore, the one sigma performance of the autonomous GPS (8-ft horizontal and 20-ft vertical) is very similar to the DGPS/inertial performance. Postprocessed results also demonstrate significant improvements in vertical channel performance when GPS/inertial is aided with radar altimeter along with a low-resolution terrain map     

A GPS/GLONASS/INS test program

Under contract of different German Ministries a test program investigating the combinations of GPS, GLONASS, and Inertial Navigation has been carried out since 1991. Besides other goals, the aim of the project is to investigate the capabilities of GLONASS in comparison to GPS, to realize a combined GLONASS/INS solution and to perform joint processing of GPS and GLONASS raw data. The paper describes the test procedures and presents some of the results. This includes the comparison of DGPS with stand-alone GLONASS and GLONASS/INS under different dynamic situations, e.g., driving tests, flight tests, and also the presentation of results of combined GPS/GLONASS data processing, which was successfully achieved in March '93 for the first time. The results show the potential of the non-SA-degraded GLONASS and the advantage of using both, GPS and GLONASS for combined solutions     

卫星定位系统与飞行力学

概述了卫星定位系统的发展和应用，重点论述了它与飞行力学的关系，在ＧＰＳ卫星星座布置，地面站测控和用户应用中，飞行力学及其相关学科作为应用基础起到了重要的作用，成为卫星定位这门新兴交叉学科的一部分，最后提出了作为ＧＰＳ高级应用专题的飞行力学若干研究课题。     

Forward error correction for radiobeacon broadcast of differentialGPS data

Marine radiobeacon networks are being used to broadcast differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) corrections to marine users. The correction data digitally modulate signals from some of the existing marine radiobeacons, which operate in the 285 to 325 kHz band, creating DGPS/radiobeacons. The corrections improve the accuracy of the GPS fix from 100 m to 5-10 m, and provide position fixing service for many marine applications which are too demanding for the normal GPS service. Forward error correction can be used to improve the reliability or range of the DGPS/radiobeacon signal. The improvements made possible by channel coding are analyzed, and a code for DGPS/radiobeacons is recommended     

Relative navigation for multi-spacecraft system with GPS

A type of multi-spacecraft system with kinematical restraint but no structural restraint and force action is considered. Both the absolute and relative navigation information is required for this multi-spacecraft system, but the relative information is more critical and the accuracy requirements for relative information will be much higher than those for the absolute information. In this paper, the Global Positioning System (GPS)/Differential GPS (DGPS) are introduced and used for relative navigation. Relative motion of space vehicles is modeled. Relative position, relative velocity and relative attitude are represented and solved by GPS/DGPS measurements. Using a type of commercial GPS receiver onboard spacecraft and relative differential GPS technique, the relative navigation of space vehicles can be implemented in real-time     

Non-linear aircraft flight path reconstruction review and new advances

Aircraft parameter identification techniques have become accepted as indispensable tools in the evaluation of prototype- and derivative aircraft in flight. Applications include estimation of stability- and control derivatives in the linearized equations of motion, synthesis of nonlinear aerodynamic and propulsion models in the context of performance certification and incorporation of information from dynamic flight test manoeuvres in a priori nonlinear flight simulation models. A variety of techniques in the time- as well as the frequency domain have been applied in the past. One of the successful techniques is the so-called two-step method (TSM) in which the original state-parameter estimation problem is decomposed into a nonlinear state/parameter estimation or reconstruction problem and a subsequent linear parameter identification problem. In the literature, the first step of the TSM is often referred to as `flight path reconstruction'. The present paper focuses on the first step of the TSM. After a derivation of the system models describing the flight path relative to a flat earth as well as a spherical and rotating earth, and observation models for air data and GPS, the flight path reconstruction problem is introduced. Requirements with respect to type and quality of flight test transducers are discussed. Next follows an overview of different approaches to the solution of the flight path reconstruction problem with emphasis on Kalman filter/smoother and Maximum Likelihood methods. A new adaptive algorithm is presented, the Modified Recursive Maximum Likelihood Adaptive Filter (MRML) which is shown to be significantly more robust with respect to initialisation errors than earlier methods. A reconstructibility analysis is presented for different transducer combinations. Numerical examples are presented based on simulated as well as actual flight test data. Flight results are given of the flight path reconstruction part of an on-line pseudo real-time application of the TSM. The paper ends with concluding remarks.     

用于SAR运动补偿的DGPS/SINS组合系统研究

使用考虑位置误差相关项的伪距率观测模型 ,研究了用于合成孔径雷达运动补偿的差分 GPS/ SINS伪距率组合系统。结果表明 ,组合系统的长期位置精度能达到 1 m左右。 GPS数据更新率低于 INS,在 GPS测量时间间隔内 ,组合系统的性能仅由 INS决定。虽然 INS误差随时间积累 ,在 GPS数据更新率为 1 s的情况下 ,即使采用中等精度的惯性仪表 ,其相对位置精度为厘米级 (这里相对位置精度指组合系统在 GPS测量时间间隔内位置误差的变化范围)。     

Preoperational testing of data link-based air traffic managementsystems in Magadan, far East Russia

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used in many ways which were unimagined by its original planners and implementers. This paper discusses one such application; the surveillance of commercial aircraft in a developing airspace environment. GPS provides system users with the ability to determine their own position with an accuracy, reliability and cost that is unprecedented. Voice procedures augmented by radar have been the primary tools for air traffic surveillance since the end of World War II. But for some countries the equipage of aircraft with GPS and a data link capable of carrying position reports to the ATC authorities is providing a viable alternative to long-range secondary radar systems. In the summer and fail of 1995, ARINC installed and demonstrated equipment in Magadan, Russia which permits air traffic controllers of MagadanAeroControl to monitor GPS position reports generated by aircraft as far away as Canada and the South Pacific. The position reports were displayed against maps and flight tracks. This equipment has clearly demonstrated an alternative technology for the upgrading of the ATC system in Siberia and other remote areas     

A relative navigation system for formation flight

A relative navigation system based on both the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) is developed to support situational awareness during formation flight. The architecture of the system requires an INS/GPS integration across two aircraft via a data link. A fault-tolerant federated filter is used to estimate the relative INS errors based on relative GPS measurements and a range measurement obtained from the data link. The filter is constructed based on a reduced-order model of the relative INS error process. A method for analyzing the filter performance is presented. A case involving two helicopters in formation flight is studied under three different night trajectories to account for the effect of vehicle motion on the INS state transition matrix. The results of the covariance analysis are compared with actual night results over an instrumented test range.     

Ranging airport pseudolite for local area augmentation

This paper discusses the integration of an airport pseudolite (APL) into a local area augmented differential GPS based precision approach system. A prototype architecture is described that is being used to develop requirements for the local area augmentation system. Key features of this prototype system are presented along with its current performance. Key features discussed include the use of a multipath limiting antenna, APL signal structure factors, a unique APL automatic gain control, and GPS blanking technique to maximize APL tracking performance, while minimizing the electromagnetic interference to nominal DGPS performance