月地转移轨道精确轨道设计

以基于Lambert算法的快速轨道设计结果为初值,开展精确轨道设计研究.通过对月地返回飞行阶段的摄动项和量级分析,建立了月地转移轨道的动力学方程,提出了一种双向嵌套循环搜索算法,采用该算法求解同时满足两端约束条件的精确月地转移轨道.该算法以出月球影响球的时刻和位置、速度为中间变量,一方面采用前向数值积分和微分改正法搜索满足地球再入端的轨道,另一方面采用后向数值积分并进行倾角和近月距修正得到满足月球端的轨道,通过这种双向嵌套循环,使得两段轨道在月球影响球边界处的位置和速度连续,从而获得一条完整的满足两端约束条件的月地转移精确轨道.最后以2017年1月26日出月球影响球作为返回窗口,给出了具体的设计算例,并通过STK软件仿真验证了程序的设计结果.     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

普适变量下的最优控制求解研究

研究了普适变量下状态方程的最优控制问题.在消除奇点的轨道根数的基础上,建立了普适变量下适合圆锥曲线求解的摄动方程.利用Gauss伪谱法对摄动方程进行了最优控制求解和仿真验证.计算过程及仿真结果表明,所建立的摄动方程以及所用的Gauss法能够满足各种约束条件,便于对发动机进行控制,且在零倾角轨道情况下不产生奇异.     

基于伪谱方法的有限推力变轨策略研究

研究了有限推力条件下的空间飞行器大范围机动变轨问题。将有限推力解的求取过程分为两个步骤,首先采用Lambert方法求取变轨问题的双脉冲最优解,再采用Gauss伪谱方法求取有限推力解,将每个脉冲点扩展为一个推力弧段,通过伪谱方法将最优变轨问题转化为一个参数优化问题,采用非线性规划方法得到该推力弧段的变轨推力大小和方向。将该方法应用于某空间飞行器轨道机动变轨过程研究,取得了满意的结果,从而证明了方法的有效性。     

Autonomous mission reconstruction during the ascending flight of launch vehicles under typical propulsion system failures

In recent years, Chinese Long March(LM) launchers have experienced several launch failures, most of which occurred in their propulsion systems, and this paper studies Autonomous Mission Reconstruction(AMRC) technology to alleviate losses due to these failures. The status of the techniques related to AMRC, including trajectory and mission planning, guidance methods,and fault tolerant technologies, are reviewed, and their features are compared, which reflect the challenges faced by AMRC technology...     

MESSENGER Mission Design and Navigation

Nearly three decades after the Mariner 10 spacecraft’s third and final targeted Mercury flyby, the 3 August 2004 launch of the MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) spacecraft began a new phase of exploration of the closest planet to our Sun. In order to ensure that the spacecraft had sufficient time for pre-launch testing, the NASA Discovery Program mission to orbit Mercury experienced launch delays that required utilization of the most complex of three possible mission profiles in 2004. During the 7.6-year mission, the spacecraft’s trajectory will include six planetary flybys (including three of Mercury between January 2008 and September 2009), dozens of trajectory-correction maneuvers (TCMs), and a year in orbit around Mercury. Members of the mission design and navigation teams optimize the spacecraft’s trajectory, specify TCM requirements, and predict and reconstruct the spacecraft’s orbit. These primary mission design and navigation responsibilities are closely coordinated with spacecraft design limitations, operational constraints, availability of ground-based tracking stations, and science objectives. A few days after the spacecraft enters Mercury orbit in mid-March 2011, the orbit will have an 80° inclination relative to Mercury’s equator, a 200-km minimum altitude over 60°N latitude, and a 12-hour period. In order to accommodate science goals that require long durations during Mercury orbit without trajectory adjustments, pairs of orbit-correction maneuvers are scheduled every 88 days (once per Mercury year).     

Spacecraft telemetry link performance in a transfer orbit

There are several critical periods early in the mission of a geo-stationary communication satellite. The first is the period from launch vehicle ignition until the upper stage final successful burn. The second is after the above span until the vehicle reaches its final altitude of a synchronous orbit. For a nominal low thrust apogee boost ascent subsystem during that later time, almost continuous telemetry is mandatory. This is especially true during the crucial periods of main engine burns and attitude correction phases. Maintaining a strong telemetry link throughout this phase requires an adequate RF signal link from the spacecraft to a ground station in the telemetry RF channel. An analysis of this link performance during each orbit until final position has two major aspects. One, the location of the spacecraft in relation to the ground tracking station at each moment in the mission is a matter of geometry and Keplerian physics. The other is the RF signal and its supporting subsystems, both on the ground and aboard the vehicle. The fundamental theoretical considerations or both the orbit parameters and radio link components are examined and then the individual parameter sensitivities are analyzed. Next, a nominal cast for a generic mission is studied. This survey considers the telemetry performance during each major stage of the flight from the launch through the transfer orbit to the postinjection period to the final orbit. Then abnormal situations due to both orbit and RF faults are examined. Finally, some design and operation concepts which may lessen the impact of the previous anomalies, are presented     

小卫星星座的最优脉冲变轨研究

针对小卫星星座,进行星座发射中的最优脉冲式变轨研究,给出了形成星座的脉冲式变轨的基本原理;基于卫星相对运动状态转移方程,推导出了星座参脉冲式变轨的理论解,即所要施加的脉冲控制量的解析式,利用遗传算法,对双脉冲式变轨的脉冲控制量进行了优化计算,求得了使总变轨脉冲最小的最优变轨时间,最后,探讨了星座脉冲式变轨的工程实现现途径,为工程应用和研究提供参考。     

绳系卫星轨道转移的最优控制

考虑系绳的弹性以及复杂状态和控制约束的作用,研究了绳系卫星面内轨道转移的最优控制问题。借助Gauss伪谱算法,将绳系卫星轨道转移的连续时间最优控制问题离散为大规模动态规划问题,进而利用非线性规划方法进行求解。通过数值模拟计算了子星最优转移轨道及最优控制力。结果表明:在满足相关约束的条件下,通过调节系绳张力可将子星从主星下方转移到上方的平衡位置,精确地实现子星轨道转移,并使得轨道转移过程呈现出良好的光滑性和对称性。最后基于协态映射定理对解的最优性进行了验证。     

Application of the Conjugate Gradient Method to a Problem on Minimum Time Orbit Transfer

This correspondence considers the problem of optimally controlling the thrust steering angle of an ion-propelled spaceship so as to effect a minimum time coplanar orbit transfer from the mean orbital distance of Earth to mean Martian and Venusian orbital distances. This problem has been modelled as a free terminal time-optimal control problem with unbounded control variable and with state variable equality constraints at the final time. The problem has been solved by the penalty function approach, using the conjugate gradient algorithm. In general, the optimal solution shows a significant departure from earlier work. In particular, the optimal control in the case of Earth-Mars orbit transfer, during the initial phase of the spaceship's flight, is found to be negative, resulting in the motion of the spaceship within the Earth's orbit for a significant fraction of the total optimized orbit transfer time. Such a feature exhibited by the optimal solution has not been reported at all by earlier investigators of this problem.     

The Dawn Ion Propulsion System

Dawn??s ion propulsion system (IPS) is the most advanced propulsion system ever built for a deep-space mission. Aside from the Mars gravity assist it provides all of the post-launch ??V required for the mission including the heliocentric transfer to Vesta, orbit capture at Vesta, transfer to various Vesta science orbits, escape from Vesta, the heliocentric transfer to Ceres, orbit capture at Ceres, and transfer to the different Ceres science orbits. The ion propulsion system provides a total ??V of nearly 11 km/s, comparable to the ??V provided by the 3-stage launch vehicle, and a total impulse of 1.2×10⁷ N?s.     

Halo轨道转移及中途修正问题研究(英文)

This article addresses the design of the trajectory transferring from Earth to Halo orbit, and proposes a timing closed-loop strategy of correction maneuver during the transfer in the frame of circular restricted three body problem （CR3BP）. The relation between the Floquet multipliers and the magnitudes of Halo orbit is established, so that the suitable magnitude for the aerospace mission is chosen in terms of the stability of Halo orbit. The stable manifold is investigated from the Poincar6 mapping defined which is different from the previous researches, and six types of single-impulse transfer trajectories are attained from the geometry of the invariant manifolds. Based on one of the trajectories of indirect transfer which are ignored in the most of literatures, the stochastic control theory for imperfect information of the discrete linear stochastic system is applied to design the trajectory correction maneuver. The statistical dispersion analysis is performed by Monte-Carlo simulation,     

C频段统一测控系统非相干测速功能探讨

针对目前国内C频段统一测控系统因不具备测速功能,在发遥控期间无法进行测距,导致其无法对卫星进行连续轨道测量的缺陷,提出了非相干测速方法。非相干测速利用卫星遥测信息中的上行载波多普勒信息以及地面站获取的下行载波多普勒信息,计算得到双向多普勒信息,对双向多普勒进行计算可获得连续的卫星运动速度信息。本文在理论上证明了这种方法的可行性,并以自旋式卫星同步控制过程中天地时延精确修正为例,说明了这种方法的应用价值。     

交会对接任务轨道控制规划设计与实施简

针对我国空间交会对接轨道控制规划技术,研究了轨道交会优化、应急轨道控制、安全轨道防护和发射窗口规划等一系列关键问题.设计了全寿命周期交会对接任务轨道控制规划方案,从目标飞行器发射到飞船返回,对轨道控制进行了全程协同、全局优化.设计了相位、高度、圆化度多目标融合控制算法;建立了规划变量对远距离导引终点六自由度的独立控制方程;设计了标称整体规划与动态逐级规划相结合的多模式规划策略;基于导引终点整体调整和局部调整的方式,实现了正常和应急条件下天地导引交接点的动态规划;提出了基于飞行控制过程建模的导引终点精度分析方法,确定了地面导引向自主导引切换的关键判据;建立了多约束交会对接发射窗口模型,构建了多任务多年度发射窗口集合.交会对接轨道控制规划技术成功应用于神舟八号、神舟九号和神舟十号交会对接任务.     

The LISA Pathfinder Mission

LISA Pathfinder, formerly known as SMART-2, is the second of the European Space Agency’s Small Missions for Advance Research and Technology, and is designed to pave the way for the joint ESA/NASA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, by testing the core assumption of gravitational wave detection and general relativity: that free particles follow geodesics. The new technologies to be demonstrated in a space environment include: inertial sensors, high precision laser interferometry to free floating mirrors, and micro-Newton proportional thrusters. LISA Pathfinder will be launched on a dedicated launch vehicle in late 2011 into a low Earth orbit. By a transfer trajectory, the sciencecraft will enter its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point. First science results are expected approximately 3 months thereafter. Here, we give an overview of the mission including the technologies being demonstrated.     

击中月球的转移轨道研究

对击中月球的转移轨道进行了全局性的研究,对这种转移轨道的要求是,近地点高度及飞行时间都是预先确定的,采用一种十分有效的算法,可以方便地找出所有满足要示转移轨道,这种方法的关键是利用初始状态终极状态的状态转移矩阵进行迭代,给出了这些转移轨道和近地点和着月点的轨迹,并讨论了轨迹随飞行时间变化的特性,研究结果表明,对于任意的轨道倾角都可以到两条满足要求的转移轨道。     

Effect of earth?s rotation and range foldover on space-based radar performance

Space-based radar (SBR) by virtue of its motion generates a Doppler frequency component to the clutter return from any point on the Earth as a function of the SBR-Earth geometry. The effect of the rotation of the Earth around its own axis also adds an additional component to this Doppler frequency. The overall effect of the rotation of the Earth on the Doppler turns out to be two correction factors in terms of a crab angle affecting the azimuth angle, and a crab magnitude scaling the Doppler magnitude of the clutter patch. Interestingly, both these quantities depend only on the SBR orbit inclination and its latitude and not on the location of the clutter patch of interest. Further, the crab angle has maximum effect for an SBR on a polar orbit that is above the equator. The crab magnitude, on the other hand, peaks for an SBR on an equatorial orbit. Together with the range foldover phenomenon, their overall effect is to generate Doppler spread/splitting resulting in wider clutter notches that degrade the clutter nulling performance of adaptive processing techniques. A detailed performance analysis and methods to minimize these effects are discussed here     

动能拦截器助推段导引方案研究

针对大气层外高速飞行的目标, 提出了一种可用于动能拦截器助推段的导引方法.建立了拦截器和目标的运动模型, 在分析可拦截约束条件的基础上推导出转移轨道计算方法, 同时通过对拦截器可发射区域中的转移轨道优化得到满足约束条件的有效发射区域, 并以点火时刻待增速度为性能指标来寻优计算获得发射参数.仿真结果表明, 该方法能有效实现拦截器助推段的制导控制.      

基于大幅值Lyapunov轨道的地月转移轨道设计研究

基于平面圆形限制性三体问题模型,利用与绕月轨道相切的大幅值Lyapunov周期轨道,提出了一种新的地月转移轨道设计方法。根据Poincaré截面与限制性三体问题动力学系统对称性计算得到的大幅值Lyapunov轨道,通过与绕月轨道拼接,将地月转移问题转化为地球到大幅值Lyapunov轨道的转移问题。为保证探测器能够从近地轨道（LEO）切向逃逸到达大幅值Lyapunov轨道,通过计算其稳定流形,采用最近点作为Poincaré截面的终止条件求解探测器的初始状态,并根据初始状态完成地月轨道的设计。仿真结果表明,该地月转移策略相比于Hohmann转移,在同样只需要两次速度增量的前提下,约节约100 m/s的速度增量,该研究为地月转移轨道的设计提供了一种新思路。     

大地测量误差对导弹精度的影响与修正

将导弹发射点的所有测量误差统一为标准发射坐标系与实际坐标系之间的平移和旋转,建立了这两种坐标系之间的变换关系,通过各坐标系内的制导方程,用小偏差法求出了落点偏差与发射点的坐标偏差,高程偏差,方位角偏差及垂线偏差之间的解析关系式,并按该计算模型,对典型远程导弹进行了计算。结果表明,该修正公式计算精度高,能用于导弹射前修正。