太空行走100问（十一）

62，航天员太空行走有哪些训练设备？航天员太空行走的训练设备有很多，归纳起来可分为四大类：1-g模拟设备、失重飞机、水下训练设备和专用训练设备。在这四大类设备中，最常用的是失重飞机和水下训练设备。水下训练设备主要是中性浮力水池，这是航天员太空行走训练的必备设备，是在地面模拟太空失重环境的比较理想的一种方法。专用训练设备包括虚拟现实技术、     

什么是模拟失重水槽

航天员出舱活动是载人航天的重要技术组成部分,通过出舱活动,航天员可以进行航天器的在轨维修和故障排除、有效载荷的布放、回收和在轨维修以及大型航天器（如空间站）的在轨安装构建等任务。这些任务的完成需要航天员穿着舱外航天服在空间失重环境下进行。失重状态下人的运动和作业方式与在地球表面的重力状态下完全不同。为了完成这些出舱活动任务,航天员必须熟练掌握失重状态下运动和作业的规律和技巧,需要通过地面上模拟的失重环境对航天员进行大量的训练。     

失重生理学的研究与展望

一、失重对人体的影响及其原因 　　自 1961年前苏联发射第一艘载人飞船以来，至今载人航天已有 40年的历史了。 40年来，随着载人航天事业的发展和航天飞行时间的延长，越来越显示出航天医学在载人航天中的重要性。实践证明，航天医学的研究成果已成为影响长期载人航天的关键。在航天飞行过程中，航天员受到各种物理因素和环境因素的影响，例如失重、超重、振动、噪声、辐射、昼夜节律改变、狭小的生活环境和舱内有害气体等。这些因素对人体都会产生不利的影响，可以引起人体一系列的病理－心理－生理变化。尤其是失重长时间、持续地作用于…     

载人航天引起的骨质疏松及其防护研究

在失重飞行引起的所有生理系统的变化中,最令人头痛的是失重引起的骨质疏松。其他生理系统的变化在航天飞行中会达到一种平衡状态,也就是说,经过一段时间的飞行,它们的改变不再继续发展,在返回到地面后,经过一段时间可以很快恢复。但是,到目前为止,航天飞行中骨钙的丢失却持续地发展着,而且返回地面后需要很长的时间恢复。今后载人航天的重点在于长期飞行,失重骨质疏松所引起的危害就更大了。因此,失重骨质丢失的研究已成为目前航天医学研究的重点。     

一种旋转失重模拟试验装置设计

为了验证某些航天产品在同时满足失重和自旋条件下的工作性能,设计了一种旋转失重模拟试验装置,由上下独立的单端承载旋转机构和转动平稳释放机构装配而成.文章给出装置的设计原理、转动应力参数仿真和平稳释放实现方法等,以及采用的关键技术.国内首例高速自旋失重试验的验证结果表明,旋转失重试验装置的使用克服了传统试验方法无法同时提供...     

利用超导磁体模拟失重环境

介绍了利用超导磁体产生的强磁场获得的失重环境及在此基础上的一些相关科学研究。超导磁体产生的大梯度强磁场可在地面长时间的模拟失重环境,为在地面进行空间科学研究提供了一个可选择的途径。实践证明,利用超导磁体产生强磁场模拟失重环境是一种值得重视的新技术。     

欧洲航天局的飞机抛物线飞行微重力计划

在弹道式飞行操作中，飞机的抛物线飞行会反复地产生达２０秒的失重，在这种抛物线飞行中，可以进行物理和生命科学的短期微重力研究，并在太空飞行之前对仪器设备进行测试和培训航天员。由于这是在真正的失重环境下进行的人体研究的唯一设备，因而可作为诸如浸水、卧床试验等地面模拟失重实验的补充，并为载人空间任务作准备。欧洲航天局（ＥＳＡ）自１９８４年用三种不同的飞机共组织进行２０场次抛物线飞行试验活动，总计飞行超过     

信息通报

在失重和模拟失重情况下人的骨机制 本文介绍了“和平”号空间站航天员和部分国际空间站航天员的显像密度测量数据的分析结果。由于力负荷的不足，包括伴随航天因素而产生的机体液体介质的再分配，导致了骨组织的变化，对这些变化的各种调节机制本文给予了评价。     

失重对航天员超重耐力的影响

航天员在飞行中由于长时间受失重因素的影响,其体内的生理系统会产生适应失重环境的变化,导致航天员返回后的再适应能力下降。载人航天器在返回过程中还要受到较长时间的超重作用,据计算如采用15°的再入角,升阻比为0.1时,其减速持续时间约为200s,减速峰值可达9G,应激状态时可达15～16G。处于航天器中的航天员经失重飞行后心肺调节功能已明显下降,当遇到这样长时间的高超重作用时,有可能出现危险而影响飞行任务。所以,研究失重对超重耐力的影响和提高人体超重耐力的方法和途径,对于发展航天事业和航天医学是十分重要的。     

低重力或失重环境下剩余推进剂的管理和排放技术研究

论述低重力或失重境环下的液体特性,飞行器的剩余推进剂对航天飞行器的影响。讨论了在低重力或失重环境下液体推进剂的管理和空间排放技术,并提出了“长征”型号末级火箭剩余推进剂管理与排放的方案。     

载人航天器舱外在轨维修维护地面验证平台设计

掌握舱外维修维护的地面验证技术对长寿命载人航天器的研制和在轨运行十分重要,而建立一套舱外在轨维修维护地面验证平台是实现地面验证技术的基础。文章从航天器舱外维修维护地面验证平台的需求分析,任务和功能分配,系统组成,详细设计等几个方面系统阐述了平台的设计。集成测试结果表明,该平台满足航天器舱外维修验证需求,可以作为广泛使用的水槽和仿真手段的有效补充。     

中性浮力微重力环境模拟技术

我国载人试验飞船发射成功后,对载人航天用的大型中性浮力模拟器的需求越来越迫切。文章通过对国外中性浮力模拟试验和设备情况的介绍,归纳出该类设备主要的5类应用,并提出对我国大型中性浮力模拟器设备的总体设想。     

Radiation problems in manned spaceflight with a view towards the Space Station.

With the advent of a permanently manned Space Station, the longstanding problems of radiation protection in manned spaceflight have acquired an immediacy. This paper endeavors to emphasize the gaps of our knowledge which must be closed for effective radiation protection. The information that is required includes the accurate determination of the exposure inside the space station to the various components of the ionizing radiation, the evaluation of the biological importance of the different radiation qualities and the depth-dose distribution of the less penetrating component. There is also the possibility of an interaction with weightlessness. It is necessary to establish adequate radiation protection standards and a system of dosimetric surveillance. There is a need for studies of methods on the possibilities of hardening selective shielding of the space station. Spaceflight experiments, which might contribute to the solution of some of these problems are discussed.     

美国载人航天安全要求和管理

安全问题对载人航天的成败至关重要.文章介绍了美国NASA在载人航天安全管理方面的有关标准和管理文件.文章也不排斥人的安全意识对载人航天的安全十分关键.     

Reconstituting the US space programme

This response to Alex Roland's article, ‘Priorities in space for the USA’, argues that his analysis and conclusions are based on shaky historical evidence. Professor Roland's interpretation of NASA's priorities since 1959 is challenged, and it is pointed out that the manned spaceflight programme has widespread support in the USA. The most important issue, raised by the article but not treated extensively enough, is whether the pursuit of the widely accepted emphasis on manned spaceflight is a large-scale societal mistake.     

深空探测重力模拟飞行器方案设想

为解决失重环境对航天员生理健康的影响,在调研国内外重力飞行器研究现状的基础上,结合重力模拟飞行器的原理及人造重力舒适度影响因素,提出了一种通过自旋产生人造重力的深空探测飞行器方案设想。最后给出了重力模拟飞行器建设的实施规划、总体方案、在轨组装流程及技术难点。深空探测重力模拟飞行器稳定运转可为空间工作生活的航天员提供与地面无异的重力环境,将为执行深空探测任务提供必要的环境保障。     

Introduction

The introduction to a special issue on weightlessness countermeasures provides a brief overview of weightlessness countermeasures and examines the physiology of spaceflight, which includes short- and long-term effects of weightlessness and physiological adaptation.     

The role of HZE particles in space flight: results from spaceflight and ground-based experiments.

Selected results from experiments investigating the potentially specific radiobiological importance of the cosmic HZE (= high Z, energetic) particles are discussed. Results from the Biostack space flight experiments, which were designed to meet the experimental requirements imposed by the microdosimetric nature of this radiation field, clearly indicate the existence of radiation mechanisms which become effective only at higher values of LET (linear energy transfer). Accelerator irradiation studies are reviewed which conform with this conjecture. The recently discovered production of "micro-lesions" in mammalian tissues by single HZE particles is possibly the most direct evidence. Open questions concerning the establishment of radiation standards for manned spaceflight, such as late effects, interaction with flight dynamic parameters, and weightlessness, are indicated.     

Skill maintenance in extended spaceflight: a human factors analysis of space and analogue work environments

This paper discusses the implications of increasing mission lengths of manned spaceflight for the design of future space systems from a human factors point of view. It is argued that the increase in mission duration has brought about a number of new problems, which have not been sufficiently addressed in space research. Therefore, a review of analogue work environments is carried out to make up for the paucity of space research found in the area of human performance in long-duration spaceflight. This resulted in an evaluation of seven analogue environments concerning their similarity to space with industrial process control and nuclear submarines coming out as the closest match on the technical dimension. Finally, some recommendations are given from the lessons learned in spaceflight, simulation studies and appropriate analogue environments.     

Promoting UK involvement in the ISS: a space station lifeboat?

The Space Development Council, an organisation of UK space interest groups, is calling for Britain to become re-involved in manned spaceflight. NASA previously offered UK astronaut training in return for participation in the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, now postponed. A one-person return vehicle might provide an effective and useful alternative. Two designs have been put forward based on Waverider, at one time proposed to be the man-carrying payload for Blue Streak. The more sophisticated of the two is a flex-wing Waverider carrying a one-person escape capsule, designed for long-term on-orbit storage.