低速轴流压气机叶尖非定常流动试验

利用动态压力传感器对一低速轴流压气机转子的叶顶间隙流场进行详细的试验测量,通过对信号特征的分析,对压气机节流过程中叶顶间隙的非定常流动发展演变规律进行了研究。结果表明：压气机完全失速时,叶尖存在一以46.5%转子转速周向传播的失速团;节流过程中,叶尖前缘处的动态压力信号中存在非定常波动的特征频率带,其变化规律与叶顶流场压力非定常波动的能量迁移有关;随着压气机流量减小,叶顶泄漏流影响区域向前缘移动,失速团在叶顶前缘附近产生,并向尾缘方向扩展,最终覆盖叶片全部弦长;近失速工况时,叶顶间隙相邻通道内泄漏流相互作用,造成通道中的低压区“一前一后”交替分布从而形成一个空间上周期约2个叶片通道的扰动波。     

压气机二维动叶栅非定常流场的大涡模拟

对压气机二维动叶栅,采用单通道和多通道计算模型进行了大涡模拟(LES),研究了节流过程中内部流场的非定常波动特征,分析了旋涡结构和波动频率的变化规律.结果表明:大流量工况时,前缘绕流和叶片吸力面分离产生的两种非定常波动共存,波动频率随压气机节流基本保持不变,此时吸力面分离表现为小尺度旋涡结构;近失速工况时,吸力面发生大尺度的流动分离,波动频率明显下降,低于叶片通过频率.      

跨声速压气机转子旋转失速现象的非定常模拟

为研究跨声速压气机转子失速机理,全周非定常数值模拟了某跨声速压气机单转子的失稳过程。结果表明:该转子由叶尖Spike扰动诱发旋转失速。在小流量稳定工作状态,压气机转子叶尖区域存在"旋转不稳定"(Rotating Instability,RI)流动现象。压气机节流过程中,转子进出口的流量降低,叶尖区流场非定常波动幅值增大。近失速状态时,RI扰动团的典型流场结构"径向涡"在叶尖区域形成堵塞,导致相邻叶片前缘间歇性地出现溢流现象。随着压气机进一步节流,转子叶尖的负荷达到极值,叶片通道尾缘逆压力梯度过大,出现倒流。尾缘倒流的出现又进一步增加通道内的堵塞,最终形成Spike扰动。失速先兆对应的流场结构是沿叶片前缘额线向相邻叶片压力面周向运动的"径向涡"结构。     

用CFD方法研究分析三元动失速

文章叙述了用CFD方法对三元动失速进行数值模拟研究。研究使用了合适的两方程紊流模型和多块结构网格，实时地求解纳维一斯托克斯（N-S）方程进行分析。研究的机翼翼平面是正方形，翼型是NACA0012。在这种情况下翼尖形状未经整流，会有尖细的边缘，为了精确模拟翼尖处的流场投人了许多精力。计算结果显示，这种情况下整个翼展的动失速涡流随时间发展历程呈典型的希腊字母欧米加Ω形。计算结果与机翼及流场表面压力分布试验数据符合得很好。更重要的成果还有三元动失速涡流与翼尖涡流的相互作用。结果显示，这两种涡流看来起源于同一个区域，这同一个区域就是翼尖前缘。整个构型的涡系呈Ⅱ-Ω形。据我们查阅文献资料，该项研究是首次对三元动失速进行细致全面的数值模拟研究。     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

Eckardt离心叶轮失速流场非定常特征分析

为明确离心压气机失速流场特征及类型,对Eckardt离心叶轮进行全通道非定常流场模拟,得到以下失速流场特征结果:(1)叶片前缘叶顶区域明显存在4个突尖型失速团,同时前缘涡、通道涡和低速二次涡共同作用形成流道内的非定常不稳定流动,诱发旋转失速;(2)与轴流叶轮突尖失速特征相似,离心叶轮内同样存在前缘溢流,但不存在尾缘反流,而呈现与径向和周向扭曲结构相关的新特征:叶顶间隙流与流道中的偏转二次流汇合,形成尺度更小、范围更大的低速二次涡。经进一步的空间傅里叶分析,确定失速团以60%～73%的叶轮转速沿周向传播,且由叶轮入口向下游移动,伴随发生涡脱落和破碎,使流场进入深度失速状态。通过分析这些失速流场特征,得出离心叶轮中突尖失速特征与轴流相比既有相同之处也有不同之处的结论。     

涡轮叶片凹槽状叶顶非定常流动传热特性的数值研究

为了研究涡轮叶片凹槽状叶顶的非定常流动传热特性,以GE-E3第一级静叶和动叶为研究对象,采用ANSYS-CFX数值求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)和标准k-ω紊流模型。数值预测的叶顶换热系数分布与实验数据吻合良好,从而验证了数值方法的可靠性。数值计算结果表明:静叶尾迹对动叶顶部的流动和换热特性影响显著。压力面侧前缘区域和吸力面中间位置的流场受动静干涉影响显著。叶顶表面的换热系数脉动主要出现在靠近前缘的凹槽底部表面和再附着线附近及吸力面侧肩壁。靠近动叶尾缘区域的换热系数脉动同时受动静干涉作用和下游流场的影响。定常计算得到的换热系数在前缘冲击区和分离线附近高于非定常时均值,在压力面侧肩壁附近小于非定常时均值。定常计算得到的平均换热系数要高出非定常计算结果3.5%。     

跨声速压气机转子近失速工况非定常流动及相关机理研究

为了探究近失速工况下,跨声速压气机转子中非定常流动及相关流动机制,采用多通道全三维数值模拟方法对跨声速转子其内部流场进行了数值模拟,并利用已有的实验数据对计算结果进行了校核。对近失速工况探针监测结果的分析表明:流场中出现了非定常扰动,且扰动最活跃的区域位于近叶尖通道靠近叶片前缘的压力面侧;随着流量的降低,非定常扰动的幅值增大,波动周期变长。对近叶尖瞬态流场的分析表明:流场中的一个不同于泄漏涡的涡结构(命名为叶尖二次涡)的出现及其沿流向的发展诱发了非定常静压扰动,而且其强度随着流量的降低而增强,由此导致了非定常扰动的周期变长,振幅增加。伴随着叶尖二次涡强度的增加,叶顶通道的阻塞以及由叶尖二次涡诱发的“前缘溢流”也随之增强。因此,叶尖二次涡的出现及其强度的变化是影响该跨声速转子流动稳定性的主要因素之一。     

跨声压气机近失速流动特征的数值模拟研究

为了研究跨声轴流压气机突尖型失速先兆的表现形式与演化规律,探索较为可行的先兆探测方法,对NASA Rotor 37转子近失速工况下的流场进行了三维全环非定常的数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,在失速团产生之前的约2转时间内,存在一个失速扰动相对缓慢增长的阶段。更早时刻发生的流量持续下降是导致失速团最终形成前缘溢流出现的原因。使用不同的方法对前缘附近机匣处的静压数值探针信号进行处理,探索了各种方法的优缺点,并且发展了一种互相关分析方法,能够取得较好的扰动识别效果。     

跨声速轴流压气机近失速状态的间隙泄漏流流动特性

为了研究间隙泄漏流以及泄漏涡自身的非定常性对轴流压气机的旋转失速的影响.对跨声速轴流压气机NASA转子37进行全三维定常、非定常的数值模拟,对比了最大效率和近失速工况的实验和数值模拟结果,定常计算所获得的总性能与试验结果符合良好.对于非定常计算,详细分析了NASA转子37近失速工况下流场结果,揭示了NASA转子37在近失速工况点,间隙泄漏流存在较明显的非定常性,这种非定常性表现为间隙泄漏流激波干涉引起间隙泄漏涡的周期性破碎.      

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

基于IDDES方法的翼型结冰失速分离流动数值模拟

应用基于k-ωSST湍流模型的IDDES(Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)方法,就失速点附近翼型前缘典型双角状积冰导致的复杂分离流动进行了数值模拟研究.通过与风洞试验结果进行对比,表明对于此类分离流动问题,IDDES方法能够在壁面附近取得良好的速度预测结果,有效解析分离区域内的中小尺度湍流结构,较为准确地描述大尺度时均分离泡的再附位置和形态特征,适用于翼型结冰后复杂流动的精细分析.同时计算结果显示当此带冰翼型位于失速点附近时,角状冰后方脱落剪切层内部的旋涡不稳定析出和输运过程促进了外部流动与回流区域流动间的掺混,将导致流动发生非定常再附现象.     

Computational prediction of airfoil dynamic stall

The term dynamic stall refers to unsteady flow separation occurring on aerodynamic bodies, such as airfoils and wings, which execute an unsteady motion. The prediction of dynamic stall is important for flight vehicle, turbomachinery, and wind turbine applications. Due to the complicated flow physics of the dynamic stall phenomenon the industry has been forced to use empirical methods for its prediction. However, recent progress in computational methods and the tremendous increase in computing power has made possible the use of the full fluid dynamic governing equations for dynamic stall investigation and prediction in the design process. It is the objective of this review to present the major approaches and results obtained in recent years and to point out existing deficiencies and possibilities for improvements. To this end, potential flow, boundary layer, viscous–inviscid interaction, and Navier–Stokes methods are described. The most commonly used numerical schemes for their solution are briefly described. Turbulence models used for the computation of high Reynolds number turbulent flows, which are of primary interest to industry, are presented. The impact of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on the dynamic stall phenomenon is discussed and currently available methods for its prediction are summarized. The main computational results obtained for airfoil and wing dynamic stall and comparisons with available experimental measurements are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of existing deficiencies and possibilities for future improvements.     

Experiments on unsteady vortex flowfield of typical rotor airfoils under dynamic stall conditions

A new experiment for airfoil dynamic stall is conducted by employing the advanced particle image velocimetry(PIV) technology in an open-return wind tunnel. The aim of this experimental investigation is to demonstrate the influences of different motion parameters on the convection velocity, position and strength of leading edge vortex(LEV) of airfoil under different dynamic stall conditions. Two different typical rotor airfoils, OA209 and SC1095, are measured at different free stream velocities, oscillation frequencies, and angles of attack. It is demonstrated by the measured data that the airfoil with larger leading edge radius could notably decrease the strength of LEV. The angle of attack(Ao A) of airfoil can obviously influence the dynamic stall characteristics of airfoil,and the LEV would be effectively inhibited by decreasing the mean pitch angle. In addition, the convection velocity of LEV is estimated in this measurement, and the results demonstrate that the influence of airfoil shape on convection velocity of LEV is limited, but the convection velocity of LEV would be increased by enlarging the oscillation frequency. Meanwhile, the convection velocity of LEV is a time variant value, and this value would increase as the LEV convects to the trailing edge of airfoil.     

大展弦比机翼模型设计对翼型流场气动特性的影响

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了大展弦比机翼风洞模型振动条件下的翼型流场,总结了翼型不同振动状况下的流场和气动力特点,分析了模型设计中的不同振动情况对风洞试验结果的影响。研究结果表明：在大展弦比机翼风洞模型的设计中,将翼型的重心设计在机翼的弹性轴之后,对风洞试验的精度较为有利。此结论对大展弦比机翼的风洞实验模型设计有指导意义。     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Wind Tunnel Model Vibrations on the Measured Aerodynamic Properties of Airfoils and Wings

This paper presents a numerical prediction of the unsteady flow field around oscillating airfoils at high angles of attack by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulence model in order to simulate the effects of wind tunnel model vibrations on the aerodynamic properties of airfoils,especially high-aspect-ratio wings in a wind tunnel.The effects of the phase lagging between different modes of oscillations,i.e.,the airfoil plunging oscillation mode,the pitching oscillation mode,and the forward-backward oscillation mode,are also studied.It is shown that the vibrations (oscillations) of airfoils can cause the unsteady shedding of large-size separated vortex to precede the stationary stall incidence,hence lead to a stall onset at some earlier (lower) incidence than that in the steady sense.The different phase lagging has different effect on the flow field.When the pitching oscillation mode has small phase lagging behind the plunging oscillation mode,the effect of vibrations is large.Besides,if the amplitude of the oscillations is large enough,and the different modes of vibrations match or combine appropriately,the unsteady stall may occur 2° earlier in angle of attack than the case where airfoils keep stationary.     

多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算

基于旋翼非定常翼型气动模型,给出了计算分离流和深度失速状态下的翼型非定常升力、俯仰力矩的数值计算方法。该方法采用半经验指数响应公式,利用数值离散方法来求解翼型的非定常法向力和俯仰力矩。分别计算了NACA0012和SC-1095翼型上的非定常气动载荷,并与可得到的试验结果进行了对比,验证了方法的有效性。文中还讨论了缩减频率和马赫数对动态失速响应的影响;然后,这个模型被改进以适用于后掠流下的翼型动态失速响应计算,分析了后掠角对翼型动态失速响应的影响。最后,得出了一些结论。