大迎角下翼型振动的气动性能研究

众所周知,风洞试验中的飞机模型,尤其是带有大展弦比机翼的模型有时会出现翼梢振动现象,振动模式主要表现为翼梢沉浮和俯仰形式,以致影响实验结果的精度和可靠性。选取相对厚度较小的NACA0008翼型,在求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程的基础上,采用改进的无限插值理论和绕翼型的C型网格,模拟风洞实验中模型振动条件下的流场,研究振动模式及其不同耦合对流场、尤其是大迎角流场的影响,并考虑了模型弹性轴不同位置对结果的影响。研究结果表明：在临近传统定常失速迎角的大迎角条件下,翼型的振动可以引起翼型大尺度的分离,导致翼型失速的提前发生;振动在不同的相位滞后条件下,对翼型流场的分离程度不尽相同。     

翼型大迎角振动对气动性能影响的实验研究与初步分析

通过在NF-3低速风洞专门研制的翼型模型及相应的俯仰和沉浮振动机构,选用NACA0012翼型进行大迎角下不同频率的振动实验,研究了模型振动平均状态下对其气动力特性的影响情况,并在N-S方程基础上对振动流场进行了初步分析。实验与计算研究的结果表明：在临近定常失速迎角的大迎角条件下,翼型的振动可以引起旋涡分离,导致翼型升力减小和失速迎角的提前。就所涉及的两种振动模式而言,俯仰振动的影响大于沉浮振动,所以,模型设计和加工时要特别注意加强机翼弦向的扭转刚度。     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

不同振动形式下的翼型失速特性

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了翼型在强迫振动和自然结构振动下的大迎角流场特性,尤其是失速迎角附近的流场和气动特性.研究结果表明:在接近颤振临界速度情况下结构自然振动可以引起翼型大尺度的分离,导致失速分离涡提前出现;强迫性的沉浮运动和俯仰运动在一定幅度下也可以引起失速性质的大分离,而且沉浮和俯仰振动的频率和振幅都是影响翼型大尺度分离的重要因素.     

三角翼俯仰振荡中若干参数影响的实验研究

本文研究一个 6 0°三角翼以不同振荡频率 ,不同振幅从不同起始迎角进行俯仰振荡的纵向气动力特性 ,研究发现跨越具有不同时间尺度的流态的振荡会产生明显的气动力迟滞现象 ,这一迟滞现象随减缩频率的增大有一个极限值 ;在同一种流态下振荡 ,气动力迟滞现象不明显 ,这一结果对充分利用非定常气动力有指导意义。     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。     

非定常自由来流对飞机过失速机动特性的影响研究

在南航非定常风洞内,对三角翼模型在定常和非定常自由来流中做俯仰运动的动态气动特性进行了实验研究.利用模糊逻辑建模方法,对实验获得的非定常气动力数据进行了建模,并将非定常气动力模型应用于过失速机动中70°迎角定直飞行的仿真计算,分析了含自由来流非定常变化影响的非定常气动力数据对过失速机动飞行特性产生的影响.研究表明,考虑自由来流非定常变化的非定常气动力对飞机飞行过程中运动参数的变化和控制律设计都产生较大影响.因此在新一代战斗机的设计、研制中,深入研究飞机的非定常气动特性是十分必要的.     

Wake structure and similar behavior of wake profiles downstream of a plunging airfoil

Very limited attention has already been paid to the velocity behavior in the wake region in unsteady aerodynamic problems.A series of tests has been performed on a flapping airfoil in a subsonic wind tunnel to study the wake structure for different sets of mean angle of attack,plunging amplitude and reduced frequency.In this study,the velocity profiles in the wake for various oscillation parameters have been measured using a wide shoulder rake,especially designed for the present experiments.The airfoil under consideration was a critical section of a 660 kW wind turbine.The results show that for a flapping airfoil the wake structure can be of drag producing type,thrust producing or neutral,depending on the mean angle of attack,oscillation amplitude and reduced frequency.In a thrust producing wake,a high-momentum high-velocity jet flow is formed in the core region of the wake instead of the conventional low-momentum flow.As a result,the drag force normally experienced by the body due to the momentum deficit would be replaced by a thrust force.According to the results,the momentum loss in the wake decreases as the reduced frequency increases.The thrust producing wake pattern for the flapping airfoil has been observed for suffi ciently low angles of attack in the absence of the viscous effects.This phenomenon has also been observed for either high oscillation amplitudes or high reduced frequencies.According to the results,for different reduced frequencies and plunging amplitudes,such that the product of them be a constant,the velocity profiles exhibit similar behavior and coalesce on each other.This simi larity parameter works excellently at small angles of attack.However,at near stall boundaries,the similarity is not as evident as before.     

基于CFD/CSD紧耦合的旋翼翼型气弹分析

采用CFD/CSD（计算流体力学/计算结构力学）紧耦合的方法,以Fluent软件作为主控平台,通过UDF（用户自定义函数）及I/O（输入/输出）文件读写的方式实现结构响应和气动载荷的数据交换,耦合求解了旋翼桨叶剖面的气动力和振动响应.在此基础上研究旋翼桨叶剖面在变距、沉降（挥舞）和周期交变来流条件下的气动特性和振动响应特性.结果表明:桨叶剖面在轻失速情况下,气动载荷周期性比较好,表现出光滑的迟滞环曲线,结构沉降响应也表现出光滑的周期性现象,扭转响应出现局部轻微振荡.深失速情况下,气动载荷及结构响应都表现出强烈的非线性振荡,高频成分较为明显.      

风力机翼型动态测压试验技术研究

结合国家高技术研究发展计划课题＂风力机先进翼型族的设计与试验研究＂,针对动态试验设备研制、数据采集和处理方法,在西北工业大学1.6m×3.0m低速翼型风洞（NF-3风洞）开展了风力机翼型动态测压试验技术的研究。采用S809风力机翼型模型,在雷诺数0.75×106和1.4×106、迎角-2°～＋18°条件下,通过改变模型3个平均迎角、3个振荡频率和2个振幅角等状态,进行了动态测压试验,并与静态测压及国外试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：NF-3风洞研制的试验设备,采用的数据采集和处理方法能够应用于风力机翼型的动态测压试验,并可推广应用于其他的翼型动态测压试验研究。     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算

基于旋翼非定常翼型气动模型,给出了计算分离流和深度失速状态下的翼型非定常升力、俯仰力矩的数值计算方法。该方法采用半经验指数响应公式,利用数值离散方法来求解翼型的非定常法向力和俯仰力矩。分别计算了NACA0012和SC-1095翼型上的非定常气动载荷,并与可得到的试验结果进行了对比,验证了方法的有效性。文中还讨论了缩减频率和马赫数对动态失速响应的影响;然后,这个模型被改进以适用于后掠流下的翼型动态失速响应计算,分析了后掠角对翼型动态失速响应的影响。最后,得出了一些结论。     

大振幅下薄翼和流线型箱梁的气动迟滞研究

回顾了机翼和箱梁的气动迟滞效应研究现状,介绍了大振幅下获取薄翼和流线型箱梁自激气动力的风洞试验。研究结果表明：薄翼在超过失速角的振幅条件下,升力并没有出现明显的失速现象,但气动力的高阶谐波分量显著增加;大振幅条件下,流线型箱梁的气动力高阶谐波分量也比较显著,并以第2和第3阶谐波分量为主。此外,在大振幅条件下,流线型箱梁的气动力矩迟滞曲线可出现“8字环”,即气动力在一个振动周期内既做了正功也做了负功;其中,迟滞曲线“8字环”的气动正功部分随着振幅和折算风速的增大而增加。该现象可导致桥梁也出现类似于失速机翼的极限环震荡。最后,基于不同振幅下流线型箱梁的力矩迟滞曲线,简要讨论了大跨度桥梁在颤振后状态可能出现的振动形式和气动稳定性。     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

大展弦比机翼模型设计对翼型流场气动特性的影响

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了大展弦比机翼风洞模型振动条件下的翼型流场,总结了翼型不同振动状况下的流场和气动力特点,分析了模型设计中的不同振动情况对风洞试验结果的影响。研究结果表明：在大展弦比机翼风洞模型的设计中,将翼型的重心设计在机翼的弹性轴之后,对风洞试验的精度较为有利。此结论对大展弦比机翼的风洞实验模型设计有指导意义。     

三角翼跨声速动态失速与涡破裂特性研究

通过数值方法研究了高速气流中细长三角翼作匀速上仰机动飞行时的背风面分离流与涡破裂特性和气动力特性。结果表明,在三角翼匀速上仰非定常绕流中,涡破裂起始攻角与上仰速度关系比较复杂,在本计算速度范围内,涡破裂起始攻角变化很小;动态时涡破裂点发展速度随攻角变化规律与静态结果差别甚大;三角翼大攻角非定常绕流前缘涡涡轴附近的流动以不稳定涡和涡破裂为主要特征;在一定的上仰速度以后即使在中等攻角前非定常升力与定常升力仍有较大差别,与低速情况有所不同;上仰运动使涡破裂点发展速度被延缓,从而提高了失速攻角和最大升力,并使失速攻角与涡破裂起始攻角的间隔进一步拉大,同时不改变升阻比     

Dynamic stall suppression on an oscillating airfoil by steady and unsteady tangential blowing

The use of steady and unsteady tangential blowing to suppress the dynamic stall on an oscillating airfoil was studied by numerically solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Pitching oscillations with amplitude of 10° about a mean angle of attack of 15° and with reduced frequencies of 0.15 and 0.25 were examined. The blowing location is near the airfoil leading edge, and for unsteady blowing, the jet strength was varied periodically at the same frequency as that of airfoil oscillation with some phase difference. In case of steady blowing, with a C_μ of 0.07, the large pitching moment, massive drop in C_L and increase in C_D due to dynamic stall were eliminated. The unsteady blowing was found more effective than the steady blowing.     

Experiments on unsteady vortex flowfield of typical rotor airfoils under dynamic stall conditions

A new experiment for airfoil dynamic stall is conducted by employing the advanced particle image velocimetry(PIV) technology in an open-return wind tunnel. The aim of this experimental investigation is to demonstrate the influences of different motion parameters on the convection velocity, position and strength of leading edge vortex(LEV) of airfoil under different dynamic stall conditions. Two different typical rotor airfoils, OA209 and SC1095, are measured at different free stream velocities, oscillation frequencies, and angles of attack. It is demonstrated by the measured data that the airfoil with larger leading edge radius could notably decrease the strength of LEV. The angle of attack(Ao A) of airfoil can obviously influence the dynamic stall characteristics of airfoil,and the LEV would be effectively inhibited by decreasing the mean pitch angle. In addition, the convection velocity of LEV is estimated in this measurement, and the results demonstrate that the influence of airfoil shape on convection velocity of LEV is limited, but the convection velocity of LEV would be increased by enlarging the oscillation frequency. Meanwhile, the convection velocity of LEV is a time variant value, and this value would increase as the LEV convects to the trailing edge of airfoil.     

旋转流场下的振荡动导数试验技术研究

为研究飞机在旋转流场下的非定常气动特性,中国空气动力研究与发展中心低速所在Φ5m 立式风洞开展了旋转流场下的振荡动导数试验技术研究。本文推导了在旋转流场下识别组合动导数的方法,介绍了试验设备,获得了在旋转的同时,由振荡产生的3个组合动导数,并对试验结果进行了分析与讨论。将单自由度动导数结果与Φ3．2m 风洞试验结果进行了对比,旋转/振荡耦合试验结果表明：旋转运动使得俯仰组合动导数变得不稳定,而对于横向组合动导数,大转速则会显著增大非线性。该试验技术能够为研究旋转流场下的非定常气动特性提供一个有效的试验平台。     

齐莫曼翼与反齐莫曼翼空间流场测量对比分析

在低速风洞内,分别对齐莫曼翼和反齐莫曼翼的气动特性进行了测量,并应用PIV测试技术测量了两种微型飞行器机翼的空间流场,给出了空间流场的速度矢量图、涡量图和流线图。通过对比分析给出了两种机翼气动特性产生差别的主要流动机理。     

细长旋成体大迎角俯仰振荡的数值研究

为研究俯仰振荡对细长旋成体流场与气动特性的影响,利用雷诺平均方法与大涡模拟的混合方法相结合的脱体涡模拟方法对大迎角下细长旋成体俯仰运动进行了数值模拟研究。通过对背风面分离涡的强度和位置、细长体绕流形态、截面压强系数和侧向力系数的观察和分析,发现施加小振幅、特定频率的俯仰振荡对大迎角细长旋成体背风面流场有明显的控制能力,...