变来流速度下旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析

为分析变来流速度状态下的旋翼翼型气动特性,提出了利用翼型平移来模拟来流速度变化的数值方法.在此方法基础上,采用基于隐式LU-SGS(lower upper symmetric Gauss-Seidal)方法的非定常雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)(RANS)方程,模拟了SC1095旋翼翼型在定迎角 变来流速度及变迎角 变来流速度状态下的非定常气动特性.通过对比分析发现:翼型在变速度-定迎角状态下会表现出明显的非定常现象,产生了前缘分离涡,气动特性会出现明显的迟滞效应及波动现象,脉动速度越大,非定常效果越明显.并且基准速度越大,翼型气动特性的峰值越大；翼型迎角越大,非定常涡出现的也越早.考虑直升机旋翼翼型实际工作环境,在变速度-动态失速状态下,翼型最大迎角处的气动力会得到一定程度的削弱,在小迎角下的气动力得到一定程度的增强,且脉动速度越大,翼型的非定常特性也越强.      

基于后缘小翼的旋翼翼型动态失速控制分析

针对后缘小翼(TEF)的典型运动参数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性的控制进行了研究。发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度CFD方法。通过求解Poisson方程生成围绕旋翼翼型的黏性贴体和正交网格,为保证后缘小翼附近的网格生成质量,建立了基于翼型点重构的方法来描述后缘小翼的偏转运动;为克服变形网格方法可能导致网格畸变的不足,发展了一套适用于带有后缘小翼控制的旋翼翼型运动嵌套网格方法。基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方程、双时间法、Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型和Roe-Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws(Roe-MUSCL)插值格式,发展了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS)隐式时间推进方法及并行技术提高计算效率。以有试验结果验证的HH-02翼型和SC1095翼型为算例,精确捕捉了动态失速状态下的气动力迟滞效应,验证了本文方法的有效性。着重针对SC1095旋翼翼型的动态失速状态开展后缘小翼的控制分析,提出了可以体现翼型升力、阻力及力矩综合特性的关系式Po和Pc,揭示了后缘小翼振荡频率、相位差和偏转幅值对动态失速特性影响的规律。研究结果表明:当后缘小翼偏转的相对运动频率为1.0,且小翼运动规律与翼型振荡规律之间的相位差为0°时,后缘小翼能够更好地抑制翼型动态失速现象;在此状态下,当偏转幅值为10°时,SC1095翼型最大阻力系数和最大力矩系数可以分别降低19%和27%。     

基于遗传算法的旋翼翼型综合气动优化设计

结合直升机飞行特性及旋翼工作气动环境,提出了适用于中型运输直升机旋翼翼型优化设计的目标函数及约束条件.在此基础上采用遗传算法,以"黑鹰"(UH-60A)直升机旋翼翼型SC1095为基础翼型,进行多目标、多状态以及多约束条件下的旋翼翼型优化设计.优化翼型同SC1095翼型相比弯度稍大,最大厚度略有增加.结果表明:优化翼型气动力特性在满足约束条件的情况下,零升力矩系数减小了57.2%,最大升力系数增加了3.7%,阻力系数减小了7.5%.同时,非定常动态失速状态下的气动特性也有一定的改善,阻力系数和力矩系数的发散范围均有明显的减小.此外,悬停状态计算结果表明:采用优化翼型构成的旋翼与SC1095旋翼相比,具有更高的悬停效率及更低的力矩系数.      

基于充气前缘技术的旋翼翼型动态失速抑制

动态失速的发生会在直升机旋翼桨叶和桨毂上产生高的交变扭转振动载荷,并限制直升机高速重载状态下的使用包线。本文利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对基于充气前缘(ILE)技术的SC1095旋翼翼型动态失速抑制进行研究,分析了ILE抑制动态失速的控制机理,获得了ILE结构布置和充放气方式对动态失速的影响规律。研究表明:ILE可以有效抑制动态失速的发生;ILE最大膨胀程度越大,其抑制动态失速的效果越好,但膨胀程度过大后抑制效果开始减弱;ILE在翼型上仰至最大迎角时恰好达到最大膨胀状态,其对动态失速的抑制效果最好;ILE保持最大膨胀状态的时间长短对抑制效果影响不大;在翼型上仰至不同迎角时开始对ILE充气会对动态失速抑制有较大影响;ILE整流段与翼型连接位置对动态失速抑制有很大影响,整流段越长,抑制效果越好。     

Experiments on unsteady vortex flowfield of typical rotor airfoils under dynamic stall conditions

A new experiment for airfoil dynamic stall is conducted by employing the advanced particle image velocimetry(PIV) technology in an open-return wind tunnel. The aim of this experimental investigation is to demonstrate the influences of different motion parameters on the convection velocity, position and strength of leading edge vortex(LEV) of airfoil under different dynamic stall conditions. Two different typical rotor airfoils, OA209 and SC1095, are measured at different free stream velocities, oscillation frequencies, and angles of attack. It is demonstrated by the measured data that the airfoil with larger leading edge radius could notably decrease the strength of LEV. The angle of attack(Ao A) of airfoil can obviously influence the dynamic stall characteristics of airfoil,and the LEV would be effectively inhibited by decreasing the mean pitch angle. In addition, the convection velocity of LEV is estimated in this measurement, and the results demonstrate that the influence of airfoil shape on convection velocity of LEV is limited, but the convection velocity of LEV would be increased by enlarging the oscillation frequency. Meanwhile, the convection velocity of LEV is a time variant value, and this value would increase as the LEV convects to the trailing edge of airfoil.     

A methodology for simulating 2D shock-induced dynamic stall at flight test-based fluctuating freestream

A comprehensive methodology for simulating 2 D dynamic stall at fluctuating freestream is proposed in this paper.2 D CFD simulation of a SC1095 airfoil exposed to a fluctuating freestream of Mach number 0.537 ± 0.205 and Reynolds number 6.1 × 10~6(based on the mean Mach number) and undergoing a 10° ± 10° pitch oscillation with a frequency of 4.25 Hz was conducted.These conditions were selected to be representative of the flow experienced by a helicopter rotor airfoil section in a real-life fast forward flight.Both constant freestream dynamic stall as well as fluctuating freestream dynamic stall simulations were conducted and compared.The methodology was carefully validated with experimental data for both transonic flow and dynamic stall under fluctuating freestream.Overall, the results suggest that the fluctuating freestream alters the dynamic stall mechanism documented for constant freestream in a major way, emphasizing that inclusion of this effect in the prediction of dynamic stall related rotor loads is imperative for rotor performance analysis and blades design.     

基于目标压力分布的旋翼先进气动外形反设计分析方法

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程、运动嵌套网格、目标压力分布及余量修正方法,构建了一套直升机旋翼桨叶先进气动外形反设计方法。为避免由桨叶气动外形变化导致的网格畸变,发展了一套基于Poisson方程求解的旋翼桨叶结构化贴体正交网格的快速、自动化生成方法,为提高运动嵌套网格的生成质量和通用性,采用剖面间网格插值与桨尖翻折相结合的方法,同时建立了基于“Top Map”和“Inverse Map”相结合的洞边界划定和贡献单元搜寻的新方法。基于Navier-Stokes方程和双时间法建立了旋翼非定常流场模拟方法,通量求解采用Roe-MUSCL格式,并使用低速预处理法来克服前飞旋翼流场收敛中遇到的刚性问题。在计算流体力学（CFD）方法基础上,基于旋翼翼型压力系数余量联立各方位角处的反设计MGM（Modified Garabedia-McFadden）超定方程组,并依据激波分离、失速等约束设置了各方位角处的反设计权重系数,创建了基于MGM超定方程组最小二乘解的旋翼气动外形（翼型）设计方法。应用所建立的方法,分别针对多目标、多状态和前飞时的旋翼（翼型）气动外形进行反设计分析,验证了本文方法的有效性。最后,将该方法拓展应用到旋翼桨尖气动外形设计中,设计得到与UH-60A直升机旋翼气动特性相似的矩形桨叶外形。     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

旋翼非定常动态失速的三维效应分析

采用建立的高精度计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,针对旋翼非定常动态失速的三维（3D）效应特性进行研究。以Helishape 7AD旋翼为基准,开展三维效应对旋翼非定常气动特性的影响分析。研究了来流马赫数对旋翼翼型动态失速特性影响。在此基础上,针对三维情形旋翼动态失速非定常涡流动特性及诱导分离特征开展了数值分析,通过与二维情形对比表明:受旋翼旋转、轴向诱导速度等三维效应影响,旋翼桨叶剖面动态失速涡的产生、对流和脱落明显滞后于二维翼型情形,并且涡强度也更弱。越靠近桨叶内段,桨叶剖面非定常动态失速特性与二维旋翼翼型情形的差距越为明显。      

直升机动态失速研究

本文简要介绍了旋翼和翼型的动态失速特性、动态失速主动和被动控制、旋翼综合法预测使用的一些动态失速模拟方法.UH-60A直升机飞行试验11029飞行是一个典型的旋翼动态失速实例,表演出旋翼后行桨叶上出现高攻角引起的动态失速,而前行桨叶上则出现因为激波诱导前缘分离引起的动态失速.翼型的动态失速特性方面介绍了典型的动态失速迟滞回线(攻角正弦变化和锯齿变化)、缩减频率和雷诺数对翼型动态失速特性的影响等.动态失速主动控制介绍可动前缘翼型的情况,被动控制则是使用前缘涡发生器的情况.     

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter. However, little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack. The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is nume...     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

直升机旋翼非定常气动力及结构动力响应计算

以二维非定常Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程为模型方程,采用Ｊａｍｅｓｏｎ有限体积并引入变系数隐式残值光顺及固接网格计算了直升机旋翼不同展向位置处翼剖面的非定常气动力,进而采用插值的方法模拟直升机在悬停及前飞状态下,旋翼的桨叶所受的非常气动力载荷,并将之与桨叶的结构振动方程相耦合,求解其时域内的结构响应,非定常下气动力计算结果与实验结果做了对比,两者比较吻合,旋翼结构响应计算结果合理。     

Robust Navier-Stokes method for predicting unsteady flowfield and aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter rotor

A robust unsteady rotor flowfield solver CLORNS code is established to predict the complex unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor flowfield. In order to handle the difficult problem about grid generation around rotor with complex aerodynamic shape in this CFD code,a parameterized grid generated method is established, and the moving-embedded grids are constructed by several proposed universal methods. In this work, the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with Spalart-Allmaras are selected as the governing equations to predict the unsteady flowfield of helicopter rotor. The discretization of convective fluxes is accomplished by employing the second-order central difference scheme, third-order MUSCL-Roe scheme, and fifth-order WENO-Roe scheme. Aimed at simulating the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter rotor, the dual-time scheme with implicit LU-SGS scheme is employed to accomplish the temporal discretization. In order to improve the computational efficiency of holecells and donor elements searching of the moving-embedded grid technology, the ‘‘disturbance diffraction method" and ‘‘minimum distance scheme of donor elements method" are established in this work. To improve the computational efficiency, Message Passing Interface(MPI) parallel method based on subdivision of grid, local preconditioning method and Full Approximation Storage(FAS) multi-grid method are combined in this code. By comparison of the numerical results simulated by CLORNS code with test data, it is illustrated that the present code could simulate the aerodynamic loads and aerodynamic noise characteristics of helicopter rotor accurately.     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速响应的计算

基于旋翼非定常翼型气动模型,给出了计算分离流和深度失速状态下的翼型非定常升力、俯仰力矩的数值计算方法。该方法采用半经验指数响应公式,利用数值离散方法来求解翼型的非定常法向力和俯仰力矩。分别计算了NACA0012和SC-1095翼型上的非定常气动载荷,并与可得到的试验结果进行了对比,验证了方法的有效性。文中还讨论了缩减频率和马赫数对动态失速响应的影响;然后,这个模型被改进以适用于后掠流下的翼型动态失速响应计算,分析了后掠角对翼型动态失速响应的影响。最后,得出了一些结论。     

多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

Dynamic stall on a supercritical airfoil

For the present investigations of dynamic stall a supercritical airfoil was chosen. This new airfoil designed by DLR will be used in dynamic stall control research activities (project ADASYS) planned for the near future: the leading edge portion of the airfoil will be drooped down dynamically to improve dynamic stall characteristics on the retreating side during blade motion. The optimised transonic properties of the airfoil, i.e., reduction of shock strength over a Mach number range will improve in addition the performance of the advancing rotor blade. Dynamic stall experiments on the rigid supercritical airfoil have first been carried out in the DNW-TWG transonic wind tunnel with a 1 m × 1 m cross section of the test section and adaptive top and bottom – walls. This tunnel has the advantage to cover the speed range of both retreating and advancing blade. Emphasis has been placed on unsteady pressure measurements along the adaptive walls simultaneously with the unsteady pressure measurements on the pitching model. In addition to the experiments corresponding numerical simulations with a RANS-code have been carried out and their results are compared with the experimental data. Of main concern are the influence of laminar-turbulent boundary-layer transition as well as wind-tunnel-wall interference effects on the unsteady results.     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

翼伞弧面下反角、翼型和前缘切口对翼伞气动性能的影响

为了研究翼伞弧面下反角、翼型和前缘切口对翼伞气动性能的影响,对带气室的、展弦比为3的不同特征几何参数翼伞模型的流场进行了三维、定常数值模拟。运用有限体积法对三维坐标系下不可压雷诺时均Navier-Stokes (RANS)方程进行了直接求解,采用剪切应力输运(SST)k-ω两方程湍流模型对湍流进行模拟。数值模拟得出的原始翼伞的气动性能参数与试验数据在总趋势上符合很好,不同几何参数翼伞模型计算结果表明:翼伞弧面下反角越大,升力及诱导阻力越小,升阻比变化不大;前缘半径、厚度小的翼伞翼型,阻力更小,升阻比大;前缘切口对翼伞影响区域限于前缘附近,压力分布同干净翼类似,降低了其失速迎角,对升力影响不大,但明显增大阻力。该数值方法可为进一步研究更多不同几何参数的翼伞模型提供参考。