多段翼型缝翼前缘结冰大迎角分离流动数值模拟

应用基于SST(Shear-Stress-Transport)湍流模型的IDDES(Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)方法,对大迎角状态下多段翼型缝翼前缘典型角状冰引起的复杂分离流动进行了数值模拟研究。采用后台阶流动标准算例和干净无冰多段翼型分离流动算例对数值方法的可靠性和适用性进行了验证。缝翼结冰状态下的数值模拟结果表明:来流迎角较大时,前缘角状冰将会导致结构相对稳定的流动分离泡产生,分离泡的非定常尾迹会对主翼前缘附近流场产生较为强烈的干扰,抑制了缝道流动的加速效应,使得缝翼增升效率降低。在失速点附近,由于分离泡回流强度随来流迎角而增长,同时脱落旋涡的输运方向逐渐向远离壁面方向偏移,使得尾迹影响区域范围和强度均有所增加。     

结冰翼型前缘下垂变弯度容冰特性改善机制

传统容冰气动力优化设计方法难以完全兼顾常规飞行和结冰状态对翼型几何特征的矛盾需求。依据前缘下垂变弯度的思路创新性地提出了一种能有效协调和解耦翼型气动/容冰特性的解决方案。针对GLC305-944结冰翼型典型过失速状态开展了基于IDDES(Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)方法的前缘下垂前后容冰特性对比分析，表明前缘下垂后结冰翼型失速特性显著改善，前缘吸力以压力平台形式恢复，分离泡形态由大尺度全局回流退化到冰角后方的局部流动结构，湍流脉动影响范围约束于前缘近壁面有限区域内。由于前缘下垂后冰角与当地壁面组成类凹腔结构，剪切层涡系经短暂发展后能迅速在壁面附近触发掺混融合-动量输运效应，有效促进再附过程，导致时均再附点提前、混合层厚度降低、分离泡几何尺度减缩，这是容冰特性改善的主要机制。     

翼型动态失速的数值研究

用不可压缩流动的求解算法，结合WilcoxDC提出的k－ω模式和k－ωSST湍流模式，对翼型的动态失速进行了数值模拟。通过对典型的振荡翼型轻失速和深失速算例的计算结果分析可以看出：（1）绕动态失速翼型的流场结构十分复杂，轻失速和深失速在流动特性上有很大区别。计算结果显示：轻失速主要是由于后缘分离引起，分离涡的影响范围主要是在后缘附近。而深失速则首先形成很大的前缘分离涡，该分离涡在翼型表面上运动，并诱发出二次分离涡，引起翼型升、阻力系数的显著变化。（2）对于动态失速的翼型绕流，k－ωSST湍流模式是较为有效的，计算出的气动力系数迟带曲线变化趋势与实验结果符合得比较好。     

基于RANS/LES混合方法的分离流动模拟

飞行器在大迎角、快速俯仰机动时,流场中含有大尺度、非定常的涡结构,传统雷诺平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）模型不能准确模拟流场结构,根据国际上相关研究的发展趋势,需要采用混合RANS/大涡模拟（LES）模型来对复杂分离流动进行准确模拟。本文对基于分区混合与湍流尺度混合的双重RANS/LES混合计算模型进行发展与应用。通过典型简化模型的静、动态湍流大分离流动,测试和验证所采用的脱体涡模拟（DES）类方法,重点研究改进的延迟DES （IDDES）模型在动态问题应用中的正确性和有效性,并对所采用的数值模拟方法和相应的计算软件的可靠性、鲁棒性以及精度进行了考核验证。典型算例包括超声速圆柱底部流动、跨声速方腔流动、NACA0015机翼深失速分离涡模拟等。计算表明：发展的IDDES类混合计算模型可有效解决对数层不匹配的问题;对于定态非定常分离流动,DES、DDES、IDDES等模型计算结果差别不大,随着流动的非定常特性增强,IDDES模型的优势逐渐显现;对于动态非定常分离流动,则需要采用IDDES类模型。     

翼型结冰状态复杂分离流动数值模拟综述

结冰触发的复杂分离流动将导致翼型气动性能特别是失速特性全面恶化。结冰状态气动特性的准确预测和流动机理的深入剖析依赖于分离流场结构的精确求解。随着计算流体力学特别是湍流模拟方法的不断完善，数值模拟能够更为清晰和完备地反映非定常分离流场的细节特征及物理本质、提供更加翔实和丰富的气动力数据。从雷诺平均（RANS）、大涡模拟（LES）和RANS/LES这3类典型湍流模拟方法的应用层面出发，综合评述了近年来数值模拟研究在翼型结冰状态失速特性预测与分离特征描述等方面取得的主要进展，并从高精度冰形构造、新型湍流模拟方法、深层次非定常特性、实时耦合分析等方面对现阶段研究发展的相关趋势进行总结和展望。     

带冰翼型失速分离流动数值模拟和模态分析

为了对防除冰问题进行精细化模拟和对带冰机翼进行全局稳定性分析，采用改进延迟脱体涡模拟（improve delayed detached-eddy simulation, IDDES）方法，对GLC305翼型带944号冰形表面复杂流动进行了非定常模拟。基于此，分别采用本征正交分解方法（proper orthogonal decomposition, POD）和动态模态分解方法（dynamic mode decomposition,DMD）对模拟结果进行模态分析，以提取影响流动分离的主要模态，最后对流场进行重构。结果表明，IDDES方法准确预测了翼型升力系数和冰角下游的压力平台等特征，清晰地捕捉了冰角后剪切层失稳脱落形成的涡结构及在向下游流动中涡结构合并、破碎的发展过程。基于IDDES获得的非定常数据，POD方法识别出角冰诱导剪切层中的两种典型脉动频率，且在前几阶主要模态中均存在，意味着这两种脉动模式对流动的主导作用。另外，DMD方法得到的每个模态对应单一的频率和放大率，部分模态处于发散状态，这是导致流动不稳定发生的主要机制。研究还发现POD和DMD主要模态的能量序列均从翼型中部开始，这与...     

翼型相对厚度对失速分离特性的影响

雷诺数为3.0×106时,选用了五种典型厚度的翼型,对其失速分离特性进行了实验研究,本文给出了这些不同厚度翼型失速分离特性的主要研究结果.研究结果表明,翼型相对厚度在7%～38%的范围内,各翼型的失速分离特性主要取决于上翼面的流动分离状况,这与文献[1,2]的结论一致.但是,对于特大相对厚度的55%的特厚翼型,则呈现出一种与前述不同的独特的失速分离特性.这种翼型的失速分离特性将会受到下翼面绕流特性的强烈影响,正是这种下翼面压力的发展变化最终导致整个翼型的完全失速分离.     

应用于翼型绕流的线性/非线性湍流模式的研究

本文选取了四个线性湍流模式、四个非线性涡粘性湍流模式和一个显式代数应力模式对绕翼型的不可压缩分离流动进行了数值模拟.因计算鲁棒性的需要,其中部分模式在壁面附近耦合了一方程模式.通过与实验结果的比较,对翼型在大攻角情况下流动产生分离的气动特性进行了评估.计算结果表明,非线性模式能够较好地反映湍流的各向异性和曲率影响.     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性的CFD模拟及参数分析

构建了一套基于运动嵌套网格技术和可压缩RANS方程的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度的CFD方法。首先,发展了基于Poisson方程求解的围绕翼型的粘性贴体正交网格生成方法,并提出了基于最小距离法(MDM)改进策略的运动嵌套网格生成方法,克服了弹簧法可能导致网格畸变的不足;其次,为准确模拟由湍流分离和气流再附引起的气动力的迟滞效应,基于RANS方程、双时间方法和高阶插值格式,建立了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用能够较好捕捉气流分离现象的S-A湍流模型;再次,针对旋翼后行桨叶动态失速时桨叶剖面来流速度较低、迎角较大的特点,为解决低来流速度时L-B半经验模型在旋翼翼型非定常动态失速计算中的局限性,并克服可压缩方程对低速流场计算收敛困难和精度低的问题,建立了基于Pletcher-Chen低速预处理方法、FAS多重网格法和隐式LU-SGS方法相结合的高效数值方法。应用发展的方法,分别针对NACA0012、SC1095旋翼翼型静态和轻度、深度动态失速进行计算,精确捕捉了气动力迟滞效应以及翼型前缘脱体涡的产生、对流和脱落过程,验证了本文方法的有效性;最后,着重针对NACA0012动态失速状态,开展了振荡参数对旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性影响的分析,研究结果表明翼型迎角平均值、振幅及减缩频率的变化均能引起迟滞效应的改变并使得气动力峰值发生有规律的前、后移现象等。     

应用混合网格分析复杂积冰翼型气动性能

通过发展一种点-点对接的结构/非结构混合网格生成方法,避免了复杂积冰外形难以划分结构化网格的问题,并对复杂积冰翼型的气动性能进行了分析计算.在靠近积冰边界的内层采用了非结构网格以拟合复杂的边界,在非结构网格外采用结构化网格以节省存储空间和计算时间.为了检验网格对选用湍流模型的影响,整个流动区域分别采用SST和SA湍流模型,求解了雷诺平均N-S方程.数值计算结果表明SST模型更适于模拟复杂分离流动,积冰对翼型的气动性能造成了严重的影响.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of threedimensional vortex structures of a pitching airfoil at a transitional Reynolds number

This research examines the vortex behaviors and aerodynamic forces in dynamic stall phenomena at a transitional Reynolds number(Re = 90000) using experimental and numerical approaches.Periodic sinusoidal pitching motion at two different reduced frequencies is used to achieve the dynamic stall of a NACA 0012 airfoil.Several leading edge vortices form and detach in the dynamic stall stage.The flow then quickly transitions to a full separation zone in the stall stage when the angle of attack starts to decrease.There is discrepancy between the phaseaveraged and instantaneous flow field in that the small flow structures increased with angle of attack, which is a characteristic of the flow field at the transitional Reynolds number.The interaction between the streamwise vortices in the three-dimensional numerical results and the leading edge vortex are the main contribution to the turbulent flow.In addition, the leading edge vortex that supplies vortex lift is more stable at higher reduced frequency, which decreases the lift fluctuation in the dynamic stall stage.The leading edge vortex at higher reduced frequency is strong enough to stabilize the flow, even when the airfoil is in the down-stroke phase.     

Experimental study of ice accretion effects on aerodynamic performance of an NACA 23012 airfoil

In this paper,the effects of icing on an NACA 23012 airfoil have been studied.Experiments were applied on the clean airfoil,runback ice,horn ice,and spanwise ridge ice at a Reynolds number of 0.6 106 over angles of attack from 8° to 20°,and then results are compared.Generally,it is found that ice accretion on the airfoil can contribute to formation of a flow separation bubble on the upper surface downstream from the leading edge.In addition,it is made clear that spanwise ridge ice provides the greatest negative effect on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.In this case,the stall angle drops about 10° and the maximum lift coefficient reduces about50% which is hazardous for an airplane.While horn ice leads to a stall angle drop of about 4° and a maximum lift coefficient reduction to 21%,runback ice has the least effect on the flow pattern around the airfoil and the aerodynamic coefficients so as the stall angle decreases 2° and the maximum lift reduces about 8%.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体对NACA0015翼型流动控制的PIV实验研究

采用粒子图像测速（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）技术,研究了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励对NA-CA0015翼型表面流动分离的控制特性。通过风洞实验,研究了电极电压、电极位置和布置方式等参数对翼型分离控制的影响规律,并初步分析了等离子体流动控制机理。结果表明等离子体激励在失速迎角附近可以有效抑制翼型的流动分离,实现气流的完全再附着;在来流速度为20m/s时,将气流再附着的迎角提高了5°。     

翼型结冰过程数值模拟验算与分析

应用FENSAP-ICE结冰计算软件,对NACA0012翼型进行了流动特性、水滴撞击特性以及冰型生成过程的计算;同时,对结冰前后的翼型进行气动力特性计算对比分析,其中包括升力特性对比、阻力特性对比、流场细节分析以及压力系数分布对比。计算结果表明：翼型前缘结冰后,导致翼型前缘气流提前分离,最大升力系数、失速攻角大幅减小,...     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

翼型大攻角绕流的数值模拟

以求解二维N-S方程数值模拟NACA0012翼型大攻角状态的可压绕流特性;N-S方程是在贴体坐标系中给出的,以代数方法生成C型网格系统。采用LU-ADI格式计算,为提高格式的稳定性在隐式和显式部分分别添加了2阶和4阶人工粘性项。应用BaldwinLomax湍流二层代数模型模拟了大攻角时前缘分离涡的形成,旋涡对流及其非定常现象。在某些Mach数和攻角下NACA0012翼型的湍流解具有周期性。通过比较,本文数值计算结果同实验及国外相应的数值计算结果基本吻合。     

一种平尾涡流发生器设计和流动控制研究

平尾的气动特性直接影响飞机的飞行安全,基于改善飞机平尾在负攻角下流动特性的应用需求,设计一种涡流发生器,安装在平尾下表面。通过数值模拟方法研究平尾在不安装涡流发生器和安装涡流发生器两种构型下的流动特征和机理,分析飞机在负攻角下的俯仰力矩特性。结果表明：安装涡流发生器的平尾负失速迎角推迟了4°,负攻角下的俯仰力矩拐点推迟了4°左右,拓宽了飞机的飞行边界。     

圆柱／翼型干涉流场的试验研究

在风洞出口低速流中,以NACA0012尾缘钝化翼型为模型,利用粒子成像测速系统,研究了圆柱/翼型结构干涉流动时翼型前缘、近壁和尾缘区域的流场.试验结果表明,由于上游圆柱引起的卡门涡街和翼型相互干涉,在翼型前缘存在大尺度涡的变形、拉伸和破裂,在翼型表面近壁区域和尾迹流场中仅存在小尺度湍流涡,由此可以推断翼型前缘可能是干涉噪声的主要声源区.     

Study on effects of thickness on airfoil-stall at low Reynolds numbers by cusp-catastrophic model based on GA(W)-1 airfoil

The phenomena of an airfoil stall present the behaviors of catastrophe and hysteresis at low Reynolds numbers. Numerical simulation results of two-dimensional airfoil GA(W)-1 show that the width of the hysteresis loop of airfoil stall will gradually decrease and even disappear with the decrease of thickness ratio. These nonlinear characteristics are in accordance with the topological features of the cusp catastrophic model. According to the topological invariant principle, a novel topological mapping method is developed to establish the mapping relationship between cusp catastrophic model and stall characteristics of the airfoil, then the effect of thickness ratio on airfoil stall is successfully described quantitatively by cusp catastrophic model. Further, based on the established topological mapping relationship, combined with the mean flow field of the airfoil stall, potential function approach of cusp catastrophic model is first introduced to interpret the catastrophe and hysteresis of the airfoil stall, and it is found that as the thickness ratio decreases, the system's maximal potential energy gradually disappears, and the short separation bubble at the leading edge of the airfoil changes to long separation bubble, so the airfoil stall changes from a bistable system to a monostable system.