AMMO系推进剂的燃烧

探讨了 AMMO(叠氮甲基-3′甲基氧杂环丁烷)的热分解和燃烧特性。实验证明AMMO 的热分解过程分为两步,第一步为叠氮基放出氮的放热反应;第二步为第一步的反应残渣不放热的分解反应。AMMO 是一种具有自燃性的物质,其燃速较低,仅为GAP 推进剂的50％,并与双基推进剂相同,而且对压力的敏感度也与双基推进剂相同。燃烧波温度分布的测量结果证明,由气相向燃烧表面的热反馈量随着压力上升而增加,燃烧表面温度和燃烧表面附近的放热量随压力的增加而减少。     

AMMO系聚合物的物理化学特性

不依赖氧化反应而可以燃烧的叠氮聚合物,是满足未来推进剂能量高易损性低要求的典型高能物质,本文介绍了以氧杂环丁烷为骨架的叠氮化物AMMO的聚合条件、低温物理特性,以及它与光的反应.     

含氧杂环丁烷粘合剂的先进固体推进剂

综述了国内外氧杂环丁烷粘合剂研究的新进展。介绍了ＢＡＭＯ／ＡＭＭＯ固体推进剂的配方和性能。通过与常规推进剂的比较，分析并指出ＢＡＭＯ／ＡＭＭＯ推进剂的潜在优点。     

BAMO系聚合物的合成与特性评价

为取得高能复合固体推进剂用粘合剂,探讨了BAMO(3,3-双叠氮甲基氧杂环丁烷)系聚合物,特别是BAMO与THF(氧杂环戊烷)共聚物的合成方法.结果,用二氯甲烷溶剂进行阳离子开环聚合,合成了共聚物.对取得的共聚物进行了物性、热特性以及燃烧性能的探讨.结果证明在BAMO含量为50%时,玻璃化转变温度为-64℃,热分解开始温度为210℃.随着BAMO含量的不同,线性燃速发生变化.     

原子氧对紫外光固化有机硅环氧树脂的作用

通过对光固化有机硅环氧树脂进行地面模拟原子氧效应试验,利用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线 光电子能谱（XPS）等分析了试验前后试样的质量损失、表面形貌和表面成分等的变化。研 究结果表明,有机硅环氧树脂经紫外光固化后,试样表面被部分氧化,硅氧主链结构中的－ R（甲基或苯基）侧基被不完全氧化成含O的基团结构。在7.43×10 15 atoms／
cm 2·s通量的原子氧暴露8h试验后,试样表面形成一层氧化硅（SiOx）膜,膜 中含65％的SiO2,有助于防止原子氧对材料的进一步侵蚀。     

热塑性树脂增韧MBMI/DABPA复合材料效果研究

以韧性较高的4，4'－二氨基二苯甲烷双马来酰亚胺／3，3'－二烯丙基双酚A共聚树脂（MBMI／DABPA）作为对象，研究了共混热塑性树脂对其纤维增强复合材料性能的影响。结果表明，分子链刚性大的酚酞聚芳醚砜（PES－C）比刚性较小的酚酞聚芳醚酮（PEK－C）的增韧效果差，含端羟基的PEK－C增韧复合材料的断裂韧性G1c并不比普通封端PEK－C增韧的高，PEK－C分子量和用量的适当增加，有利于复合材料韧性的提高。共混12．5％的PEK－C，改性树脂玻璃纤维复合材料G1c高达938J／m^2，碳纤维复合材料G1c为552J／m^2，比未增韧的T300／XU292提高163％。     

TMO对铝镁贫氧推进剂低压燃烧性能影响

研究了过渡金属氧化物（TMO）及其复配物对非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机铝镁贫氧推进剂燃烧特性的影响。研究发现，氧化铁对提高铝镁贫氧推进剂燃速的作用显著。过渡金属氧化物组合（氧化钴／氧化铬和氧化铜／氧化铬）对提高铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃速催化作用显著，且含组合催化剂（氧化钴／氧化铬、氧化铜／氧化铬和氧化铁／氧化铜）的盆氧推进剂具有高的燃速压强指数。     

各国运载火箭介绍：天顶号（俄罗斯／乌克兰）

各国运载火箭介绍：天顶号（俄罗斯／乌克兰）李双庆天顶号（ＳＬ－１６／Ｊ－１）是前苏联运载火箭家族中较新的一种型号，是１９６９到１９７２年前苏联四次试射Ｎ－１（ＳＬ－１５／Ｇ－１－ｅ）巨型登月运载火箭失败后２０多年间研制的第一种全新的运载火箭（其它均为...     

7715D高温钛合金及其与推进剂的相容性试验

介绍了Ｔｉ－Ｓｎ－Ｚｒ－Ｎｂ－Ｍｏ－Ｓｉ－Ｃｅ系合金７７１５Ｄ高温钛合金的研制过程。７７１５Ｄ分别在Ｎ２Ｏ４及甲基肼液体中进行的浸蚀２２３２ｈ的相容性试验。结果在Ｎ２Ｏ４及甲基肼中的腐蚀速率分别为４×１０－４ｍｍ／ａ及１×１０－４ｍｍ／ａ，均优于航天工业总公司的一级相容性标准。由７７１５Ｄ高温钛合金制作的ＤＦＨ－３大型广播通信卫星的远地点发动机已通过多台次的地面试车和长程高空模拟试牢，其中两台长程高空模拟试车均超过１８０００ｓ，发动机设计研制单位结论为７７１５Ｄ钛合金能满足该发动机地面试车及长程高空模拟试车的要求     

隐身巡航导弹的发展及主要隐身技术分析

自第二次世界大战初期开始对隐身技术探索至今，隐身技术已走过了探索研究（60年代以前）、全面发展（60－70年代）和技术应用（80年代至今）三个主要发展阶段。特别是进入m世纪90年代后，隐身兵器几乎应用到所有的陆、海、空三军武器装备中，出现了隐身车辆／坦克／装甲车、隐身舰艇（如美制海影号试验艇、法制拉菲耶特级轻型护卫舰、以色列萨尔5级轻型护卫舰，英制海魂号护卫舰、瑞典的斯米盖试验艇和YS2000轻型护卫舰等）和隐身飞机／导弹／鱼雷（如F－117A、B－2等隐身飞机，美国的战斧BIOCkIV巡航导弹、AGM－129A先进巡航导弹、…     

叠氮粘合剂推进剂热分解及燃烧性能研究综述

综述了叠氮类粘合剂ＧＡＰ，ＢＡＭＯ和ＡＭＭＯ的热分解及共推进剂的燃烧性能，认为叠氮类推进剂中－Ｎ３基受热易分解，因而基础燃速高，燃速温度敏感性大；在配方中引入有效的添加剂，可提高该类推进剂的燃速，降低其压强度指数。     

多孔硅树脂/聚二甲基硅氧烷复合材料的制备及其孔结构表征

采用甲基苯基硅树脂为树脂基体,嵌段共聚物聚二甲基硅氧烷-聚氧乙烯(PDMS-PEO)为模板剂,合成甲基苯基硅树脂/聚二甲基硅氧烷(MPS/PDMS)复合材料,并采用透射电镜(TEM)、氢核磁(1H NMR)和氮气吸附脱附等对所制备材料的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,所制备的MPS/PDMS复合材料具有有序的介孔结构,其BET比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为285 m2/g、0.21 cm3/g和24.2 nm。     

支化3,3-二叠氮甲基环氧丁烷-四氢呋喃的合成及表征

以3,3-叠氮甲基环氧丁烷-四氢呋喃(PBT)为起始聚醚,三官能度的支化单元为引发剂,在催化剂的作用下,通过亲核加成反应合成一种具有新型支化结构的PBT(B-PBT)。采用FTIR、~1H-NMR、粘度测试、DSC、TG和拉伸测试,对目标产物的结构、粘度特征、热稳定性以及力学性能进行表征。结果表明,所合成的目标产物为具有支化结构的叠氮缩水甘油醚;B-PBT的粘度(15 000 mPa·s/50℃)明显低于PBT(23 828 mPa·s/50℃);引入支化单元后,B-PBT热稳定性仍保持良好,放热达到1481 J/g;产物热分解分为两个阶段,即叠氮基热分解、支化单元以及主链的断裂和小分子的热解;制备的B-PBT弹性体拉伸强度达到5.29 MPa,延伸率达到516.42%,力学性能良好。     

PBT弹性体微相分离及对其力学性能的影响研究

为了获得微相分离对宽温PBT叠氮聚醚弹性体力学性能的影响规律,用红外光谱分析法(FT-IR)和动态热力学分析法(DMA)研究了PBT叠氮聚醚弹性体产生微相分离的机理和影响因素。用调节硬段含量、交联参数的方法调控其微相分离,控制适当的微相分离程度可显著改善推进剂的力学性能。研究结果表明:在二元醇扩链的弹性体体系中,当硬段含量约为15%时,弹性体发生相对最大比例的微相分离,体现出较佳的综合力学性能。通过微相分离的调控可获得宽温范围内综合力学性能较好的叠氮聚醚推进剂用粘合剂基体材料。     

Life science experiments during the German-Russian MIR '97 mission

Manned spaceflight has been an important element of the German space program over the last decades. This is demonstrated by the nationally managed space missions Spacelab D-l (1985), D-2 (1993), and MIR '92 as well as by the participation in the 1st Spacelab mission FSLP (1983), the NASA missions IML-1 (1992) and IML-2 (1994), as well as in the ESA missions EUROMIR '94 and '95. On February 12th, this year, the German cosmonaut Reinhold Ewald was launched together with his Russian colleagues Wasilij Zibliew and Alexander Lasudkin onboard of a Soyuz spacecraft for another stay of a German cosmonaut onboard of the Russian Space Station MIR. This mission--the so-called German/Russian MIR '97--was, of course, another cornerstone with regard to the cooperation between Russian and German space organizations. The cooperation in the area of manned missions began 1978 with the flight of the German cosmonaut Sigmund Jahn onboard of Salyut 6, at that time a cooperation between the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic in the frame of the Interkosmos Program. In March 1992, it was followed by the flight of Klaus Dietrich Flade with his stay onboard of MIR. After two further successful ESA missions, EUROMIR '94 and '95 with the two German cosmonauts Ulf Merbold and Thomas Reiter and with a marked contribution of German scientists, the decision was taken to perform another German/Russian MIR mission, the so-called MIR '97. In Germany, MIR'97 was managed and performed in a joint effort between several partners. DARA, the German Space Agency, was responsible for the overall program and project management, while DLR, the German Aerospace Research Establishment, was responsible for the cosmonaut training, for medical operations, for the mission control at GSOC in Oberpfaffenhofen as well as for user support.     

3,4-双(3',5'-二硝基苯-1'-基)氧化呋咱的热 行为和非等温热分解动力学研究

为了评价含能材料3,4-双(3',5 '-二硝基苯-l'-基)氧化呋咱(BDPF)的热稳定性和安全性,采用DSC、PDSC和'G/DTG方法对其进行了热行为及非等温热分解动力学研究.通过Kissinger和Ozawa's法得到常压下热分解反应的动力学参数(Ea和A)为180.46 kJ·mol-1和1015.29 s-...     

DARA vestibular equipment onboard MIR

In space, the weightless environment provides a different stimulus to the otolith organs of the vestibular system, and the resulting signals no longer correspond with the visual and other sensory signals sent to the brain. This signal conflict causes disorientation. To study this and also to understand the vestibular adaptation to weightlessness, DARA has developed scientific equipment for vestibular and visuo-oculomotoric investigations. Especially, two video-oculography systems (monocular--VOG--and binocular--BIVOG, respectively) as well as stimuli such as an optokinetic stimulation device have successfully been employed onboard MIR in the frame of national and European missions since 1992. The monocular VOG was used by Klaus Flade during the MIR '92 mission, by Victor Polyakov during his record 15 months stay onboard MIR in 1993/94 as well as by Ulf Merbold during EUROMIR '94. The binocular version was used by Thomas Reiter and Sergej Avdeyev during the 6 months EUROMIR '95 mission. PIs of the various experiments include H. Scherer and A. Clarke (FU Berlin), M. Dieterichs and S. Krafczyk (LMU Munchen) from Germany as well as C.H. Markham and S.G. Diamond from the United States. Video-Oculography (VOG) is a technique for examining the function of the human balance system located in the inner ear (vestibular system) and the visio-oculomotor interactions of the vestibular organ. The human eye movements are measured, recorded and evaluated by state-of-the-art video techniques. The method was first conceived and designed at the Vestibular Research Laboratory of the ENT Clinic in Steglitz, FU Berlin (A. Clarke, H. Scherer). Kayser-Threde developed, manufactured and tested the facilities for space application under contract to DARA. Evaluation software was first provided by the ENT Clinic, Berlin, later by our subcontractor Sensomotoric Instruments (SMI), Teltow. Optokinetic hardware to support visuo-oculomotoric investigations, has been shipped to MIR for EUROMIR '95 and has successfully been used in conjunction with VOG by ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter. Most recently, BIVOG aboard MIR will be reused in the frame of German/Russian joint experiment sessions employing two Russian cosmonauts from August 1997 to January 1998.     

Gravity perception and signal transduction in single cells

Cellular signal processing in multi-, as well as in unicellular organisms, has to rely on fundamentally similar mechanisms. Free-living single cells often use the gravity vector for their spatial orientation (gravitaxis) and show distinct gravisensitivities. In this investigation the gravisensitive giant ameboid cell Physarum polycephalum (Myxomycetes, acellular slime molds) is used. Its gravitaxis and the modulation of its intrinsic rhythmic contraction activity by gravity was demonstrated in 180 °turn experiments and in simulated, as well as in actual, near-weightlessness studies (fast-rotating clinostat; Spacelab D1, IML-1). The stimulus perception was addressed in an IML-2 experiment, which provided information on the gravireceptor itself by the determination of the cell's acceleration-sensitivity threshold. Ground-based experiments designed to elucidate the subsequent steps in signal transduction leading to a motor response, suggest that an acceleration stimulus induces changes in the level of second messenger, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), indicating also that the acceleration-stimulus signal transduction chain of Physarum uses an ubiquitous second messenger pathway.     

美国成像侦察卫星的发展

美国从20世纪60年代开始发射照像侦察卫星,锁眼(Keyhole)系列卫星和长曲棍球卫星是其中重要的代表。这两种卫星可分为3类:1)胶片返回式照像侦察卫星;2)光电传输式照像侦察卫星;3)雷达成像侦察卫星。文章主要介绍锁眼系列卫星和长曲棍球卫星的发展、所用遥感器性能及成像能力等。