Enhanced Power Generation of GSS4PS by Optical Solar Reflectors

A novel arrangement is proposed to enhance the power generation capabilities of a gravitationally stabilized solid-state-satellite solar-power station (GSS4PS) spherical solar collector. The unilluminated portion of a GSS4PS is illuminated by employing optical solar reflectors. The different mechanisms required for implementation of this arrangement are already space proven. The detailed study of this arrangement made by the authors reveals that practical realization of this concept will enhance the power generation capability of the GSS4PS and simultaneously reduce the weight per unit power and cost per unit power in GSS4PS spherical solar collectors.     

The Genesis Discovery Mission: Return of Solar Matter to Earth

The Genesis Discovery mission will return samples of solar matter for analysis of isotopic and elemental compositions in terrestrial laboratories. This is accomplished by exposing ultra-pure materials to the solar wind at the L1 Lagrangian point and returning the materials to Earth. Solar wind collection will continue until April 2004 with Earth return in Sept. 2004. The general science objectives of Genesis are to (1) to obtain solar isotopic abundances to the level of precision required for the interpretation of planetary science data, (2) to significantly improve knowledge of solar elemental abundances, (3) to measure the composition of the different solar wind regimes, and (4) to provide a reservoir of solar matter to serve the needs of planetary science in the 21st century. The Genesis flight system is a sun-pointed spinner, consisting of a spacecraft deck and a sample return capsule (SRC). The SRC houses a canister which contains the collector materials. The lid of the SRC and a cover to the canister were opened to begin solar wind collection on November 30, 2001. To obtain samples of O and N ions of higher fluence relative to background levels in the target materials, an electrostatic mirror (‘concentrator’) is used which focuses the incoming ions over a diameter of about 20 cm onto a 6 cm diameter set of target materials. Solar wind electron and ion monitors (electrostatic analyzers) determine the solar wind regime present at the spacecraft and control the deployment of separate arrays of collector materials to provide the independent regime samples. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于DSM的发电侧与销售侧峰谷分时电价联动方案

峰谷分时电价是现阶段一种有效的需求侧管理(DSM)手段,有利于“削峰填谷”,提高电力系统的负荷率和运行的稳定性。考虑到现阶段暂时还不能实行竞价上网以及普遍存在发电侧与销售侧间利益分配不平衡的情况,为同时鼓励发电侧和销售侧执行峰谷分时电价,提出了发电侧与销售侧电价联动的设想,并进行了分析。首先探讨销售侧峰谷分时电价的测算方法,在此基础上研究和提出了一套发电侧峰谷电价与销售侧峰谷电价联动的方案,包括参加调峰的发电机组范围的确定,发电侧实行峰谷分时电价的确定以及发电机组间峰谷电量的分配。     

Applications of Brayton cycle technology to space power

The Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion cycle can be used with a wide range of heat sources for space power applications. These heat sources include solar concentrator, radioisotope, and reactor. With a solar concentrator, a solar dynamic ground demonstration test using existing Brayton components is being assembled for testing at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This 2-kWe system has a turbine inlet temperature of 1015 K and is a complete end-to-end simulation of the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic design. With a radioisotope heat source, a 1-kWe Dynamic Isotope Power System (DIPS) is under development using an existing turboalternator compressor (TAC) for testing at the same NASA-LeRC facility. This DIPS unit is being developed as a replacement to Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) to conserve the Pu-238 supply for interplanetary exploration. With a reactor heat source, many studies have been performed coupling the SP-100 reactor with a Brayton power conversion cycle. Applications for this reactor/CBC system include global communications satellites and electric propulsion for interplanetary exploration. applications. The CBC consists of a heater, turboalternator compressor (TAC), cooler, and recuperator. A mixture of He and Xe is used as the working fluid in the CBC system. The He provides superior heat transfer characteristics in the heater, cooler, and recuperator. The Xe adjusts the molecular weight to provide superior aerodynamic performance for maximized turbine and compressor efficiency. Cycle studies are performed to select the optimum He/Xe molecular weight or He to Xe mixture ratio. The following presents the characteristics and advantages of using the CBC for space power applications, CBC development status, characteristics and applications of the CBC with each of the heat sources, and finally performance projections     

Isotopic Fractionation by Plasma Processes

The Sun is the largest reservoir of matter in the solar system, which formed 4.6 Gy ago from the protosolar nebula. The solar wind carries a nearly unfractionated sample of heavy isotopes at energies of about 1 keV/amu from the Sun into interplanetary space. Data from space missions and theoretical models indicate that the isotopes of the volatile elements N, O, Ne, and Ar are fractionated by at most a few percent per atomic mass unit in different solar wind regimes. In contrast, isotopic abundances of solar and heliospheric energetic particles at energies larger than about 100 keV/amu are observed to strongly vary relative to solar abundances. Processes such as resonant acceleration or pre-acceleration by plasma waves, first-order Fermi acceleration, or propagation in the interplanetary plasma are discussed as causes for charge-to-mass dependent fractionation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

锥角对旋转整流罩积冰影响的模拟实验

采用缩比模型对4种不同锥角的旋转整流罩进行了冰风洞积冰模拟实验.推导出旋转表面积冰相似参数,并根据重要参数的匹配确定缩比整流罩模型的积冰实验参数.在实验中采用高速摄像系统记录冰生长过程及最终冰形.结果表明:4种锥角的整流罩表面积冰均由初期生成、分布连续的明冰和后期增长迅速的白色霜冰构成;锥角小于等于74°的整流罩表面霜冰为针状或粒状,积冰厚度较小;锥角大于80°的整流罩表面霜冰为羽毛状,积冰厚度较大,并伴随冰脱落现象,锥角较大的整流罩冰脱落位置向下游移动.      

化学热泵系统研究

介绍了化学热泵系统的工作原理, 对不同工作方式下的性能进行了热力学分析。着重研究了化学热泵系统代替蒸汽压缩式循环系统的可能性, 指出了系统的COP和单位反应器体积或单位质量吸收剂的功率是两个决定性的因素。讨论了为改善化学热泵系统性能可供采取的技术途径。分析结果表明, 化学热泵系统作为蒸汽压缩循环系统的替代物是很有可能的。      

Large-signal stability analysis of solar array power system

A large-signal stability analysis of the solar array regulator system is performed to facilitate the design and analysis of a low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite power system. The effective load characteristics of various control methods in the solar array regulator system, such as the constant power load, variable power load, constant voltage load, constant current load, and constant resistive load, are classified to analyze the large-signal stability. Then, using the state plane analysis technique, the large-signal behavior of the solar array system is portrayed and the stability of various equilibrium points is analyzed. Thus, this approach can be contributed to organize the optimal controller structure of the system by representing the relationship between the control method of the solar array regulator and the large-signal stability. For the verification of the proposed large-signal analysis, a solar array regulator system that consists of two 100 W parallel module buck converters has been built and tested using a real 200 W solar array.     

Tandem solar cells with 31% (AM0) and 37% (AM1.5D) energyconversion efficiencies

The authors demonstrate that the efficiency of GaAs satellite solar cells can be increased to 31% (AM0) with two straightforward modifications. First, the wire grid reflection losses on the GaAs cell can be eliminated by attaching and aligning a thin grooved cover slide. The grooves in this cover slide deflect the incident light rays away from the wire grid lines into the cell active area, increasing the efficiency from 22% to 24%. The second modification involves making the GaAs cell transparent to the infrared energy that normally is wasted and then placing an infrared sensitive GaSb booster cell behind the GaAs cell. This increases the AM0 solar energy conversion efficiency from 24% to 31%. The GaAs/GaSb tandem solar cells have conversion efficiencies of 37% if used for terrestrial (AM1.5) rather than space (AM0) solar electric power systems, high enough that utility-scale solar electric power may someday be economical     

飞行状态对太阳能飞机中组件性能的影响

基于光伏组件产生功率模型，研究了太阳能飞机中飞行速度、高度、时间及区域等状态参数影响组件性能的规律。以单晶硅组件及Xihe太阳能飞机为研究对象，当飞机飞行速度增加时，组件产生的功率随之增加但趋于饱和。原因在于速度的增加能有效降低组件的表面温度，但提升是有限的。飞机所需的功率随飞行速度呈现指数增加，且组件产生的功率与飞机所需的功率有能量平衡点。组件产生的功率随飞行高度的增加而增加，但有饱和的趋势。原因在于，当飞行高度上升，大气温度随之下降，组件表面温度下降；同时海拔越高，大气密度和大气通透率越大，太阳辐射增加，从而组件产生的功率增加了；饱和的原因在于组件本身性能的限制。一天之中，组件产生的功率基本以太阳时12点为中心左右近似对称，中午最强；一年中组件性能在夏季最强，冬季最弱。原因在于组件性能主要由所受太阳辐射决定。随着纬度的增加，组件产生的功率减小。原因在于，纬度越高，太阳高度角越小，组件所能接受到的太阳辐射也就越小；纬度越低，组件总产生功率越高且平稳。纬度低的地区更适合太阳能飞机的飞行。该文为太阳能飞机的能量分配、长时间驻空提供一定的帮助。     

Power tracking for nonlinear PV sources with coupled inductor SEPIC converter

The photovoltaic (PV) generator exhibits a nonlinear i-v characteristic and its maximum power (MP) point varies with solar insolation. In this paper, a V2-based MP point tracking (MPPT) scheme is developed using a buck-boost transformation topology. Although several buck-boost transformation topologies are available we have considered here a coupled inductor SEPIC converter for experimentation. To achieve almost ripple-free array current we have used ripple steering phenomena with the help of integrated inductor. This integrated inductor not only reduces the magnetic core requirements but also improves converter performance. Mathematical models are formulated and tracking algorithm is evolved. A combined PV system simulation model is developed in the SIMULINK. For a given solar insolation, the tracking algorithm changes the duty ratio of the converter such that the solar cell array (SCA) voltage equals the voltage corresponding to the MP point. This is done by the tracking algorithm, which mainly computes the power proportional to square of terminal voltage and changes the duty ratio of the converter so that this power is maximum. The proposed algorithm is implemented in real-time with the help of Analog Device ADMC-401 DSP evaluation module. The tracking program is developed to perform experimental investigations using analog-to-digital converter (ADC) interrupt. Using this processor we are able to track the MP within 200 ms. The proposed peak power tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.     

Modeling of brushless DC generating systems using diakoptics

The mathematical modeling of a brushless DC generator is described, as an illustration of the application of diakoptic techniques to the analysis of small-scale electrical power supply systems. Modeling of the generator and its output rectifier is accomplished using an established matrix technique that accounts for the continuously changing conduction pattern of the diode bridge network. The advantages of using diakoptics are discussed together with the main generator linked to its exciter and to the automatic voltage regulator and permanent magnet generator which are often included in a complete unit. A solution algorithm is presented for this overall arrangement and a comparison is made between theoretical and practical results for a typical 3-stage, 4000-rev/min, 10.3-kW, 28-V unit     

Self-Adapting dc Converter for Solar Spacecraft Power Supply Selbstanpassender Gleichstromwandler für die Energieversorgung eines Sonnensatelliten

The voltage-current characteristic of solar cells that provide power for a spacecraft can vary over a wide range. For maximum power transfer from the solar cells to the battery system a power converter has to be designed that adjusts its input impedance to a value equal to the output impedance determined by the operating power characteristic of the solar cells. This paper discusses a circuit and calculations for a design to match this condition. The proposed power converter is simple, lightweight, and reliable and will be used in the Sunblazer satellite.     

重力姿轨耦合效应引起的太阳能电站轨道共振

以任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站为研究对象,主要研究了其在轨运行过程中受到的重力姿轨耦合效应对其轨道运动的影响。首先,通过Hamilton原理建立起考虑重力姿轨耦合效应时的姿态运动和轨道运动的方程。其中,任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站被简化成刚体,它的重力势能以其结构尺寸和其轨道半径的比值为小量进行泰勒展开,并保留至二阶项。之后,采用解析的方法对方程进行分析,并发现当电站的姿态运动满足一定条件时,其轨道运动将会出现共振现象。此外,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起空间太阳能电站轨道运动长期的漂移,通过选择合适的轨道运动初始条件可以消除漂移;而且,在一定条件下,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起轨道运动的发散。最后,数值仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。     

Experimental investigations on the power extraction of a turbine driven by a pulse detonation combustor

In order to grasp the interaction mechanism between the pulse detonation combustor（PDC）and the turbine,the experimental work in this paper investigates the key factors on the power extraction of a turbocharger turbine driven by a PDC.A PDC consisting of an unvalved tube is integrated with a turbocharger turbine which has a nominal mass flow rate of 0.6 kg/s and50000 r/min.The PDC-turbine hybrid engine is operated on gasoline-air mixtures and runs for6＋min to achieve a thermal steady state,and then the engine performance is evaluated under different operating conditions.Results show that the momentum difference per unit area between the turbine inlet and outlet plays an important role in the power extraction,while the pressure peak of the detonation has little effect.The equivalence ratio of fuel and air mixture and the transition structure between PDC and turbine are also important to the power extraction of the turbine.The present work is promising as it suggests that the performance beneft of a PDC-turbine hybrid engine can be realized by increasing the momentum difference per unit area through the optimal design of transition section between the PDC and turbine.     

考虑局部遮挡的太阳能无人机能源控制

针对太阳能无人机在飞行状态下可能出现的太阳能电池局部遮挡情况，开展相应的太阳能电池最大功率点追踪算法和能源控制研究。通过将发光亮度引入相对吸引力计算过程对萤火虫算法进行改进，实现了局部阴影情况下太阳能电池最大功率点的高效追踪。以此为基础，设计了考虑局部遮挡情况下太阳能无人机的太阳能电池/蓄电池混合能源状态机控制规则。以"蒲公英I"无人机为例，建立了太阳能电池阵列模型，开展了考虑局部遮挡情况下太阳能电池最大功率点追踪仿真实验；基于"蒲公英I"飞行剖面，开展了考虑局部遮挡情况的混合能源控制仿真试验。研究结果表明：改进的萤火虫算法可以实现在局部阴影情况下太阳能电池最大功率点的有效跟踪，与萤火虫算法相比收敛时间更短、且功率波动幅度更小；采用改进萤火虫算法和状态机能源管理策略，在考虑局部遮挡的飞行状态下可以实现太阳能电池/蓄电池之间的合理功率分配与控制。     

近地轨道卫星太阳电池阵功率衰减估计

针对LEO(Low Earth Orbit,近地轨道)卫星的太阳电池阵输出功率衰减问题,在分析卫星轨道半长轴、太阳入射角、日地距离等参数变化与影响的基础上,提出按照轨道衰减快慢来区分太阳活动高年与低年,进而通过区分高年与低年,再根据不同季节分别进行太阳电池阵输出功率的衰减估计,而无须做功率归一化。同时,重点关注了夏至前后的最低输出功率的衰减情况,以此作为在轨卫星长期管理中的能源参考,建立平均电流和功率衰减因子估计模型,并结合实际工程数据进行了衰减估计。结果表明,太阳电池阵输出功率的年衰减因子约为-0.012,年衰减率约为1.2%。该结果可应用于在轨卫星长期管理的遥测诊断辅助。     

Wireless power transmission: the key to solar power satellites

Maturing of the enabling technologies has provided much of the infrastructure to support the development of a commercial Solar Power Satellite program. Solar Space Industries was formed to accomplish this goal. The basis of their development plan is to build a Ground Test Installation that will duplicate, in small scale on the Earth, all aspects of the power generating and power transmission systems except for the space environment and the range and size of the energy beam. Space operations issues will be separated from the power generation fixation and verified by testing. Doing the developmental testing on the ground instead of in space will result in a low cost program that can be accomplished in a very short time. The concept is to build a Ground Test Installation that couples an existing 100 kW terrestrial solar cell array to a phased-array wireless power transmitter based on a subarray. Power will be transmitted over a 1-¼ mile range to a receiving antenna and then fed into a commercial utility power grid. The objective is to demonstrate the complete function of the Solar Power Satellites, with the primary issue being the validation of practical wireless power transmission. The key features to demonstrate are: beam control, stability, steering, efficiency, reliability, cost, and safety     

Galileo Net Flux Radiometer experiment

The Galileo Net Flux Radiometer (NFR) is a Probe instrument designed to measure the vertical profile of upward and net radiation fluxes in five spectral bands spanning the range from solar to far infrared wavelengths. These unique measurements within Jupiter's atmosphere, from which radiative heating and cooling profiles will be derived, will contribute to our understanding of Jovian atmospheric dynamics, to the detection of cloud layers and determination of their opacities, and to the estimation of water vapor abundance. The NFR uses an array of pyroelectric detectors and individual bandpass filters in a sealed detector package. The detector package and optics rotate as a unit to provide chopping between views of upward and downward radiation fluxes. This arrangement makes possible the measurement of small net fluxes in the presence of large ambient fluxes. A microprocessor-controlled electronics package handles instrument operation.     

异步电机起动/发电系统起动向发电的转换研究

用异步电机与电力电子变换器结合构成的起动/发电系统作航空电源是一个很有意义的课题。对异步电机起动/发电系统中起动向发电的转换进行了研究,提出充分利用系统中变换器可快速控制定子磁链转速的特点,改变电磁转矩的方向,实现起动到发电的转换。详细介绍了转换过程控制方案,该方案可实现起动到发电的平滑转换,且在进入发电状态后直流母线电压由起动电源电压自动增长到所需的发电电压,最终稳定发电。最后给出了仿真与实验结果。